Unit-6

Hydrocarbons and their

Course covers about:

 Saturated hydrocarbons
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Concise Note 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Natural source of Hydrocarbons.

For Grade-10
By
Belay Abera
May, 2017E.C
Unit-6
1
 Hydrocarbons and their natural sources  In a bond-line structural representation, carbon
6.1 Introductions and hydrogen atoms are not shown but are
 In 1828 Fredric Wohler, a Germany scientist understood to be there based on the fact that
synthesized by urea from inorganic minerals. each carbon forms 4 covalent bonds.
 Urea:-is the first organic compound prepared by  The lines representing carbon-carbon bonds are
laboratory. drawn in a zig-zag fashion as exemplified by the
 The raw material of preparation of urea is bond-line structure for hexane and hexyl
NH4Cl(aq) and AgCNO(aq) bromide:
NH4Cl(aq) + AgCNO(aq)  NH4CNO(aq) + d. Polygon Formula
AgCl(s)  These cyclic compounds are usually represented
∆ by polygon using bond-lines without showing
NH4CNO(aq)→ H2NC=ONH2(urea) carbon and hydrogen atoms.
6.1.2 Structural representation of organic molecules 6.1.3 Classes of Organic Compounds
 The scientists have developed other structural Functional Groups
representations including structural formula,  A functional group is a group of atoms and/or
condensed structural formula, bond-line bonds within a molecule that has a characteristic
representation, and polygon formula. chemical behavior.
a. Complete Structural Formula
 Complete Structural formula: is obtained by Organic Examples
representing the two-electron covalent bond by compound. Functional
a single dash. group
 A single dash represents a single bond, a double
dash represents a double bond and a triple dash
represents a triple bond. Alkane -C-C CH3-CH3 , Ethane
 Lone pairs of electrons on hetero atoms such as Alkene -C=C- CH2=CH2, Ethene
oxygen, halogens. Alkyne -CC- CHCH , Ethyne
b. Condensed Structural Formula Alcohol R-OH CH3CH2OH, ethanol
 The condensed structural formula: is an Aldehyde R-CHO CH3CHO,Aceraldhyed
abbreviated form of structural formula. Ketone R-CO-R’ CH3COCH3,propanone
Carboxylic acid RCOOH CH3COOH,Acetic acid.
Ester R-COOR’
Ether R-O-R’

c. Bond-Line Structural Representation

2
 Hydrocarbon: are Compounds that contain only  Hydrocarbons may also be classified as suturated
carbon and hydrogen atoms. and unsaturated.
 Hydrocarbons may be classified as aliphatic ("fat- 
like") or aromatic.  Generally:- compounds such as alkanes (e.g.
 Aliphatic hydrocarbons exhibit a “fat-like” methane, CH4), whose molecules contain only
behavior. single bonds are referred to as saturated
 This includes alkane, alkene, alkyne, or their compounds.
derivatives.  Compounds with multiple bonds, such as alkenes
 Aromatic hydrocarbons: are those (e.g. ethylene), alkynes (e.g. acetylene), and
hydrocarbons that contain a low hydrogen- aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene), are
to-carbon ratio. called unsaturated.
 Benzene (C6H6), for instance, is a typical 1. Alkanes or paraffin
aromatic hydrocarbon having a ratio of  Are saturated hydrocarbons.
number of hydrogen atoms to number of  Contain carbon-carbon single bonds.
carbon atoms only 1.  Have the general formula CnH2n+2,
n=1,2,3,4,5….
Example: for n= 3 the molecular formula is
C3H2(3)+2= C3H8 =propane
 Catenation: is the ability of atoms of the same
element join to from short or long chains and
rings.
6.2.1 Alkanes Homologous Series
 Homologous series: is a group of compounds in
which is each group different from the next by-
CH2.methylene group.
. A homologous series has the following characteristics:
 has a constant unit between two consecutive
members;
 has a general formula;
 shows trends in physical properties and
 Exhibit the same reactivity (chemical property).
 Members of a homologous series are called
homologues.
6.2.2 Physical Properties of Alkanes
 At room temperature, alkanes are:-
From C1-C4 are gases.

3
 From C5-C17 are liquid.  Compounds like butane and pentane, whose
Above C18 are solid. carbons are all connected in a row, are called
Contain weak intermolecular (Vander Waal straight-chain alkanes, or normal alkanes.
force).  Compounds like 2-methylpropane (isobutane), 2-
Non-polar compounds. methylbutane, and 2, 2-dimethylpropane, whose
Are insoluble in polar solvents like H2O. carbon chains branch, are called branched-
Are soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene, chain alkanes.
toluene, ether…etc.  In unbranched alkanes, each carbon atom within
The density, Mpt and Bpt increase as carbon the chain is bonded to no more than two other
number increase. carbon atoms and that unbranched alkanes
6.2.3 Nomenclature of Alkanes contain only primary and secondary carbon
 Alkanes can be named in two ways, common atoms.
names and IUPAC names.  10 (primary):-
i. Common Names of Alkanes  one alkyl (R) attached to hydrogen atoms.
 Lower members of the alkanes homologous series  General formula is R-CH2-.
have common names. Example: CH3-CH2-CH2- n-propyl.
 The prefixes used in the common names are n-  20(Secondary):
(normal), ‘iso-’ and ‘neo-‘.  two alkyl (R) attached to hydrogen atoms.
a. n(normal):- are used when all the carbon atoms are  General formula is R-CH2R’
continuous chain. Example: CH3-CH-CH2 isobutyl
Example: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane. CH3
b. Iso :- is used when all carbon atoms are, continuous  3 ( tertiary) carbon atoms
0

chain, except the one next to the last carbon.  three alkyl (R) attached to hydrogen atoms.
Example: CH3CH2CHCH3. Iso propane  General formula is RR’-CR”
CH3  The ending (suffix) for all of the names of alkanes
c. Neo :- is used when the central atom is bonded to is -ane.
four other carbon atoms.  The parent names for one, two, three, four, and
CH3 five become meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, and pent-.
CH3-CH2-CH-CH3. Neo hexane n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7…..respective carbon numbers.
CH3 Rules Nomenclature of alkanes
The System of IUPAC Nomenclature 1. Choose the longest continuous chain.
The IUPAC nomenclature can be applied to both 2. Assign the number to the longest continues chain
branched and unbranched alkanes. atom one end to other.
IUPAC Rules to Name Unbranched Alkanes 3. If the same side chain appears twice ,three,
times, four times, use the prefix di, tri,
tetra…respectively.

4
 4. Number and number separated by comma(,)  Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n.
5. Number and latter separated by hyphen (-).  Saturated hydrocarbon in within the carbon
6. Arrange the side chains alphabetically. atoms forms from a ring(Cycle).
CH2-CH3  Isomeric with open –chain alkenes, and
Example:CH3-CH-CHCH-CH2-CH3:3-ethyl-2 methylpentane.  Named by adding the prefix Cyclo-
CH3 6.2.8 Uses of alkanes
Isomerism:- Alkanes:-
 is the existence of two or more compound  are primary used as fuels. eg Kerosene.
molecular formula but different structural formula.  Used as solvents eg. Petroleum ether.
 The general formula of isomers is (2n+4)+1.  Used as raw material for making explosives,
Example: butane (C4H10) shows two isomers. alcohols, soaps..etc.
i. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 n- butane. 6.3 Unsaturated hydrocarbons: Alkenes, Alkynes
ii. CH3-CH-CH3 , isobutene(2-methylpropene) and Aromatic hydrocarbons.
CH3 6.3.1 Alkenes or Olefins
6.2.6 Chemical properties of alkanes.  Unsaturated hydrocarbons carbon-carbon double
1. Substitution reaction: halogenations of alkanes are a or a carbon-carbon triple bonds in their structure.
Substitution reaction.  Alkenes(olefins) from a homologous series
 Bromination of methane may produce different represented by the general formula CnH2n, n≥2
products depending on the amount of bromine. ,3,4,5,6,
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 Example: n=2, its molecular formula is CnH2n.
i. CH4 + Br2 → CH3Br + HBr
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡  C2H4----ethene or C2H2= C2H2.
ii. CH3Br + Br2 → CH2Br2 + HBr 6.3.1.1. Physical properties of alkanes
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
iii. CH2Br + Br2 → CHBr3 + HBr C2-C4 carbon atoms are gases.
iv. CHBr3 + Br2 →
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
CBr3 + HBr C5-C17 carbon atoms are liquids.
𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 C18 and above carbon atoms are solid.
Over all reaction: CH4 + 4Br2 → CBr3 + HBr Are non-polar.
2. Elimination reaction: Alkanes undergo elimination Molecules are held together by weak
reaction at relatively high temp. intermolecular force.
3. Combustion reactions: alkane’s burn in excess Are soluble in non-polar solvents like ether,
oxygen to from CO2 and H2O and large amount of benzene, toluene and CCl4.
heat. Are in soluble in polar solvents like water.
𝟑𝒏+𝟏 ∆
CnH2n+2 + O2 → nCO2 + (n+1)H2O 6.3.1.2. Nomenclature of alkenes.
𝟐
6.2.7 Cyclo alkanes (Alicyclic hydrocarbon)  Alkenes are named both by common and IUPAC
 Cyclo alkanes: are alkanes in which in or some of names.
the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring. i. Common names :-

5
  Common names of alkenes are obtained by  Geometrical isomerism has two parts:
using prefix (alkenes) and adding the suffix – 1. Cis:- is used when two similar same group are on
ylene. opposite sides of the double bond.
Example: C2H4 ethene change in to ylene. 2. Trans :- is used when two similar (same)group are
Ethylene is the common name for C2H4. on opposite side of the double bond.
ii. IUPAC name of Alkenes. 6.3.1.4 Preparation of alkenes:
Rules Nomenclature of alkenes Alkenes are mainly obtained during fractional distillation
1. Choose the longest chain of the carbon that of petroleum when the process called cracking is
contains the double bond parent structure. carried out.
2. Assign the number to the longest continues chain In the laboratory, alkenes can be prepared by:
atom to give the lost number. 1. Dehydration of alcohols with concentrated sulphuric
3. Indicate the position of the double bonds. acid or alumina (Al2O3).
4. Name the group attached to the parent structure  Dehydration means removal of water.
alphabetically. 𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕
R-CH2CH2-OH → R-CH=CH2 + H2O
6.3.1.3 Isomerism in alkenes Alcohol Alkene
 Alkenes containing two and three carbon 2. Dehydro halogenations of alkyl halides with a base
atoms have only one possible structure. (KOH).
Alkenes containing four or more carbon atoms exhibit  Dehydro halogenations means the removal of
isomerism. hydrogen and a halogen atom.
Alkenes show two more types of isomerism:  Alkyl halides are compounds of an alkyl group
2. Chain isomerism: This is due to the difference in and a halogen such as CH3Cl and CH3 – CH2 –
the arrangement of the carbon atoms in the Br.
longest continuous carbon chain. R-CH2CH2-X+KOH → R-CH=CH2 +KX + H2O
3. Position isomerism: This is due to the difference in Alkyl halide Alkene
the position of the double bond in the carbon
6.3.1.5 Chemical properties of Alkene
chain.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons; they are more
reactive than alkanes.
1. Combustion reaction :
𝟑𝒏
CnH2n + O2 → nCO2 + nH2O + heat
𝟐
Example: n=3
𝟑𝒙𝟑
C3H2x3 + 𝟐 O2 → 3CO2 + 3H2O + heat
2C3H6 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + heat
4. Geometrical isomerism. Is the difference in the 2. Addition reaction:
relative spatial arrangement of atoms or groups Alkenes undergo mainly addition reactions.
about the double bond.

6
 The addition occurs at the carbon-carbon double  Oxidation of alkenes: with cold alkaline potassium
bond. permanganate solution (KMnO4) forms diols
i. Addition of halogens (halogenations): (compounds containing two hydroxyl groups).
When a halogen molecule, X2, (where, X2 = Cl2 or Br2)  Alkaline KMnO4 solution is also used as a
is added to alkenes, the product is adihaloalkane. qualitative test for the identification of
General formula: R-CH=CH2+X2 → R-CHX=CH2X unsaturation in a compound.
Alkene Dihaloalkane  The solution is called Baeyer’s reagent.
Example:  In the presence of unsaturated hydrocarbons,
CH3-CH2-CH=CH2-Br2 → CH3CH2-CHBr=CH2Br the purple colour of alkaline KMnO4 solution fades
ii. Addition of hydrogen (Hydrogenation): and a brown precipitate is formed.
The addition of hydrogen molecule to alkenes in the iv. Polymerization (self-addition) of alkenes:
presence of a nickel or platinum catalyst yields  Polymerization is the union of small molecules
alkanes. called monomers to form a large molecule called
 General reaction: a polymer.
6.3.1.6 Uses of Ethene (Ethylene)
iii. Addition of hydrogen halides, HX  Ethene is used as a starting material for the
(hydrohalogenation): synthesis of many industrial compounds, including
The addition of hydrogen halide (HCl, HBr or HI) to ethanol, ethylene oxide, ethanal, and the
alkenes leads to the formation of alkyl halides. polymers polyethylene and polyvinylchloride,
The product of the reaction can be predicted by polystyrene and Teflon.
Markovnikov’s rule.  It is also used in the production of 1,2-ethanediol,
 Markovnikov’s rule; states that “when an alkene which is used as an antifreeze material; and for
reacts with a hydrogen halide to give an alkyl the preservation as well as artificial ripening of
halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon atom of fruits.
the double bond that has the greater number of 6.3.1.7. Cycloalkene:
hydrogen atoms, and the halogen to the carbon  are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons.
that has the fewer number of hydrogen atoms”.  The carbon atoms are linked to form a closed
“The Rich Get Richer!!” chain or a ring structure.
 General reaction:  They contain a double bond between carbon
atoms in the ring
iv. Addition of water (hydration): When alkenes are  the general formulaCnH2n–2; n≥3,4,5,6,7
hydrated in the presence of an  They are named by prefixing “cyclo”
acid catalyst, they produce alcohols following Un substituted cycloalkenes:- are named by adding the
Markovnikov’s rule. prefix “cyclo” to the name of the parent alkene.
 General reaction:  The simplest cycloalkene is cyclopropene.

7
 I. Isomerism in Alkynes
 Alkynes show both chain and position isomerism.
i. Chain isomerism:
Pentyne, C5H8 has two chain isomers. These are:
CH3
A b c CH≡C-CH2 CH2CH3 CH≡C-CH CH3
a. 1-Methylcyclohexene 1-pentyne 3-methyl-1-butyne
b. 1,4-cyclohexadiene ii. Position isomerism:
c. 1,5-dimethylcyclopentene(orcyclohexa-1,4-  Butyne(C4H6) has two position isomers. These are:-
diene) 1-butyne and 2-butyne.
 CH≡C-CH2 CH3 …..1-butyne or but-1-yne.
6.3.2 Alkynes and Their Physical Properties
 CH3C≡C CH2CH3….2-butyne or but-2-yne.
Alkynes:-
 are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at
6.3.3 Preparation of Alkynes
 Alkynes can be prepared by several methods. Some
least one C≡C functional group,
of the general methods of preparation of alkynes
 have a -yne ending in their names.
are:-
 The simplest alkyne is ethyne (acetylene).
i. Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal (adjacent)
 Alkynes occur in nature & can be synthesized in the
dihalides with a base NaOH or KOH or NaNH2.
laboratory.
General formula:
 the general formula CnH2n–2, where n≥2
CH2X-CH2X+ 2NaOH→ HC HC + 2NAX + 2H2O
 The homologous series of alkynes is also called
Alkylation of sodium acetylide (dicarbide) with a
acetylene series.
primary alkyl halide.
a. Nomenclature of alkynes General reaction:
 Alkynes are commonly named as a derivates HC CNa + RX→ HC CR + 2NAX
of acetylene. II. Chemical Properties of Alkynes
Example: CH≡CH Acetylene.  Alkynes are more unsaturated than alkanes and
CH≡C-CH3 methyl acetylene. alkenes due to the presence of a carbon-carbon
CH≡C-CH2-CH3 ethylene acetylene triple bond.
b. IUPAC name:  They can undergo combustion and addition
 IUPAC rules for naming alkyne are the same as for reactions.
naming alkenes except the suffix –yne replaces the – Some of the common reactions of alkynes are:
ene ending of alkene. i. Combustion reaction:
CH3 Alkynes burn with a smoky luminous flame, forming CO2
CH3C≡C-C-CH2CH3 and water. Smoky luminous flames result from the
CH3
4,4-dimethyle-2-hexyne

8
combustion of alkynes due to their relatively high dihaloalkane. The addition reaction occurs according
carbon content. to Markovnikov’s rule.
General formula: General reaction:
𝟑𝐧−𝟏 𝑯𝑿 𝑯𝑿
CnH2n-2 + - O2  nCO2 + (n-1)H2O +Heat 1. R-C CH → R-CX =CH2 → RCX2-CH3
𝟐
Addition reaction: Alkynes undergo an addition (d) Trimerization of Acetylene: Acetylene, on prolonged
reaction at the carbon-carbon triple heating at 600 – 700 oC, yields benzene.
bond. Some of the addition reactions of alkynes are the Properties and uses of Acetylene or Ethyne
following:  Acetylene :-
(a) Addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation): In the  is a colorless, sweet-smelling gas in pure form
presence of nickel or palladium catalyst, alkynes and is insoluble in water.
produce alkanes.  is usually stored as a solution of acetone in steel
General equation: cylinders.
 is used as a fuel in oxy-acetylene torches for
𝑵𝒊,𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕,
CnH2n-2 + H2 → CnH2n →
𝑵𝒊,𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕,𝑵𝒊
CnH2n+2 cutting and welding metals.
 It is a two-stage reaction:
Alkyne Alkene Alkane
i. the primary chemical reaction involves the
 Partial hydrogenation of alkynes in the presence acetylene disassociating in the presence of
of Lindlar’s catalyst gives alkenes. oxygen to produce heat, carbon monoxide, and
 Lindlar’s catalyst is powdered palladium partially hydrogen gas:
deactivated with lead acetate that reduces its C2H2 + O2 → 2CO + H2
activity such that it can only reduce alkynes, not ii. The second reaction is oxidation of carbon
alkenes. It always gives the cis-alkene. monoxide into carbon dioxide while the hydrogen
General reaction: formed in the above reaction forms water:
𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒂𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒕, CO + H2 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
CnH2n-2 + H2 → CnH2n
 Acetylene is also used to prepare acrylonitrile which
Alkyne Alkene
is a starting material for producing polyacrylonitrile, a
(b) Addition of halogens:
raw material for textile fiber.
 When a molecule of an alkyne reacts with one and
It is also used for making vinyl chloride which
two molecules of halogens, it gives a dihaloalkene
polymerizes to give polyvinyl chloride (PVC) commonly
and a tetrahaloalkane, respectively.
used for making floor tiles, electrical insulators, shoe
General formula:
soles, water pipes etc.
1. R-C CH + X2 → R-CX =CHX
 Acetylene is used to produce 1,1,2,2-
Alkyne Dihaloalkene
tetrachloroethane that serves as a solvent for wax,
2. R-C CH + 2X2 → R-CX2 =CHX2
grease, rubber etc.
(c) Addition of Hydrogen Halides: Alkynes react with
hydrogen halides to form a monohaloalkene and a

9
Table 2. Comparison of Some Properties of Ethane, ii. Di substituted Benzenes
Ethene and Ethyne  When two substituent occur on a benzene ring,
three constitutional isomers are possible.
Property Ethane Ethene Ethyne  We locate substituent either by numbering the
Nature of Non- Luminous Smoky atoms of the ring or by using the locators 1,2- or
flame luminous luminous ortho (o), 1,3- or meta (m), and 1,4- or para (p).
6.4.3 Physical Properties of Benzene
Effect on No effect Decolorizes Decolorize  Benzene is a flammable, colorless, and volatile
colour of Br2 liquid with a characteristic smell.
in CCl4  It is less dense than water, non-polar and
Effect on No effect Decolorizes Decolorizes insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar
colour of solvents like ether and carbon tetrachloride.
alkaline  Benzene was widely used as a solvent, but
KMnO4 exposure to it causes leukemia, a blood cancer.
That is benzene is a carcinogenic (cancer-
causing) substance.
6.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene 6.4.4 Chemical Properties of Benzene
 They are benzene and benzene derivatives.  Benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons are
 They are stable towards many chemical reagents. more stable than alkenes and alkynes due to the
 They have general formula CnH2n-6, n≥6 . stability of the aromatic ring.
o Benzene  It neither decolorizes bromine water (Br2 in CCl4)
 is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. nor is reactive towards cold potassium
 Its molecular formula is C6H6. permanganate solution.
 The first structure for benzene was proposed by  However, benzene undergoes the following
August Kekulé in 1872. reactions:
 Later on, Kekulé assumption was found to be 1. Combustion reaction: Benzene is highly inflammable.
incorrect. Each structure has become known as It burns with a smoky luminous flame to form CO2 and
Kekulé structure. H2O.
6.4.2 Nomenclature of Substituted Benzenes 2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O + Heat
i. Mono substituted Benzenes 2. Substitution reaction: This is a characteristic reaction
 The IUPAC system retains certain common names for of benzene and other aromatic compounds.
several of the simpler mono substituted a. Halogenations:
 Examples are toluene (rather than  Benzene reacts with bromine and chlorine in the
methylbenzene) and phenol (rather than presence of FeCl3 or AlCl3 catalyst to form
hydroxybenzene). substitution products.

10
 b. Nitration:  Crude oil mainly contains alkanes, cycloalkanes
 A mixture of concentrated HNO3 and and aromatic hydrocarbons.
concentrated H2SO4 reacts with benzene at  It also contains organic compounds consisting of
moderate temperatures to form nitrobenzene. nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen in small amounts.
c. Sulphonation: C. Refining of Crude Oil :-
 Benzene reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid,  Petroleum refining begins by fractional distillation of
H2SO4, at room temperature to form crude oil into three principal cuts according to
benzenesulphonic acid. boiling point (bp):-
3. Addition reaction:  straight-run gasoline (bp 30–200 °C),
 Benzene undergoes addition reactions under  kerosene (bp175–300 °C), and
special conditions.  Heating oil, or diesel fuel (bp 275–400 °C).
6.5 Natural Sources of Hydrocarbons  Distillation under reduced pressure then yields
A. Natural Gas lubricating oils and waxes and leaves a tarry residue of
 is a mixture of gases that consists chiefly of asphalt.
methane (more than 90%) but also contains Fraction No. of Bpt range uses
ethane, propane, and butane. Carbon
 Other gases such as, CO2, N2, O2 and H2S,
 Natural gas is found in association with 1. Natural gas C1-C4 <200C As fuel
petroleum. 2. pertroleum C5-C7 200C-600C As dry cleaning
 It is found in underground deposits several ether.
hundreds or thousands of meters below the 3. Gasoline C5-C10 400C-2000C Combustion
earth’s surface. engines
 it originated from the decay and decomposition 4. Kerosen C10-C16 1750C- Jet engine
of animal and plant remains millions of years 2750C
ago. 5. Diesel oil C15-C16 2500C- Furnace fuel
 is widely used as a fuel. 4000C
 It is advantageous over liquid and solid fuels and 6. Lubrication oil >C19 Non- Lubricant
also other gases, and petroleum volatile ,grease
B. Petroleum (crude oil) jelly liquid.
 The word petroleum is derived from two Latin 7. Parafisne wax >C20 Non- Candle,polishes
words, ‘petra’ meaning rock, and ‘oleum’ & Residue volatile
meaning oil. solid
 petroleum means rock oil.
 Petroleum (also called crude oil)

11
  It is also used to produce gaseous fuels, such as
water gas (mixture of H2 and CO) and producer
gas (mixture of N2 and CO).

--------The End-----------

June/2017E.C
By
Belay Abera
Grade-10 chemistry teacher

D. Coal
 Coal is formed naturally by the decomposition of
plant matter over several million of years.
 It is not a pure form of carbon.
 It is an important source of aromatic hydrocarbons.
 Heating mineral coal in the absence of air, or
oxygen is called destructive distillation of coal or
coking of coal.
 When coal is heated in the absence of air it gives
volatile products and coke.
 The volatile products that are separated into coal
gas and a liquid are called coal tar when cooled.
 Aromatic hydrocarbons and many other substances
are isolated from coal tar by fractional distillation.
Coke, which is a solid and relatively pure form of
carbon, is used as a fuel in the blast furnace during the
extraction of iron.

12