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07. SQL Commands - DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, TCL

The document outlines the five categories of SQL commands: DDL, DQL, DML, DCL, and TCL, each serving different purposes in database management. It provides examples for each command type, including creating, modifying, querying, and controlling access to database tables. The document serves as a training resource for understanding SQL commands at the Credence IT Professional Training Institute in Pune.

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23 views4 pages

07. SQL Commands - DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, TCL

The document outlines the five categories of SQL commands: DDL, DQL, DML, DCL, and TCL, each serving different purposes in database management. It provides examples for each command type, including creating, modifying, querying, and controlling access to database tables. The document serves as a training resource for understanding SQL commands at the Credence IT Professional Training Institute in Pune.

Uploaded by

omprakashmunde33
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CREDENCE IT PROFESSIONAL

TRAINING INSTITUTE, PUNE

Table of Contents
SQL Commands are mainly categorized into five categories: ...................................................... 1
1. DDL – Data Definition Language ....................................................................................................... 1
2. DQL – Data Query Language ............................................................................................................ 2
3. DML – Data Manipulation Language ................................................................................................ 2
4. DCL – Data Control Language ........................................................................................................... 3
5. TCL – Transaction Control Language ................................................................................................. 3

SQL Commands are mainly categorized into five categories:

1. DDL – Data Definition Language


DDL commands are used to define or modify the structure of the database and its objects (like tables).

1. CREATE: Used to create a new table in the database.


Example:

CREATE TABLE Students (


ID INT,
Name VARCHAR(50),
Age INT
);

This creates a table called "Students" with three columns: ID, Name, and Age.

2. DROP: Used to delete a table from the database.

Example:

DROP TABLE Students;

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This deletes the "Students" table from the database.

3. ALTER: Used to modify an existing table, like adding or removing columns.


Example:

ALTER TABLE Students ADD Address VARCHAR(100);

This adds a new column called "Address" to the "Students" table.


4. TRUNCATE: Used to remove all records from a table, but keeps the structure.
Example:

TRUNCATE TABLE Students;

This removes all data from the "Students" table but keeps the table structure.

2. DQL – Data Query Language


DQL commands are used to query the database and retrieve data.

1. SELECT: Used to fetch data from the database.


Example:

SELECT Name, Age FROM Students WHERE Age > 18;

This retrieves the "Name" and "Age" of students who are older than 18.

3. DML – Data Manipulation Language


DML commands are used to manipulate the data inside tables.

1. INSERT: Used to insert new data into a table.


Example:

INSERT INTO Students (ID, Name, Age) VALUES (1, 'John', 20);

This adds a new record with ID=1, Name='John', and Age=20 to the "Students" table.

Email: Info@credence.in Website: https://www.credence.in


Contacts: +91 8237916162, +91 7391053250, +91 9579064658, +91 9091929355
CREDENCE IT PROFESSIONAL
TRAINING INSTITUTE, PUNE

2. UPDATE: Used to modify existing data in a table.


Example:

UPDATE Students SET Age = 21 WHERE ID = 1;

This updates the "Age" of the student with ID=1 to 21.


3. DELETE: Used to remove specific data from a table.
Example:

DELETE FROM Students WHERE ID = 1;

This removes the student with ID=1 from the "Students" table.

4. DCL – Data Control Language


DCL commands are used to control access to the data.

1. GRANT: Used to give permissions to users.


Example:

GRANT SELECT ON Students TO User1;

This gives "User1" permission to use the SELECT command on the "Students" table.

2. REVOKE: Used to take away permissions from users.


Example:

REVOKE SELECT ON Students FROM User1;

This removes the "SELECT" permission for "User1" on the "Students" table.

5. TCL – Transaction Control Language


TCL commands are used to manage transactions in the database.

1. COMMIT: Used to save changes made by DML commands permanently.


Example:

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Contacts: +91 8237916162, +91 7391053250, +91 9579064658, +91 9091929355
CREDENCE IT PROFESSIONAL
TRAINING INSTITUTE, PUNE

COMMIT;

This saves all changes permanently.

2. ROLLBACK: Used to undo changes made by DML commands.


Example:

ROLLBACK;

This undoes any changes made since the last COMMIT.

3. SAVEPOINT: Used to set a point within a transaction to which you can ROLLBACK later.
Example:

SAVEPOINT Save1;

This creates a save point called "Save1".

Email: Info@credence.in Website: https://www.credence.in


Contacts: +91 8237916162, +91 7391053250, +91 9579064658, +91 9091929355

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