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SOUND notes 1 (2)

Sound is a form of energy that enables communication and travels in waves, specifically mechanical waves like sound waves. It requires a medium for propagation, exhibiting properties such as compression and rarefaction, with key characteristics including amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. Sound can be classified into audible and inaudible ranges, with applications in various fields including communication and medical diagnostics.

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8 views4 pages

SOUND notes 1 (2)

Sound is a form of energy that enables communication and travels in waves, specifically mechanical waves like sound waves. It requires a medium for propagation, exhibiting properties such as compression and rarefaction, with key characteristics including amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. Sound can be classified into audible and inaudible ranges, with applications in various fields including communication and medical diagnostics.

Uploaded by

rrachith72
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SOUND

Sound:
(i) Sound is a form of energy, It causes a sensation of hearing in our ears.
(ii) Sound helps us communicate with each other.
(iii)Sound travels in the form of waves

Type of waves on the basis of material medium


Elastic waves or mechanical waves: Those waves which need a material medium for their
propagation are called elastic waves or mechanical waves e.g., sound waves and water waves are
elastic or mechanical waves.
A transverse wave is the one in which the individual particles of the medium move about their
mean positions in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
Eg-light waves

Longitudinal waves-In these waves the individual particles of the medium move in a direction
parallel to the direction of propagation of the disturbance. The particles do not move from one
place to another but they simply oscillate back and forth about their position of rest.
Eg-sound waves

Propagation of Sound:
A medium is necessary for the propagation of sound waves.
Compression: A portion of the medium where a temporary decrease in volume and consequently
a increase in density takes place when a sound wave passes through the medium, is called a
compression or a condensation.

 Rarefaction: A portion of the medium where a temporary increase in volume and consequently a
decrease in density takes place when a sound wave passes through the medium is called a
rarefaction.


Amplitude(A)
 The amplitude of a sound wave can be defined as the maximum displacement of the particles
from
their mean position due to the vibrations.
 SI unit is metre.
Wavelength (λ) : The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive
rarefactions is called the wavelength of the wave. It is denoted by the symbol λ (Greek letter,
lambda). Wavelength of a sound wave is also equal to the distance travelled by it in its periodic
time (T). Unit of wavelength is metre (m).
 Time Period (T) : The time taken for one complete oscillation in density (or pressure) of the
medium is called the time period of the wave.
 Time period of the wave is also defined as the time taken by its two consecutive compressions or
rarefactions to cross a fixed point.
Frequency(f or ν )
 The number of vibrations or oscillations completed by an object in one second is the frequency of
the sound.
 S I unit of frequency is hertz. It is represented by Hz.

 Relation between frequency and time period

∴ In 1 second number of vibrations = 1 / T


In time T, number of vibration= 1

ƒ=1/T
or T = 1 / ƒ

The graphical representation of sound wave is given below :


 Crest:The portion of the medium where the density (or pressure) has a value larger than its
average value is called a crest.
 Trough : The portion of the medium where the density (or pressure) has a value smaller than the
average value is called a trough.
 Relation between speed of sound, frequency and wavelength

Speed of sound is the distance travelled by the sound wave per unit time. It is denoted by v and is
measured in metre/second (m/s).
From the definition of wavelength,
Distance travelled by sound wave in a periodic time (T) = wavelength (λ) of the sound wave.

∴ speed of sound,

i.e.,

∴ v = νλ …(1)
But where ν is the frequency of the sound wave.

The loudness of a sound


 The loudness of a sound depends upon the amplitude of the sound.
 The higher the amplitude, the higher is the displacement of the particles and the higher is the
loudness of the sound.
Pitch or Shrillness:
 The pitch of sound (Shrillness or flatness) depends on the frequency of vibration.
 Sound with greater frequency is shriller and has higher pitch. Sound with lower frequency
is less shrill and of lower pitch
TIMBRE / QUALITY
It depends on the waveform of a sound which enables us to distinguish between two different sound
sources .

Audible and Inaudible Sound:


Sounds of frequency range between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz are called audible sound. The
human
beings can hear the sound range between 20 hertz to 20,000 hertz.
The inaudible sounds can be divided into two categories as infrasound and ultrasound.
Infrasound Ultrasound
The sounds having a frequency range below 20 The sound waves having a frequency range
hertz are called infrasound. above 20 kilohertz are called ultrasounds.
Having too high frequency, they cannot be
Infrasound cannot be heard by humans.
heard by human beings as well.
Animals like giraffe, rhinoceros and whales use Bats, dogs and cats use ultrasounds to
infrasound to communicate. communicate.
Ultrasounds can be used for various
Infrasound waves are used to treat myopia in purposes such as identifying abnormalities
kids in the human body or calculating distances
under the water through SONAR.

Relation between speed of sound, time of hearing echo and distance of reflection body

: If t is the time at which an echo is heard, d is the distance between the source of sound and the
reflecting body and v is the speed of sound.
The total distance travelled by the sound is 2d.
speed of sound, v = 2d/t or

d = vt
2

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