1

PROJECT REPORT
OF
MINOR PROJECT LAB
ON
IRIS FLOWER PREDICTION
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING
Submitted By:

Name: Mehak

Roll No.: 12201088

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher Dr. ANANTDEEP , for their
continuous support and invaluable guidance throughout the diabetes prediction project. Their
expertise and knowledge in machine learning and data analysis greatly enhanced my
understanding of the subject and allowed me to apply the concepts effectively in this project. I
am particularly thankful for their patience, encouragement, and constructive feedback, which
helped me navigate challenges and refine my approach. This project would not have been
successful without their mentorship. I deeply appreciate the opportunity to learn under such a
dedicated and inspiring teacher.
 Machine Learning
Machine Learning tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of machine learning.
Our machine learning tutorial is designed for students and working professionals.

Machine learning is a growing technology which enables computers to learn automatically

from past data. Machine learning uses various algorithms for building mathematical models and
making predictions using historical data or information. Currently, it is being used for various
tasks such as image recognition, speech recognition, email filtering, Facebook auto-tagging,
recommender system, and many more.

This machine learning tutorial gives you an introduction to machine learning along with the wide
range of machine learning techniques such as Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement
learning. You will learn about regression and classification models, clustering methods, hidden
Markov models, and various sequential models.

What is Machine Learning

In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their
experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which work on
our instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data like a human does?
So here comes the role of Machine Learning.

Introduction to Machine Learning

Machine Learning is said as a subset of artificial intelligence that is mainly concerned with the
development of algorithms which allow a computer to learn from the data and past experiences
on their own. The term machine learning was first introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959. We
can define it in a summarized way as:

Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve performance
from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly programmed.
With the help of sample historical data, which is known as training data, machine learning
algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in making predictions or decisions without
being explicitly programmed. Machine learning brings computer science and statistics
together for creating predictive models. Machine learning constructs or uses the algorithms
that learn from historical data. The more we will provide the information, the higher will be
the performance.

A machine has the ability to learn if it can improve its performance by gaining more data.

How does Machine Learning work

A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the prediction models, and
whenever it receives new data, predicts the output for it. The accuracy of predicted output
depends upon the amount of data, as the huge amount of data helps to build a better model
which predicts the output more accurately.
Suppose we have a complex problem, where we need to perform some predictions, so instead
of writing a code for it, we just need to feed the data to generic algorithms, and with the help of
these algorithms, machine builds the logic as per the data and predict the output. Machine
learning has changed our way of thinking about the problem. The below block diagram explains
the working of Machine Learning algorithm:

Introduction to Machine Learning

Features of Machine Learning:

Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a given dataset.

It can learn from past data and improve automatically.

It is a data-driven technology.

Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also deals with the huge amount of
the data.

Need for Machine Learning

The need for machine learning is increasing day by day. The reason behind the need for machine
learning is that it is capable of doing tasks that are too complex for a person to implement
directly. We need some computer systems and here comes the machine learning to make things
easy for us.
We can train machine learning algorithms by providing them the huge amount of data and let
them explore the data, construct the models, and predict the required output automatically. The
performance of the machine learning algorithm depends on the amount of data, and it can be
determined by the cost function. With the help of machine learning, we can save both time and
money.

The importance of machine learning can be easily understood by its uses cases, Currently,
machine learning is used in self-driving cars, cyber fraud detection, face recognition, and
friend suggestion by Facebook, etc. Various top companies such as Netflix and Amazon have
build machine learning models that are using a vast amount of data to analyze the user interest
and recommend product accordingly.

Following are some key points which show the importance of

Machine Learning:
Rapid increment in the production of data

Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human

Decision making in various sector including finance

Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful information from data.

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:

Supervised learning

Unsupervised learning

Reinforcement learning

Introduction to Machine Learning

1) Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we provide sample labeled
data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on that basis, it predicts the output.

The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets and learn about each
data, once the training and processing are done then we test the model by providing a sample
data to check whether it is predicting the exact output or not.

The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data. The supervised
learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as when a student learns things in the
supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised learning is spam filtering.

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

Classification

Regression

2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any supervision.

The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled, classified,
or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any supervision. The goal of
unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new features or a group of objects with
similar patterns.

In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to find
useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be further classifieds into two categories of
algorithms:

Clustering

Association
3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning agent gets a
reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action. The agent learns
automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In reinforcement learning,
the agent interacts with the environment and explores it. The goal of an agent is to get the most
reward points, and hence, it improves its performance.

The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an example of
Reinforcement learning.
Note: We will learn about the above types of machine learning in detail in later chapters.

History of Machine Learning

Before some years (about 40-50 years), machine learning was science fiction, but today it is the
part of our daily life. Machine learning is making our day to day life easy from self-driving cars
to Amazon virtual assistant "Alexa". However, the idea behind machine learning is so old and
has a long history. Below some milestones are given which have occurred in the history of
machine learning:

History of Machine Learning

The early history of Machine Learning (Pre-1940):

1834: In 1834, Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, conceived a device that could be
programmed with punch cards. However, the machine was never built, but all modern computers
rely on its logical structure.
1936: In 1936, Alan Turing gave a theory that how a machine can determine and execute a set of
instructions.

The era of stored program computers:

1940: In 1940, the first manually operated computer, "ENIAC" was invented, which was the
first electronic general-purpose computer. After that stored program computer such as EDSAC
in 1949 and EDVAC in 1951 were invented.
1943: In 1943, a human neural network was modeled with an electrical circuit. In 1950, the
scientists started applying their idea to work and analyzed how human neurons might work
Computer machinery and intelligence:

1950: In 1950, Alan Turing published a seminal paper, "Computer Machinery and Intelligence,"
on the topic of artificial intelligence. In his paper, he asked, "Can machines think?"

Machine intelligence in Games:

1952: Arthur Samuel, who was the pioneer of machine learning, created a program that helped
an IBM computer to play a checkers game. It performed better more it played.
1959: In 1959, the term "Machine Learning" was first coined by Arthur Samuel.

The first "AI" winter:

The duration of 1974 to 1980 was the tough time for AI and ML researchers, and this duration
was called as AI winter.
In this duration, failure of machine translation occurred, and people had reduced their interest
from AI, which led to reduced funding by the government to the researches.
Machine Learning from theory to reality

1959: In 1959, the first neural network was applied to a real-world problem to remove
echoes over phone lines using an adaptive filter.
1985: In 1985, Terry Sejnowski and Charles Rosenberg invented a neural network NETtalk,
which was able to teach itself how to correctly pronounce 20,000 words in one week.
1997: The IBM's Deep blue intelligent computer won the chess game against the chess expert
Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten a human chess expert.

Machine Learning at 21st century

2006: In the year 2006, computer scientist Geoffrey Hinton has given a new name to neural net
research as "deep learning," and nowadays, it has become one of the most trending technologies.

2012: In 2012, Google created a deep neural network which learned to recognize the image
of humans and cats in YouTube videos.
2014: In 2014, the Chabot "Eugen Goostman" cleared the Turing Test. It was the first Chabot
who convinced the 33% of human judges that it was not a machine.
2014: DeepFace was a deep neural network created by Facebook, and they claimed that it could
recognize a person with the same precision as a human can do.
2016: AlphaGo beat the world's number second player Lee sedol at Go game. In 2017 it beat the
number one player of this game Ke Jie.
2017: In 2017, the Alphabet's Jigsaw team built an intelligent system that was able to learn the
online trolling. It used to read millions of comments of different websites to learn to stop online
trolling.

Machine Learning at present:

Now machine learning has got a great advancement in its research, and it is present
everywhere around us, such as self-driving cars, Amazon Alexa, Catboats, recommender
system, and many more. It includes Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning with
clustering, classification, decision tree, SVM algorithms, etc.

Modern machine learning models can be used for making various predictions, including weather
prediction, disease prediction, stock market analysis, etc.

Prerequisites

Before learning machine learning, you must have the basic knowledge of followings so that you
can easily understand the concepts of machine learning:

Fundamental knowledge of probability and linear algebra.

The ability to code in any computer language, especially in Python language.

Knowledge of Calculus, especially derivatives of single variable and multivariate functions.

3.1 Top Python Libraries List

Now that we do understand a bit about what libraries are and what Python is,
let us do a deep dive into some of the most commonly used libraries in Python:

1. Pandas

Pandas is a BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) licensed open source library.

This popular library is widely used in the field of data science. They are
primarily used for data analysis, manipulation, cleaning, etc. Pandas allow for
simple data modelling and data analysis operations without the need to switch
to another language such as R. Usually, Python libraries use the following types
of data:

2. NumPy-NumPy is one of the most widely used open-source Python libraries,

focusing on scientific computation. It features built-in mathematical functions for
quick computation and supports big matrices and multidimensional data.
“Numerical Python” is defined by the term “NumPy.” It can be used in linear
algebra, as a multi-dimensional container for generic data, and as a random
number generator, among other things. Some of the important functions in NumPy
are arcsin(), arccos(), tan(), radians(), etc.

Figure 1.3
• Cross-Validation: There are several methods for checking the accuracy of
supervised models on unseen data with Scikit Learn for example
the train_test_split method, cross_val_score, etc.

Figure 1.6

7. SciPy: Scipy is a free, open-source Python library used for scientific computing,
data processing, and high-performance computing. The library contains a huge
number of user-friendly routines for quick computation. The package is based on the
NumPy extension, which allows for data processing and visualization as well as
high-level commands.

Figure 1.7
 Training Work Undertaken
Project Name: IRIS-FLOWER CLASSIFICATION

2.1 About Project:

The Iris flower classification project using logistic regression is a classic machine learning

example that demonstrates the application of supervised learning algorithms to predict the species

of Iris flowers based on their characteristics.

2.2 Dataset:

The Iris dataset is a well-known dataset in the machine learning community. It consists of 150

samples of Iris flowers, where each sample includes the following four features:

• Sepal length

• Sepal width

• Petal length

• Petal width

Each sample is labelled with one of three classes (species):

• Setosa

• Versicolor

• Virginica

2.3 Pre-Processing Data

2.3.1 Import the packages:

2.3.2 reading the CSV file:

Link: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sarwansingh/Python/master/ClassExamples/data/iris.csv
2.3.3 cleaning the data:

2.3.4 Visualize the clean data – matplotlib,seaborn:

2.4 Machine learning:

2.5 User-Friendly Interface:

 Chapter 3: Results of project:
3.1 Project walkthrough:

Figure 3.1 FIRST STEP

Figure 3. 2 SECOND STEP

Figure 3. 3 THIRD STEP