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TRANSYLVANIA

The unit of the Carpathian Basin

The situation of Transylvania in Hungary and Europe • Filed by Pál Gróf Teleki

The situation of Transylvania in Hungary and Europe • Irta:

Count Pál Teleki
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The situation of Transylvania in Hungary and Europe • Irta: Pál Gróf Teleki The image,
character, and content of every landscape is individual, both in space and time. Every landscape in space is unique, a piece of land unlike any other part of
the earth, its landscape; and a living space of constantly changing nature, content and value over time, both for the living creatures, vegetation, and living
communities of the great periods of the earth, as well as for the shorter: the human, for the various peoples of the historical eras.

The entire surface of the globe is not only a surface of a defined extent, but also an individual landscape, a unique and unique place of residence
for all kinds of living beings and humans. Its land and seas, which change their shape and their position in relation to the equator and the poles - which
themselves are living spaces of a changing nature in their position to the sun's rays, i.e. changing living landscapes - make the earth's
surface as a whole such a living, developing, changing living space.

Lands and even seas are individuals, determined by the difference in their geological ages, their size, character, location, climate and their communities
of life, which change depending on the climate. For man, these living spaces are rich or poor. People of different ages, peoples accustomed to different
living conditions and at different levels of culture, respond differently and change differently. The rich living spaces, which are separated from each
other by seas, deserts, and ice worlds, when isolated, often meant "worlds" in people's lives.

Europe is such a "big living space", once and for many centuries it was a "world" in itself - only to become a world center, a world-making center
for a century - and today it is a part of the world that has once again awakened to professional consciousness. Being a densely populated unified living
space surrounded by seas, hot and cold steppes, deserts, and relatively uninhabited areas, human life, the life of nations, had to and must develop
into a community of life, through increasing population density and transport, into an ever richer and more tightly closed community of life. The peculiar,
densely populated core of this living space is the oceanic, strongly divided Central and Western Europe. This is the real Europe in its own right,
characterized by its richly articulated coasts, its surface fragmentation, the medium size and diversity of its surface forms, the variety of its inhabitants'
origins, languages, customs, and the multitude of homelands of its peoples. This diverse Europe is a unit of life, producing a specific diverse way of life. In
the course of its development, it must necessarily become a community of life both in the fields of work and thought, but always physically in accordance
with its given basic character and diversity. This diversity in customs, languages, ways of expression, in the various fine polishing of perceptions - created
the brilliant intellectual development of Europe. This richly articulated, lively, intellectually innovative people of Europe ends eastward at Lake
Ladoga, at the eastern edge of the Baltic Sea, at the Vistula, at the eastern slope of the Carpathian Mountain Range, and at the border of the open coasts
and closed hinterlands of the Balkan Peninsula. Europe still extends beyond these border areas, but in peripheral regions
completely alien to its essential characteristics, in which the waves of the peoples of the East break before the bastions of the West or where the peoples
of the West push forward only as colonists.

Europe, the real Europe - compared to other large living spaces on earth - can be called the living space of small dimensions. The large landscapes and
large living spaces of the European »World« are also small in global terms, compared to the large living spaces of Asia and the other continents.
These are large landscapes separated from each other by inland seas or high mountains, and in part large landscapes formed by the unifying force of a
central landscape: the British Isles, the Italian and Iberian peninsulas, the Central Danube basin, the Paris basin with its peripheral landscapes, the
German Highlands with basins and with their peripheral areas, the centrifugal living space of the Scandinavian mass, which due to the special
unity of its character can also be considered a very large independent territorial unit.

The dimensions of these European landscapes vary between 250,000 and 500,000 km2. You could say: they are in balance. Transitional landscapes lie
between them, landscapes of gates, passes, borders and seashores, with their longer or shorter-lived states - the small states of Europe.

Seas extend deep into the strongly divided Western and Central Europe. Due to its surface forms, it is open to the rainy westerly winds. An oceanic
landscape in its surface and traffic characteristics, as well as in its climate and production. The Central Danube Basin is the only continental land
landscape in this oceanic Europe, both in terms of traffic and climate. The interior of the basin is mostly wood-poor Alföld, - although not always equally,
even the
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even in historical timesby Googleafter the destruction of the Turkish times in the XIX. until the 19th century, it was particularly poor in
- because
wood, today it is richer again and does not open to the East, but is surrounded by richly forested mountains. The migration showed a different
picture, offered different conditions and a different way of life to the wandering peoples than the other oceanic landscapes of Europe.
Péter Treitz distinguishes four zones according to soil science and plant communities: (1.) the so-called desert or steppe zone, actually a wooded-
desert zone; (2.) the belt of oak and mixed forests, which intertwines with the former on the flat landscapes and spreads to the hilly
areas. The combination and interweaving of the two gives the landscape, which in its overall nature can perhaps be most correctly
called a desert borderland, a steppe borderland. The inner parts of the Dunamedence are the last large-scale part of the desert fringes of South
Russia and the East in general, its island towards the West. Due to the protection of the basin mainly towards the East, South-East, North and
North-West, some characteristics of this landscape type have been softened, such as the extremeness of the climate. Others stand out
more strongly due to the characteristics of the pool, such as the duration and strength and intensity of the sunshine, which serves the vitamins in
our fruits and other plants. The other two landscape belts: (3.) the beech tree belt, which covers the largest part of our middle and high mountains;
(4.) the belt of pine forests; together with the vast mountain pastures of our broad-backed, rounded-shaped mountains, these make up the landscape
surrounding the other two landscape units of the high colors of the country.

The low mountains of Transdanubia and the larger central island mountains divide the area of the Puzta marginal basin into three parts and separate
them from the Great Plain (100,000 km2, average height 110 m) in the West, the Small Plain (25,000 km2 , height 145 m) and the Transylvanian
Plainin the East. pool (29,000 km2 , height 400 m).

A picture of the plant cover of Hungary The

people who founded a permanent state here after the migration moved from country to country towards the West, carrying on animal husbandry,
fishing, agriculture, and even growing some grapes. This people, the Hungarians, came at a favorable moment. He has not yet found a strong,
settled, rooted state here in the Danube Basin in this final period of migration, which could have thwarted the conquest. Western Europe,
on the other hand, was the land of a settled people and an organized state from the Ostmark onwards. The settlement of emerging Europe and its
organization in settled states had progressed to the western part of Dunamedence.

Dunamedence awaited its fate. And this destiny was fulfilled in a strange way. A people came from the East, whose raiders judged the grass, land,
and landscape of the basin to be good and suitable for our people. This people was not specifically a desert people, as they say: a nomadic
people. The IX–XI. Hungarians of the 19th century, as soon as they did not settle in the beech and pine belt, did not occupy the most
desolate parts of this land, but mainly the loess and marl areas of the oak and mixed deciduous forests. This is how Árpád's tribe settles in the part
of Transdanubia between the Danube and Balaton, Lél's tribe in the eastern half of the Lesser Hungarian Plain, Bulcsu's in Slavonia, and so
the Hungarians also occupy the central part of the high basin in Transylvania, as shown in the attached maps of Treitz and Kniezsa can be
seen from the comparison. The characteristics of the landscape and the people came into force mutually. The pool's inner parts have found their
people. The people found their land. The country became the European country of the "People of the East" from the two. From the
areas of the first reservation, the Hungarians then continued to move up the river valleys and smaller basins, again mainly following the easy-to-
cultivate arable fields and good valley pastures and meadows. This is how it penetrates into the valleys of the hilly and mountainous
regions, in terms of soil and vegetation, into parts of the landscape related to its main settlements, as it can be seen in the southeast part of the
two maps mentioned.
From the related features of the land and the people, the "home" becomes, and the perception of the people, the spirituality that inseparably
connects the land and the people is formed.
The Hungarian Dunamedence is one of the great landscapes of Europe listed above, which combines both types.
It is a unified unit that stands out on every map and at the same time a central large landscape that connects peripheral landscapes into an
inseparable unit. The totality, uniqueness and individuality of landscapes that complement each other and make a whole whole.
It will be the homeland of field and forest, arable and animal-breeding peoples living in harmony with each other, inhabitants of plains, hills and
mountains, natives and later immigrated settlers, ethnic groups with different languages and customs, because the sub-landscapes are intertwined,
the roads and markets are shared, the complementary and in the exchange places of the production of interwoven landscapes, interests run
into each other and intertwine, and people become acquaintances, relatives, have many of the same views, adopt each other's habits, each
other's tastes. An understanding of this earth-given, natural process is one of the fundamental factors of Szentistván's thinking, state
ideals and management. This is how the country's best interpreted it again and again, consciously or unconsciously, out of a Hungarian
feeling, and it should be interpreted that way as well.

The Dunamedence is open to the West, South-West and South; To the northeast and southeast, it is protected in a wide belt by the
mountains and forests of the Carpathians and the Southern Transylvanian Mountains. This is how the Dunamedence must become the great
eastern bastion of the developing Europe, leaping forward to the East on the extreme eastern border of the divided Europe, between the open Polish
plain and the spreading landscapes of the Balkans, opposite the great Old World desert and desert belt, home of mobile peoples. It jumps far
ahead in the Transylvanian landscape, whose Székely spur formed by the Carpathians and the Southern Transylvanian Mountains penetrates one
step further to the Black Sea - and thus controls and dominates the passage between Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The attached map of
the Focsani Gate shows this, the gate between the Carpathians and the Danube Delta, which was also a border gate countless times.
Dunamedence and its smaller counterpart, Transylvania, are the natural fortress of Europe proper, in contrast to its outer peripheral regions,
which are essentially and in character more alien. The bastion of Christianity and European culture. Again, this is a common mission of the
landscape and the people, the brave equestrian and warrior people who founded a country in this landscape. It is a shared mission of the landscape
and the people, and therefore a historical mission, a European mission fulfilled and carried out in every era of the last millennium of
European history. A role for the maintenance of Europe.
The Transylvanian basin and the whole of Transylvania is a miniature replica of the entire Hungarian basin, Hungary.
He is a smaller counterpart in the historical role and in the historical line as well. Due to its better defensive possibilities and its far forward
position, it is almost an integrated, enhanced counterpart. And just as Transylvania is the counterpart of the synthesis of the entire Hungarian,
treeless and forested and high mountainous landscapes, so it is the counterpart of the synthesis and unity of life forms and peoples, as St. István
thought of it, and as it was realized by the Hungarian princes of Transylvania, who were the promoters of Hungarian culture and Saxon work.
they were the first patrons of the nascent Romanian cultural development and literature and guardians of all freedoms, especially
religious freedom.
Transylvania itself is a small microcosm, a small whole. In a small area, this land is endlessly rich in mountains, hills, valleys and basins of varying
shapes. All these small landscapes are individual homes, through the homes they are part of the country in the soul. Undulating or high-
rising skylines are beloved symbols of Hungarian cities, with their old colleges, ornate cathedrals, fairs, fortified castle churches of Saxon
towns and villages, large Székely villages, scattered Romanian settlements, or densely scattered small Romanian villages. Transylvania is very small
in the world
 Machine Translated
landscape. Inside, however,by isGoogle
a small world, a special small world. It was and remains a self-conscious little world, whether it is an independent
principality or part of a larger country, blessed or beaten by the hand of fate. The spirit of Transylvania is particular, and that of some regions
and peoples is strongly self-governing. The higher the political and social, spiritual and economic education of its peoples, the more vivid their
desire for freedom and their sense of freedom. Throughout the millennia of Hungarian history, the basic tone of the relationship with the
motherland can be explained from this love of freedom, the particular consciousness of the specific individuality and the sense of self-government
justice. During the time of the Turks, the small country drew strength and self-awareness from them to independently protect, maintain,
and save the Hungarian state ideal and freedom. From them we can understand the resistance and organized will of the Hungarians during
the twenty years of Romanian rule.
There is equal Hungarian, Saxon and Romanian Transylvanianism and Transylvanianness. Foreigners notice this as soon as they get to
Transylvania. It is written on our foreheads, Transylvanians. A Transylvanian Saxon, Henrik Zillich, writes the following: »The Transylvanian
spirit, about which friends and enemies talk too much, is nothing more than a specific, domestic expression of the cultural
conscience, which ignited against its opposite. But for those who do not see the seed here and for whom a political conflict within
Transylvania serves as proof of the lack of Transylvanian intellectual specificity, it cannot be helped.« (1929.) And László Ravasz from
Transylvania, - as a supplement and the unity in the multitude enlightened - he says: »allow the contradictions and trust that they balance
each other; to assume the result of equalization and entrust the risk of life to him: this is the root of Transylvanianism.« (1934).

And Zillich continues: »perhaps this is also his historical task, which was embodied at some point, once upon a time: guarding the gate
of the West against the East.« The West is a part of the West pushed out to the East, which is similar to the castle bastion, which is part of the
castle, but at the same time it waits. It belongs to the stock of the West, it wins and keeps its peoples for the West, and due to the vocation of its
peoples, it takes effect in human and historical destiny: the forerunner of the West, this is Transylvania!
Transylvania - forest principle - forest foothills and likewise Trans-sylvania means the bastion pushed between, in front of and behind the
forests by nature and history.
Transylvania has Roman, medieval Latin, Hungarian and German names, but no other names. The Romanians also use the Hungarian
term and mainly used it in its romanized form: Ardeal. Only during the Daco-Roman concept and especially in the XIX. century, the
name Transylvania was first used in history and literature. The people have only been using it since the Romanian rule.

Behind which forests lies the forest principle: Transylvania, Transylvania?

Beyond the forested mountains that Hungarian geography collectively calls the Eastern Hungarian Archipelago. This mountainous area, whose
length from south to north can be 150–170 km, and its width from west to east is 130 km, consists mostly of old, worn blocks.

In the strict sense of the word, this is an island mountain range, which is bordered to the north and south by the Hungarian Dunamedence river
network and by two huge transport belts between Transylvania and the Great Plain: the wide valleys and landscapes of the Szamos and Maros
mountains and separates them from the high mountains rising in the south and in the far northeast . These are large connecting roads,
one could say the size of a landscape unit. But even a third road leads from the Hungarian Great Plain to a very important place, right
through the middle of the Szigethységés from the Great Plain to the Transylvanian Basin. But it is not quite correct to say that it "leads
through" the Szigethegyes, because it does not lead through the top. The Királyhágó road does not take you through high mountains, but runs
along the northern edges of the high mountains, the Bihar and the Gyalui Mountains, between the high mountains formed by them and the
Transylvanian Ore Mountains and the lower Szilágyság mountains and hills, to which the Meszes on the left bank of the Szamos , Réz,
Bükk, beyond Szamos belong to the Lápos mountains. The mountain range between the Királyhágó and the Maros is also much lower than the
Carpathians, so not only due to its island nature, it is less separating. The average altitude of this high part of the Szigethegység is 1,000–1,200
m, that of the Eastern Carpathians and the southern Transylvanian Mountains is 1,400–1,550 m and 1,800–2,000 m. There was never a
national border on the Szigethesigés. It was cut in different directions in different ages for a short time by internal borders. It served as a
defense against the Turks; but the forest rather than the mountains. On the other hand, after the Pyrenees, which has been the
oldest border between all the mountains in Europe, of course, because permanent states were first formed there in the west during the
settlement of the peoples of the migration and their integration into the framework of the former Roman provinces, after the Pyrenees, the
Carpathians are the mountains of Europe, in fact, it is generally a natural endowment, which carries the oldest and most permanent
boundary.
The Szigethygész is not uniform in character. The different mountains, which are collectively called the Szigethegyesig, are of different ages,
structures, and shapes. The largest part of the mountain range, the Gyalui Havasok and the Bihar mountain range, are also high, but have a
gentle shape with large domed roofs, in contrast to the picturesque limestone cliffs and precipice of the Ore Mountains in
Transylvania, built of Carpathian sandstone. All these mountains rise up to the forest line and beyond, and on their roofs, especially on
the almost peneplain ("almost plain")-like roofs of the Gyalu Havasok, mountain pastures spread out, proportionally much more than in the
mountains south of the Maros and the Carpathians. That is why, as can be seen from the ethnographic maps, a dense mass of Romanians pushes
here from south to north, in a wide wedge from Fogaras and Krassó through the Maros to the Maros almost to the neighborhood of the
Királyhágó. The mountain pastures were the wandering routes of this sloth, from where it descended into the valleys. That is why we
find here on the settlement and ethnographic maps a large, barely inhabited hilltop area in the middle and dense, small Romanian villages in the
valleys spreading out in all directions. An example of the process of retreat and the suppression of Hungarianness was written by István
Gyÿrffy, in his treatise Magyarság in Feketekÿrösvölgyi. The lower Szilágyság mountain and hilly region north of Királyhágó - in which,
as the Lukinich map attached to the volume shows, the oldest Romanian settlements date back to the XIII-XIV centuries. dating back to
the 19th century, - today it is inhabited by a mixture of Hungarians and Romanians. After all, this region, where plain and mountainous features
intertwine, was also a mountain road for the Oláhs between the high mountains of the Northeast and the South, and a lowland or low gate
for the Hungarians between the Great Plain and the interior of the Transylvanian Basin. It was mainly on this route that our ancestors
pushed into Transylvania after crossing the Vereckei Strait, as Bálint Hóman's map of the conquest shows. The Szamos flows in a wide,
terraced valley and connects the landscapes of old Hungarian towns: Dés, Nagybánya (Asszonypataka), Zsibó, Zilah.

And it lies on the edge of the Transylvanian Basin. In a fair market situation, like the cities on the edge of the Great Plain, which, as the
Hungarian public knows, we Hungarian geographers named »market line cities«. So Dés lies where the edge of the pool is crossed by Szamos,
which merges here and strives to get out of the pool. Cluj-Napoca also has such a basin-edge location, except here the river, the Cold and
Meleg Szamos, which merge here, is smaller, but the road is more important, because the Királyhágó road is the shortest route to the
middle and most important, northwestern part of the Great Plain and the Transylvanian Basin and especially its higher southern between half.
This explains the importance of Cluj from a political, i.e. administrative, as well as a commercial point of view. The importance of the location
was naturally given by the unity of the Hungarian basin and Transylvania's belonging to Hungary, because Cluj is the main gate of Transylvania
from the Hungarian Great Plain. The importance of each position is relative. For Romania, Cluj does not mean the same thing. It's more
like a military base
itMachine Translated
is important by Google
behind the border towns that were cut off from Hungary by unilateral war considerations on the edge of the Hungarian Great
Plain, such as Nagyvárad and Szatmár, but also the smaller towns at the mouth of the valley. These cities are bridging points of the valley
estuaries, and the railway that connects them is the military railway of the border glacier (frontier front) (rochade railway). Sir Thomas Holdich,
who drew the northwestern border of India at the end of the last century, calls such a border pushed far in front of the mountains, which is nothing
more than a military border pushed forward by a stronger right, a »scientific border«.
Around the Transylvanian Basin, there is no typical market line of the cities, as in the Great Plain. The southern and eastern cities of the
Transylvanian Basin have different locations. Otherwise, we can distinguish two parts of the Transylvanian Basin. Between the Nagy- and Kis
Szamos and the Maros, and even the northern part extending across the Maros to the Kis-Küküllÿ, Mezöség, is a desert-like landscape with
poor trees and desert vegetation. Rolling hills. Its gentle, grassy slopes are characterized by erosion and landslides, which can be seen in one of
our pictures. Mezÿség was occupied by the Hungarians at the time of the conquest and was inhabited by them until and during the time of the
princes. It was the main grain-growing area of independent Transylvania. When the Turkish wars and the wars of independence decimated the
Hungarians in Transylvania, as everywhere else, the Oláhs, which had already seeped down from the mountain pastures into the valleys, moved
into the Mezÿség and wedged themselves in ever larger numbers among the Hungarians. Their easier-to-flow language made many
Hungarians Romanian. We also present a map of this process.
And Mezöség became poorer due to the lost productivity of the land in the wake of their hands. The fishponds, which have been part of the
characteristic image of the landscape in the smaller valleys since the Bronze Age, but also part of their richness, have also been destroyed.
Mezÿség was famous for its especially excellent breeding of Hungarian white cattle, which supplied the rest of the country with oxen and
bulls.
Marosvásárhely lies at the southeast corner of Mezÿség, where the great river of Transylvania, coming from the Székely basin, enters the great
Transylvanian basin. Marosvásárhely is already close to the southern, richer part of the basin cut by parallel rivers. The Maros and its tributary
the Nyárád, the Kis- and Nagy Küküllÿ and, far to the south, the central part of the Oltnak run parallel here from northwest to southeast.
These are wide, terraced valleys. The northern hillsides on the right bank are steeper than the flat southern ones. In this southern part, the
cities naturally lie in the valleys, they adapt and settle not to the edge of the basin, but to the rivers. The routes run here, the fairs are created
here. Thus, Nagyenyed and Gyulafehérvár lie next to the Maros, Dicsÿszentmárton along the Kis-Küküllÿ, Segesvár, Erzsébetváros, Medgyes
along the Nagy-Küküllÿ. It is located on the southern edge of the basin in Nagyszebi, close to the southern bend of the Olt, where this river
could once have continued east and joined the waters of the Maros - before, apparently as a result of cutting back, it made its way
through the Transylvanian mountains. The resulting gorge, Vörötoronyszoros, leading to Romania, the Olt valley leading to the east, and the old
depression leading to Maros, at the western gate of which lies Szászsebes, explain the importance of Szeben's location and its castle
character.

Soil map of Transylvania and the eastern parts of Hungary

The peoples of Eastern Hungary and Transylvania before the settlement of the Saxons and
Romanians Designed by
István Kniezsa In the south, the Transylvanian basin is bordered by the highest mountains of Transylvania. To the east of the breach of the Olt
is the mountain range of the Fogarasi Havasok, which runs exactly east-west and drops sharply to the north towards Transylvania with steep
walls. And to the west of the breach are the crystalline blocks rising above 2000 meters starting with the Retezat and the Kudjiri Mountains,
between which lie lower, much younger mountain landscapes. Between them and the valley of the Alsó-Maros rise mountains with an average of
1,000 m and slightly higher, in contrast to the Szigethesigégyes north of the Maros. Fogaras and the mountainous regions west of the Olt breakthrough
welcomed the first Romanian inhabitants of Transylvania, who moved up from the Balkans along the mountain pastures. From these mountain
pastures, they descended into the valleys and settled in the XIII. century onwards. Lukinich's attached map shows the course of this settlement.
Kniezsa's map confirms its lateness and its occurrence after Hungarian settlement. A steep staircase rises suddenly on the right bank of
the Olt, this was the southern defensive bastion of the Saxon settlement. From there, the land of the Saxons stretched far across Great Sibiu into
the valley of the Maros (Szászsebes, Szászváros), in the north almost to Kis-Küküllÿ, in the east close to the foot of the Hargita, to
the land of the other eastern protector and border people of the West, the Székely people.

Map of the permanence of country borders in the borderlands of Western and Eastern Europe in the centuries after the migration (1000–1920).
Drawing by András Rónai.
The thickness of the border lines illustrates the time of existence. The dotted lines are the more important country borders within the
empires. The dotted zone in the interior of Hungary indicates the border region of Turkish rule. Here, in the Turkish era, the precisely
established border existed only for a short time.

For comparison: Map of the border constancy of the Iberian Peninsula after the Migration Period. (700 to 1900.)
Drawn by Pál Gróf Teleki.
The Eastern Carpathians, like the North-Eastern Carpathians, are accompanied on their inner side by a huge range of volcanic mountains.
These include the Hargita (1,500–1,800 m), about which the Székely people sing and on which the soul of the Székely hangs. Together with
their southern and northern continuations, the Baróti Mountains and the Görgény Mountains, this is a 140 km long wall, the second highest
barrier behind the Carpathian chain. It is as if nature wanted to strengthen here, to double its fortress, the easternmost bastion of the West.
Between the two mountain ranges, between the outer sandstone range of the Carpathians and the volcanic range of the Hargita, lie the Székely
basins: Gyergyó, Csiki, Trászéki, and then the Brasó basin, which has a different location, but is related to them from a human point of view. The
two northern basins from which the Maros starts are the higher-lying havasalja basins of Gyergyó and Csiki. The two more southerly, from where
the waters already flow into the Olt, are more open. The nature of the settlement, or rather its distribution, is also different in the two basins,
which can also be seen on the settlement maps. In the southern basins, smaller villages are scattered, while in the two northern basins, the
Székely people live in large villages concentrated in the middle of the basin. Even the main places: Csikszereda, Gyergyószentmiklós only play the
role of primus inter pares. The road leads from one basin to another, to Kézdivásárhely through a low ridge and all the way to Brasov. This
contributes to the importance of Brasov, especially since Brasov belongs to Romania. Brasó is the workplace and gathering point for
both the Székely and the Saxon industrial workers, and the gathering place for the roads of Southern, Central and Eastern Transylvania, which can
only continue through Brasó across the mountains to Bucharest. This is why the population of Brasó increased so strongly, but it is also why the
population of Hungarians also increased under the Olách rule. A mountain ridge separates Brasov from the Fogarasi pool and closes
the series of eastern pools. The outer mountain range with an average height of 1,700 m, behind which these four typical catchment basins
of a frontier people line up, is important in world politics. I have already mentioned that this is the spur of the mountains
MachinetheTranslated
dominates byFocsani
80–100 km wide GoogleGate, which is the only road leading from the Russian plain to the Balkans.

Border constancy map of Eastern Hungary and Transylvania (from 1000 to 1900). Drawn by András Rónai.
The dotted lines are the borders of the »partium«, which legally belonged to Transylvania proper and for a long time.
To the north of the Görgény and Gyergyó Mountains, the sandstone range and the volcanic range merge closely together and merge into a single huge mountain
range rising to a height of 2,300 m between Transylvania, Moldova and Bukovina. These mountains also surround the most northeastern, traffic and economically
remote corner of Transylvania, and the least important corner: the land of Beszterce. Beszterce itself, we know, is a Saxon city, but less beautiful and characteristic
than the cities of the great southern Saxon land.

Oszkár Glatz: In the evening on the mountain pasture.

Eastern Hungarian Island Mountains.
The highest mountain range, the Radna Mountains, and the backbone of the main Carpathian range, are important watersheds. In the Nasód valley, the
Nagy-Szamos flows into Transylvania. In the north, the Iza flows into the Upper Tisza on the land of Máramaros. On the outer rim are the springs of Prut and
Szeret. Here, the high mountains, quite rich in mountain pastures, are once again the hub of Romania. This time, the Moldavian, which has a
different origin and ethnic composition than the southern one, as, for example, De Fer, XVII. century, also published in this volume, is indicated by the map, among
many similar maps of the same period, the original source of which is probably Italian. The emergence of Romanianness from the mountains is the reason why
Romanianness also extends deep in Mármaros in the Iza and Visó valleys to the upper reaches of the Tisza, and that is why Mármarossziget became the Hungarian
capital of Mármaros, inhabited by the Ruthenians, and the northernmost city in Romania on the left bank of the Tisza.

The Focÿani gate

Absolutely - Romania could be called a centrifugal country compared to the Hungarian basin country. The large settlement map of Romania attached to this
volume, which shows all the inhabited places with black dots or circles corresponding to the number of their population, is a clear picture of the
disintegrating parts of the country, looking in different directions, with a wide, barely inhabited zone running through them. In vain, the bastion belt of the
Carpathians is a huge dividing wall, not only because it is 1,000 kilometers long and is interrupted by only ten passes, on average 850 m high, only half of
which lead to larger, more important roads from Transylvania to the two parts of Romania, but also because this mountain belt is also an 80-100 km wide forest
zone , which is of course very sparsely populated. Only four railway lines lead through it and connect Romania and Transylvania, which are so different
in terms of character and culture. Such a dividing belt, even today, in the age of airplanes and rapid transportation, is significant, as the southern
Appalachians in the United States of America show.

It separates us even more if the countries and populations separated in this way are related to and belong to different landscapes and cultural
circles in their character, culture and traditions, are concentrated in different foci, and become denser. Well, even if the unbroken lines and groups of settlements,
villages, cities, intertwining market areas, their centers that are also in lively commercial connection with each other, ancient and natural roads with their
settlement lines created by traffic and commodity exchange connect the already separated landscape units in two ways and in two ways, far away from each
other and they connect one and the other to far foreign economic and life units, to different communities of traditions and through them to different, completely
different cultural circles, to different geographical features of our continent.

This is also the case of Transylvania and Romania, i.e. Transylvania on one side, and Austria and Moldova on the other. Not only does the settlement map
of Great Romania in Versailles Trianon show the separate status of the two countries glued together, but the two large ethnographic maps also attached to
this volume, which are also settlement-demographic maps due to their precise and detailed representation method, show the intimate and intimate nature
of the densely populated regions of Transylvania. uninterrupted connection with the rest of our country. All maps, geological, topographical, hydrographical,
maps of roads, which still follow the same fates as in past centuries, since nature prescribed them, all maps showing the factors of economic life of the
Hungarian landscapes and with them the Transylvanian landscapes they bear witness to its unique synthesis and unity. XIX created by the Berlin Congress. 19th
century Romania is a connecting country at the gateway, but not between West and East, but between the Balkans and today's Russian landscapes, the two
great outer peripheral landscapes of Europe with blurring borders towards Asia.

The core of Romania is a gulf, a stretch of the eastern, almost endless great plain that extends towards the southwest, into the Balkan Peninsula. Way
of life, way of life, culture - fundamentally Byzantine and Eastern, as opposed to the Roman and Germanic culture of Central Europe - and tradition in these
peripheral regions, which surround the eastern borders of the real Europe, are parallel to each other - the European landscapes are Western Christian,
Western Romano-Germanic culture belonging to the political relations and the peoples who lived and grew up in the tradition of all these.

Because tradition is by no means just myth. The tradition is not only national. Tradition is something more comprehensive and ineradicable. Tradition is
the accumulation of life contents that are born slowly, develop over a long period of time, and become stronger in common, - the integration of the life-long and
everyday community of successive generations of people living together, the absorption into the spiritual and physical selves and life practice of the living
individuals, families, genera, villages, and groups of people. A traditional community of life on the same land, in the same country, in joint work, protection,
and love for the same land, landscape, and horizon. Tradition is both an element and a tool of nature, which balances everything, in its timeless
struggle against values and one-sided evaluations that change with the ages and are emphasized one-sidedly in them.

The road through Királyhág, which leads from Nagyvárad up the Sebes-Körös valley and down the Szamos valley to Cluj.

The Királyhágó road in the Sebes-Körös valley near Csucsa.

The Tordai fissure in the limestone cliffs of the Transylvanian Ore Mountains.

Volcano village, with limestone cliffs in the background. Romanian village in the Transylvanian Ore Mountains.

Szilágysági Village. Szilágyság hills in Szamoskapu.

Machine
Of the. Translated by Google

Cluj.

Nagyvárad.

Desolate landscape at Mezÿerked.

Kalotaszeg.

Plowing in the Field.

Buffaloes.

Marosvásárhely.

Marosújvár.

Sighsvár.

Sibiu.

The historical vocation of Hungarians • Irta: Bálint Hóman ÿ

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Machine Translated by Google