DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL

USING ARDUINO NANO AND IR SENSOR

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
BADINIGENI YOGESH 20121032
MANCHURI NIHASH 20121047
SRIKANTH VS 20121059

Under the guidance of

DIPIN THOMAS

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

HINDUSTAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

SCIENCE
CHENNAI – 603 103
APRIL & 2022

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC

SIGNALCONTROL USING ARDUINO NANO AND IR SENSOR
” is the bonafied work of BADIGINENI YOGESH (20121032) MANCHURI
NIHASH(20121047) SRIKANTH VS (20121059), who carried out the project
work under my supervision during the academic year 2021-2022.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Dr. A.L.Vallikannu Ms.Dipin Thomas

Professor and Head of the Department Professors of

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Hindustan Institute of Hindustan Institute of
Technology and Science Technology and Science
Padur, Chennai-603103 Padur, Chennai-603103

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Name: ________________________ Name:
________________________

Designation:_____________________
Designation:___________________

Institution
Name:_______________
Project Viva - voce conducted on ___________

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It’s our extreme pleasure to thank our Chancellor Dr. (Mrs.) Elizabeth
Verghese, Vice Chancellor Dr. S.N.Sridhara, and the Pro Vice Chancellor Dr.
R. W. Alexander Jesudasan Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science for
providing conducive environment which helped us to pursue our project in a
diligent and an efficient manner.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dean (Engineering & Technology)

Dr. Angelina Geetha, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science for his
valuable directions, suggestions and support.

We are thankful to Dr. A.L.Vallikannu, Head of the Department, Electronics

and Communication Engineering for having evinced keen interest in our project
and for his continued support.

We are indebted to our Project Guide DIPIN THOMAS, Assistant Professor,

Electronics and Communication Engineering for his valuable guidance and
technical support in the accomplishment of our project.

We also thank our Project Coordinator Dr.K.Sakthidasan @ Sankaran,

Professor Electronics and Communication Engineering for his support and
coordination throughout the accomplishment of the project.

Our sincere thanks to all the teaching and non-teaching staff and family members
who have been constantly supporting us throughout the accomplishment of this
project.

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 ABSTRACT

In the present day world, with growing technologies and adverse

development in the metropolitan cities, traffic administration has become one
of the most important fields to be dealt with. The main role of a traffic
administration is to constantly improve the traffic control system and
effectively regulate the same .

With the number of vehicle users constantly increasing, the facility provided
by the current system is limited and inefficient with respect to the energy and
time consumed. A survey shows that an average person spends about four to
six months of his/her entire life just waiting for the green light to be turned
ON at a signal .

It is also been identified that this inadequate facility and irrational

distribution of signal control is leading to such traffic issues.These inefficient
traffic control system is also contributing to various traffic violation wherein
the people don’t possess the patience to wait for that interval of the signal
which does not have much vehicle density than the other existing densities.
Avoiding conditions of extreme traffic jams is highly important in the current
situation.

Hence in this proposed system of traffic control, we focus on the traffic

density rather than just giving control to the signals on a fixed time basis.This
proposed in based on vehicle detection by IR sensors, analysation and
computation of the scenarios by the Arduino UNO and the same gives the
control depending on the control time in the code to the LED’s . On a whole,
this system senses the presence of the vehicle in that given lane and suitably
gives control to the signals.

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 TABLE OF ALL CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO. NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

ABSTRACT 4

1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 OVERVIEW

2 CIRCUIT AND BLOCK 8

DIAGRAM

2.1CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

3 LITERATURE 10

3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

3.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

3.3PROBLEM STATEMENT

4 COMPONENTS 12

REQUIRED

4.1 COMPONENTS TABLE

4.1.1 AURDINO NANO

4.1.2 IR SENSOR

4.1.3 TRAFFIC LED’S

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CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO

5 FLOW 16

CHART&CODING

5.1 FLOW CHART

5.2 AURDINO NANO

CODE

6 FINAL OUTPUT 18

6.1 FINAL OUPUT

6.2 RESULT

6.3CONCLUSION

6.4 REFERANCE 21

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Traffic administration has the goal to constantly improve traffic system and regulation. As
the number of vehicle users constantly increases and resources provided by current
infrastructures are limited, intelligent control of traffic will become a point of focus in the
future. Avoiding traffic jams is beneficial to both environment and economy. In our research
we focus and optimization of traffic light controller in a city using IR sensor and developed
using Arduino. An intelligent transportation system (ITS) estimates the traffic parameters
and optimizes traffic signal to reduce vehicle delays and stop. Fixed control on traffic is
basically not control according to the density, but in a manner of programming which is
already fixed in the system. This paper proposes an intelligent system using Arduino for
implementing it in the city

1.2 OVERVIEW

In the present modern days, traffic is the most significant problem in the metro
cities.

* Traffic is the most time constraint problem ,to avoid this problem we have
to find some solutions.

* For this problem we bring a solution , it is called Density based traffic control
system.

* By this density based traffic control system, we can avoid the some time-
wastage from strukking in the traffic.

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2.CIRCUIT AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 3. LITERATURE

3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

There has been a great usage of surveillance systems and video monitoring for
traffic control in recent years. Innovations have been made for examining the
density of the traffic through image processing . But these techniques require
good images whose quality is weather dependent, especially when it is raining or
when there is a huge amount of fog. The image captured in the traffic signal is
processed and converted into grayscale image, then its threshold is calculated
based on which the contour has been drawn in order to calculate the number of
vehicles present in the image . But this cannot be used in real time applications
as it is very slow and the software is usually not free of cost. Automatic detecting
and counting vehicles in unsupervised video on highways is a very challenging
problem in computer vision with important practical applications such as to
monitor activities at traffic intersections for detecting congestions, and then
predict the traffic which assists in regulating traffic. Manually reviewing the large
amount of data they generate is often impractical. There are various vehicle
detectors such as radar, ultrasonic, and microwave detector. But these sensors are
usually expensive, difficult to implement, have less capacity, and extra
maintenance charges will be there. Radar sensors are affected by metal barriers
near road. Passive acoustic detector array, Piezoelectric, Photoelectric, Inductive
loop detector, magnetic detectors and other similar sensors are some of the
commonly used sensors in the field of traffic monitoring systems. These sensors
are less accurate as well as expensive.
The system which we have proposed uses an Arduino MEGA interfaced with IR
sensors and load sensors . For every lane, there are three IR sensors with three
corresponding load sensors placed beside and under the road respectively for
detection of traffic density of that lane. According to this, there are four modes of
lighting transition slots . The proposed system has a feature to clear the way for
emergency service vehicles such as ambulance, fire fighting vehicles etc. An
RFID tag will be mounted under every emergency service vehicle. The basic idea
behind this feature is that the RFID tagged emergency service vehicle shall be
detected whenever it passes on the RFID reader . A GSM module is included in
the system to notify the authority if there is any malfunctioning in the system

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 3.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

The main purpose of introducing this smart traffic system is that for every minute
the vehicles at the junction will be dense and the traffic lights shall be changed to
each side for some fixed time. Even though there are no vehicles at
particular side, the traffic signals will glow for a given fixed time. Due to that
there is time wastage & vehicles on the other side have to wait for the time to
complete the process. So to reduce the wastage of time, we can implement the
system that controls the traffic based on the heavy flow of vehicles at any
particular side. With this system, we shall count the number of vehicles at each
side at the junction and give path to the particular side which has denser traffic
and keeping the other sides stoppe

3.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Traffic congestion is increasing on the road day- by- day. As a result of which,
two main issues arises. The issues are no traffic, but still need to wait Heavy
traffic jams. These problems occur due to fixed control on traffic. This research
will aim to control the traffic according to the density, but in manner of
programming which is already fixed in the sysTE

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 4. COMPONENTS REQUIRED

4.1 COMPONENTS TABLE:

SI COMPONENT SPECIFICATION REQUIRED

NO

1 ARDUINO ATMEGA328 1

NANO

2 IR SENSOR TO DETECT THE 4

MOTION

3 LED’S RED,YELLOW,GREEN 4

4 BREAD CONNECTING 1

BOARD CIRCUITS

5 JUMPER MALE &FEMALE REQUIRED

WIRES

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 4.1.1 AURDINO NANO

Arduino Nano comes with a crystal oscillator of frequency 16 MHz. It

is used to produce a clock of precise frequency using constant
voltage. There is one limitation of using Arduino Nano i.e. it doesn't
come with a DC power jack, which means you can not supply an
external power source through a battery. The Arduino Nano is a
small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328P released in 2008. It offers the same connectivity and
specs of the Arduino Uno board in a smaller form factor

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 4.1.2 IR SENSOR

IR proximity sensor is an electronic instrument which comprises of an IR light emitting diode,

an IR photodiode, an op-amp (as comparator), couple of resistors (including a variable resister)
and capacitors whose basic operation is to detect the presence of any kind of object or obstacle
in the vicinity of the sensor within the particular range. In this particular type of IR sensor
module used in the project, IC LM 393 op-amp is used as comparator. When
the IR receiver does not detect any of the signals from the IR LED, the potential at the inverting
input of the comparator will be higher than that corresponding to the noninverting terminal.
Hence the resulting output of the comparator becomes low. On the other hand, if the IR receiver
detects some signals which are sent back after encountering an obstacle/object, the potential at
the inverting terminal will be low than the non-inverting terminal. Hence the output of the
comparator will be high. This voltage level of the comparator is used in arriving at the
conclusion of whether the object is present or not. The variable resistor connected helps in
changing the sensitivity of the IR sensor module

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 4.1.3 TRAFFIC LIGHT LED MODULE

LED is an active electronic device, comparable to a general purpose diode except

for its ability to emit light with different wavelengths. When a suitable potential
difference is applied across its terminals, electrons recombine with the holes
within the device thereby releasing the energy in the form of photons. This
phenomenon is known as electroluminescence . Following are the specific
semiconductor combination employed for obtaining a LED emitting radiation of
characteristic wavelength:
1. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) – Infrared light
2. Gallium-Arsenide-Phosphorous (GaAsP) – yellow/red light
3. Gallium-Phosphorous(GaP) – green ligh

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5. FLOW CHART & CODING

5.1 FLOW CHART

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 5.2 AURDINO NANO CODES:
//TRAFFIC CONTROL pinMode(ledD1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledD1,LOW);
DENSITY 2022 pinMode(ledD2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledD2,LOW);
#define ledA1 2 pinMode(ledD3, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledD3,LOW);
# define ledA2 3 }
# define ledA3 4 void loop() { }
a1 = analogRead(A7); else if( b1 <= 40){
# define ledB1 5 a2 = analogRead(A6); digitalWrite(ledA1,LOW);
# define ledB2 6 b1 = analogRead(A5); digitalWrite(ledA2,LOW);
# define ledB3 7 b2 = analogRead(A4); digitalWrite(ledA3,LOW);
c1 = analogRead(A1); digitalWrite(ledB1,LOW);
# define ledC1 8 c2 = analogRead(A0); digitalWrite(ledB2,LOW);
# define ledC2 9 d1 = analogRead(A3); digitalWrite(ledB3,LOW);
# define ledC3 10 d2 = analogRead(A2); digitalWrite(ledC1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledA1,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledC2,HIGH);
# define ledD1 12 digitalWrite(ledA2,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledC3,HIGH);
# define ledD2 11 digitalWrite(ledA3,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledD1,LOW);
# define ledD3 13 digitalWrite(ledB1,LOW); digitalWrite(ledD2,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledB2,LOW); digitalWrite(ledD3,LOW);
int a1,a2,b1,b2,c1,c2,d1,d2; digitalWrite(ledB3,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledC1,LOW); }
void setup() digitalWrite(ledC2,LOW); else if( b2 <= 40){
{ digitalWrite(ledC3,LOW); digitalWrite(ledA1,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledD1,LOW); digitalWrite(ledA2,LOW);
Serial.begin(9600); digitalWrite(ledD2,LOW); digitalWrite(ledA3,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledD3,LOW); digitalWrite(ledB1,LOW);
pinMode(ledA1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledB2,LOW);
pinMode(ledA2, OUTPUT); } digitalWrite(ledB3,LOW);
pinMode(ledA3, OUTPUT); else if( a2 <= 40){ digitalWrite(ledC1,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledA1,LOW); digitalWrite(ledC2,LOW);
pinMode(ledB1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledA2,LOW); digitalWrite(ledC3,LOW);
pinMode(ledB2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledA3,LOW); digitalWrite(ledD1,HIGH);
pinMode(ledB3, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledB1,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledD2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledB2,HIGH); digitalWrite(ledD3,HIGH);
pinMode(ledC1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledB3,HIGH);
pinMode(ledC2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledC1,LOW); }}
pinMode(ledC3, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledC2,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledC3,LOW);

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 6. FINAL OUTPUT

6.1 FINAL OUTPUT

The circuit design involves an IR sensors being placed at the left side of each of
the four roads in a ‘+’ type junction. These identify the presence of vehicle in that
road of the junction. When the IR signals from them are obstructed by a vehicle,
the output of the sensors go high and thereby indicate the same to the Arduino
NANO (19). Based on as how many roads have vehicle density out of the four
roads, the signals are turned ON. The Arduino NANO is either powered by a
power bank or using a laptop which is used to upload the code as well. The coding
is done in Arduino IDE platform using C/C++ language (20). The IR sensors are
powered using the voltage ranges i.e. 5V and 3.3V available in the arduino board.
The analog output of the IR sensors are connected to the analog pins of the
arduino NANO (21). The code is written so as to set a value to the variable
holding the analog value. If the analog value is well above a threshold value, then
the variable is set to 1; else to 0. Here the codes for turning ON or OFF of a
particular signal is written in the form of functions. Depending on whether the
variable is 0 or 1, a particular set of functions are called by the code and executed.
The entire execution is in the form of a loop which continuously checks for the
presence of the vehicle density in any of the roads in that junction . If detected,
the green signal is turned ON in that road for a period of 10000ms and then turned
to red.

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6.2 RESULT:

The results of the proposed model can be analysed in three different scenarios.
1. When there is vehicle density present in all the four roads of the junction, then
the signal functionalises normally, similar to the existing system.
2. When there an absence of vehicle density in one or more roads but present in
atleast one road, then the signal for green light skips that particular road with no
vehicle density and moves forward with the ones with density present.
3. When no vehicle density is recoded in any of the roads at the junction, the
yellows light is triggered in all of the signals with time delay of 800ms which
gives a blinking effect in the signals

6.3 CONCLUSION:

The proposed traffic control system is the very basic step towards achieving
automation in the field of traffic control system. With various advancements
taking place in today’s world, people are in search for automated systems which
not only saves their time but also a lot of energy in different forms. The saving of
fuel (petrol, diesel, natural gas), reduction in time of the operation of automobile
engines, reduction in the emission of the harmful gases in the atmosphere. Thus
this system helps in reducing the number of accidents that take place just because
of this improper traffic control system and paving way to a better traffic control
system. The proposed system aims to save the number of manhours wasted at the
signals and hence making effective utilization of time. Further a lot of work and
progress an be made on these lines by giving priority to emergency tag vehicles.
Also, a lot of work can be done on the usage of solar energy of the operation of
such systems which can also make them highly energy efficient. It is also possible
to make use of gas sensors to control the timing of the timers in the traffic nodes.
Using GPRS map as an additional step for progress in this area, the best route can
be figured out for emergency as well as police vehicles

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 6.4 REFERANCE

• Author: Shubham sahu,

Dipanjan paul, S.Senthilmurugan, internantional journal of
novel
• research and development (IJNRD) ISSN:2456-4184,Volume
3 Issue4 April, 2018.
• M.naveen, S.Raghavendra , D.Imran Basha,& P. Kiran
kumar (2019). Density based traffic signals controlling
using ARDUINO and IR sensors.International Journal oof
Electronics Engineering(IJEE).ISSN: 0973-7383 volume-11.
Issue-1.pp.348-351.
• K. Bagya Lakshmi1, M. Suresh Kumar, S. Sindhuja, R.
Padmavathy, & P. Jayabharathi.
• (2018). Density Based Traffic Control System. Asian Journal
of Science and Applied
• Technology ISSN: 2249-0698 Vol. 7 No. 2, 2018, pp.9-11.

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