28.04.

2023 Englisch Abitur

schriftlich
AMERICAN DREAM
American Dream American Nightmare
• hard work - reach every goal („land of • racism / discrimination against black people
opportunities“) • class division - social/economic inequality (gap
• „all men are created equal“ between rich and poor)
• social / upward mobility • political tensions
• individual success • pursuit of materialism
• multiculturalism / immigration • isolation - everyone cares about his/her own life
• job security + home ownership • unachievable for many people
• liberty • easy to lose everything
• health care • crime
• economic prosperity • negative impact on health, personal life, …

The Declaration of Independence 1776

• wish to separate from homeland (GB) ; 13 colonies declared their independence
• America becomes an equal country with equal rights given by God and nature
• God created all men equal and gave them the rights of liberty, life and the pursuit of
happiness
• government should protect rights of all men
• government is not working --> people have the right to install a new on
• Equality did not include everyone

Definitions throughout the time

• 1776: Declaration of independece; Liberty, Human, pursuit of happiness; equality
• 19th century: American superior meant to enlighten Otter Nations; nationalism
• 19/20th century: emigrants dreamed of freedoom and opportunities
• 9/11: safety destroyed/ danger Campe to U.S; new worries
• Nowadays: Material prosperity (work a lot to be able to provide for the family (happiness left behind)

„The pursuit of happiness“

• safety, health • having a home
• financial stability. • love
• happiness • social contacts
• integration. • prosperity

The African American Experience The Civil War 1861-1865 Gun Culture
• work: agriculture, housholding, mining • happend because of slavery • people in the USA more likely to
• life expectancy Ford slave on the • 6th November 1860 Abraham have a gun
plantation 7years Lincoln was elected President • more accessible than in Germany
• Bad living conditions • 1862 all slaves were freed • right established in constitution
• no rights; Not equal to whites • government of A.L. abolished the • tradition; used as self-defence
• permission to what you want with slavery
„your“ slave

Martin Luther King Rosa Parks Malcom X

• postor and civil rights activist (for • african american activist in • political activist
equality for African Americans CRM • leader during CRM in America
• Campus speech „I have a dream“ • helped black community to • separate nation just for black people
-> history racial injustice, still boycott the Montgomery buses • joined the Nation of Islam; changed
discrimination against black p., • international icon of resistance his name to Malcom X to mark the
declaration excluded black p., reminds to racial Segregation change
of slavery, dream of freedom, justice,
equality
 THE UNITED KINGDOM

History Britishness
1171: Ireland under english control being proud of own country
1542: Wales was fully annexed by being proud of nationality
England being proud of own stereotypes
16th century: British companies (f.e. Royal Family, red callboxes
set up trading posts around the …)
world democracy freedom
18th century: Britain expanded its
colonial power
1707: Scotland and England
united
19th century: UK=most powerful Multiculturalism
nation on earth
coexistence of many different
1919-1921: Irish war of
cultures
independence
tolerance and respect
1942: beginning of the
GB had several waves of
comprehensive welfare state
immigrants in the past
1950-1970: immigrants to
population is changing fast
overcome labour shortages
1973: UK joined the EU
31st january 2020:UK left the
EU(Brexit)

the
british
empire
 pro multiculturalism con multiculturalism

cultural exchange of britishness might get lost

knowledge and cultural values language barrier
economic growth no integration
acceptance and tolerance social and religious differences
more peaceful and colorful
society -> less segregation and
racism

Is the britishness
gone ?
country isn’t as strong as it was
community is seperated
The Brexit
changing of tradition and values
= british exit
fear of losing jobs to immigrants votes to leave (2016) with
especially older generation is 51,9%
against multiculturalism took place on January
31st,2020

Why did it happen

european debt crisis
fear of loosing
power/sovereignity
immigration
terrorism
 pro Brexit con Brexit

not bound to the EU rules anymore millions of british jobs that are
protection from overcharging linked to the EU could be put at
immigration risk
independence and unity no longer free movement to EU
less EU taxes and spendings trade barriers
more local production (f.e. food) loss of influence
more control of its laws suffer both economically and
negotiate trade agreements on its politically
own unpredictable consequences

The political system

has always been a class-ridden
society
constitutional monarchy with
parliamentary democracy
king = King Charles III.
prime minister = Rishi Sunak
the parliament is the governing body
of the UK
sovoreign = head of state
NIGERIA

general information
• country in western Africa
• largest population of Africa (213 mio inhabitants)
• diverse multi-ethnic country
• three largest ethnic groups: Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo

economy women in Nigeria

• largest economy • are inferior to their husband
• biggest oil production • have no value and rights
• oil: most important resource • victims of sexual violence, abuse, forced
• about 30% of Nigerian population works marriage
in agricultural sector • circumcision
• high level of health risks

history

oil industry pro oil industry con oil industry

• 1956: discovery of oil • more work for young • pollution of river /
• dependency people environment - no fishing
• huge influence on • more money • gases/fumes bad for health
economy • lower energy costs • loss of home/tradition -
• 75% export earnings • village needs to become can’t relocate
modern • danger

challenges and risks Nollywood

• Boko Harams Terrosism • growing film industry
• Poverty • 3rd biggest film industry worldwide
• Crime • enables many jobs
• Human trafficking • started in the 1980s in Lagos
• producing about 2000 films a year
 Globalization
History
1st Phase
- Began with Christopher Columbus discovering America
- Reached ist peak with the colonisation of India and Africa Boy the major european power
2nd Phase
- Beginning of the 20th century
- Goods Form all over the world were in local shops
3rd Phase
- Beginning of the 21st century
- Digitalisation of communication
- Work Processes enabled individuals

Chances
- Secures jobs
- Economic stability
- Jobs in developing countries
- Communities are supported by the global trade of goods
- Education
- Communication in remote areas
- Equal opportinities for everybody
- Communication all over the world is easier —> trade, travel (free)
- Cultural awareness
- Buying and selling products all over the world
- Everyone has a voice —> political perspective
- News + information —> can save lives in extreme situations

Challenges
- Problems which require global respond
- Transportations —> air pollution and global warming
- Permanet availability of personal data
- Developed countries: tax evasion stagnating wages
- Extreme long term effects on climate
- Dominating market of global players
- Unfair distribution of weath and power —> big gap between rich and poor
- Human trafficking + illegal immigration
- Bad workin conditions in developing counties – child labor
- Lower chance of survival for small buisinesses
- Unequal treatments of minotories
- Industrial waste damaged the planet
- Need of water in the production + lack of fresh water rescurces
- Incrasing vulnurability to what financial disasters —> interdependent networks
- Unknown quality of information
- Politics can be forged
- No internet —> disadvantage

Outsourcing
- Outsourcing is when a company hires another party to perform services or create goods that
were traditionally performed in-house
- Companies often use outsourcing as a cost-cutting measure
- Outsourcing can affect a wide range of jobs, including customer support, manufacturing and
office tasks
- The practice of outsourcing became popular in the 1990s

E LK WOF von Paul Mester

 Globalization
- Outsourcing is controversial because some argue that ist leads to the loss of domestiziert jobs,
while others say it helps buisnesses allocate resources effectively and maintain freemarket
Economics globally

Fast-fashion problems
- Danerous working conditions —> low security standards
- Low wages —> people complain in hidden notes
- Low prizes of clothes
- Fast-fashion (bad for environment)
- Consumers spend a lot of money for things they don't need —> debt levels high
- Workers = mostly poor women (baut also men)
- Workers left unpaid

Fast-fashion solutions
- Minimum wage for workers
- Consumers must start to care abaut where their clothes are from
- Serious consequences (if safety standards fail)
- 2nd hand shops
- Globally equal safety standards
- Brands need to take responsibility
- Consuming more carefully
- “no-spend-months“

10 Advantages of globalization
1. Increased economic growth and development
2. Increased access to international markets and resources
3. Enhanced competition and lower prices for consumers
4. Increased cultural exchange and diversity
5. Greater availability of goods and services
6. Improved efficiency and productivity
7. Increased job opportunities and wages
8. Improved standards of living
9. Increased access to technology and innovation
10. Improved international relations and cooperation

10 Disadvantages of globalization
1. Job losses due to outsourcing and offshoring
2. Increased competition and market domination by large companies
3. Negative environmental impacts such as pollution
4. Unequal distribution of benefits and wealth
5. Increased economic inequality
6. Threats to cultural identity and diversity
7. Increased risk of economic and financial crises
8. Exploitation of labor and human rights abuses
9. Loss of sovereignty and control over domestic policies
10. Potential for global pandemics and health risks

E LK WOF von Paul Mester

 Theresa Haarmann, Ronja Ruhe & Marlene Danel

E LK WOF

Handout: Shakespeare
1. Who is Shakespeare:
His life:
-> no personal records, we can only outline his public life
• born in market town of stratford upon-Aven Warwickshire April 1564
• third child of eight -> oldest son
• learned to read, write and studied Latin, history, logic & rhetoric
• Married in 1582 -> two kids
• actor & playwright in London left stratford 1586/87
• lived and worked in London for next 20 years
• from 1594 he worked exclusively for Chamberlain`s Men
• his plays were extremly popular
• -> shareholder (bought lands/large house)
• retired 1611
• died on 23 of April 1616

2. Elisabethan England & theatre:

The Age of Shakespeare:
- Queen Elisabeth I (1558-1603)
- England leading naval & commercial power of the western world
- influx of Continental refugees due to European wars
-> exposing Englishman to new cultures
- London leading center of culture & commerce reflecting qualities of Elisabethan Age
- dramatist & poets leading literary artists of the day
-> shakespeare lived & worked there

Elisabethan theatre:

Actors
• no women allowed
• wasn’t considered as a respectable profession
Audience
• 1600: main form of entertainment
• for everyone, not just the upper class (except the really poor)
➢ still: physical separation of classes
• Needed higher level of understanding —> well behaved, listened
Playhouses
• First playhouse: "The Theater" 1576
• 1599: "The Globe"
• Outdoor Playhouses with yard, raised stage and roofed galleries
• Located outside of the city
Companies
• 8-10 sharers , hired actors , musicians and writer
• Performed 6 days a week, different play every day
• "Lord Chamberlain`s Men"
➢ Shakespeare = Shareholder
➢ Build "The Globe"
 3. Sonnets
• Shakespeare wrote 154
• Published by Thamas Thorpe 1609
• Adress young noblemen & dark Lady
• Represent love & beauty
• Can be seen individually or as a series
• Lyrical form can be traced back to the Italien poet Francesco Petrarchan
• Structure: one stanza consisting of 14 lines that rhyme in an indicate pattern
➔ Shakespearean sonnet differs

A) Italien or Petrrchan sonnet

- An octave with embracing rhyme
- Sestet alternating rhyme
B) Shakespearean sonnet
- Three quatrains
- Rhyming couplet
- Iambic pentameter with alternating rhyme
 Structure and content correspond
 Usually every quatrain adds a new aspect
 Final couplet different rhyme & rhythem -> conclusion/ final emphasis
Sonnet 18:

Analysis:
a) Content:
- Lyrical I compares lovers beauty to the beauty of summer
- Summers beauty is affectet y time whereas the beauty of the beloved is eternal
- And will be eternalized through the poem
 Love, beauty impermanence
b) Structure

-Very typical Shakespearean sonnet

-Three quatrains + rhyming couplet at

the end

- Iambic pentameter alternating rhyme

- Line of argument/ Content

corresponds to the structure produced
by rhyme scheme

Line of argument:
First quatrain: -opens with rhetorical question l.1 -> invides the reader & present guiding Idea
- answers question: loved one is very special l.2 (more evidence in ll.3-4)
Second quatrain: -Further examples of the short lived beauty of summer
-Ll-7-8 conclusion: everything is bound to change/ decline due to time and nature
Third quatrain => turning point
- Unlike the beauty of summer the beauty of the beloved is eternal
Couplet:
- Conclusion written lines are able to overcome nature of earthly things
➔ Beauty of Beloved can be immortalized
c)Language:
- Comparison ( l.1 ): theme of the hole Sonnet gets introduced
- Personal pronouns (l. 1): lyrical I addresses reader and lyrical you directly-> connection
- Personification (ll.5-6 ): atmosphere surrounding earth is given features of human beauty
➔ Continues theme
- Syntactical parallelism (ll.10-11) + “but” (l.9) + repetition “eternal” (ll. 9-12): turning point/ emphasis
on the fact that beloveds love can be immortalized
- Rhyme scheme (ll.9-12) points out words that symbolize/ represent main theme of sonnet
- Syntactical parallelism + climax = conclusion (ll.13-14)
 Most striking devices used in this sonnet: comparison, contrast, sentence structure, repetition,
Metaphor & personification
 Not every device is listed here just some examples
 In an exam the effect of the devices is really important!
 d) Evaluation:
- Language is not modern but clear to the point
- Structure: simple, well build and very typical for a shakesperean sonnet
- One of shakespeares best known sonnets

Subgenres of drama:
• comedies: to entertain, make them laugh; positive outcome
➢ examples: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Much Ado About Nothing
• tragedies: to raise concern, to confront with serious conflicts; negative outcome
➢ examples: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello
• histories: not to render an accurate picture, but to entertain
➢ examples: King John, Henry II, Richard II

Romeo & Julia:

Content:
Romeo and Juliet are children of two families who have been enemies for a long time. When
they meet for the first time, they fall in love without ercutiong the other as an enemy. That
same evening, they learn each other’s identities. They love each other so much that they
decide to marry despite the hostility of their families. Their love, however, is doomed to
failure: Romeo kills Juliet’s cousin ercut, who had previously killed ercutio, a friend of Romeo,
in a battle. Moreover, Juliet is to be married
off to someone else. With a priests help,
Juliet devises a plan to avoid marriage to
Paris. She takes poison to feign her death –
Romeo is to receive a letter so t’at he is not
alarmed. However, the letter does not
arrive, Romeo is distraught at Juliet’s death
and kills himself. When Juliet wakes up and
sees the dead Romeo, she also kills herself.
Because of the death of their children, the
families make peace.

Contrast and similarities:

Romeo Julia
• Impulsive • Obedient
• Disobedient • Hesitant
• Passionate • Innocent
• Intense • Modest

Both: naïv, determined, rebellious, inexperienced, immature, strong-willed

Shakespeare`s language:

You Thou
• Formal • Informal
• strangers or higher social status • family, friends, children or servants
• lovers (before they are an intimate • God
couple) • Offensive
• Ye = plural • Thee = object form
• Thy = possesive, used
before conconant
Thine = possesive, used before vowels

Verbs:
• Shakespeare mixed both old and modern verb form
➢ Fit metre and rhyme scheme, stage directions
• Old verb forms:
• Second person singular: -est
Third person singular: -eth
Syntax:
• Modern English:
• Subject, Verb, Object
• Shakespeare:
• SOV inversion
➢ Rhyme scheme, metric stress
• OSV inversion
➢ Transitions, emphasis on verb

Iambic Pentameter:
• “iamb” ≈ “foot”, unstressed syllable
• “pent” = five
• “meter” = the rhythm established in a line of poetry
➢ iambic pentameter: line with ten syllables (stressed syllable followed by a unstressed
syllable)
• 5 beats in a line —> rhythm of the the heart (daDUM daDUM…)
• natural way to speak
Reasons for break
• to reflect a “disordered” mind
• to present a social position
• to show the intellect of a character
• Loss of emotional control
Often used poetic devices:
• Enjambement: why the break? Focus on which line?
➢ example: Hamlets’ soliloquy —> mirrors his pensive train of thought
• Shared lines: reason for the closeness?
➢ example: Romeo & Juliet —> share same thought, are in love
• Soliloquy: why are those intimate thoughts are important at this point?
➢ example: Hamlets’ soliloquy —> inner conflict, preference of death, madness
• Symbolism: why is this word/ theme repeated several times?
➢ example: “blood” in Romeo & Juliet —> foreshadows death

Is Shakespeare dead?
Pro Con
• old language -> difficult to • great influence on English
understand & to relate to language
• plays meant to be spoken & • important part of culture and
explored, not read (no time for identity
proper treatment) • works, characters and themes
• often no connection to are timeless —> writes about
controversial themes fundamental experiences of
nowadays life
• takes time —> lack of • His work is a testimony of his
contemporary literature time
studying and working in a globalised world

taking a gap year

different possibilities: positive aspects negative aspects
-going abroad
-volunteering - gaining new experiences/ -costs (more expensive
-backpacking perspectives than eg. directly starting an
-internship - improving your resume apprenticeship)
-work and travel - building international -homesickness (missing
-language course contacts/ making new family and friends)
friends Less time for
- improving your language apprenticeship/studying
skills
- improving your working
skills
- learning how to manage
money
- becoming more mature,
independent, responsible
and confident

volunteering

-Any activity where people use their time in order

to benefit others
-you are not getting paid for your work
-volunteering in organisations or communities
-volunteering in addition to studying/working/…
-going abroad or staying in a local place

apprenticeship apprenticeships in Germany:

positive aspects: -takes two to three years
-studying = a lot of money -theoretical studies and practical work combined
-earning money while doing an apprenticeship -working in a company while going to school
-gaining work experience -international rolemodel (trainees gain a lot of
-becoming used to havin a lot of responsibility early knowledge and practical experience)
-learning how to work in a hectic environment
-starting a career in a young age
-companies might offer you a permanent position
afterwards
(which brings security)
-learning how to manage money
-practical work
Universities

Pros
-greater earning potential
-greater job choice
-can broaden your social circle
-gain expertise in your favourite subject

Cons
-expensive
-no technical skills
-no guarantee for a better life
The impact of AI on the future job world
negative consequences

loss of jobs
-in the next 10 years:25,000,000
-both blue-collar jobs and white-collar jobs

Positive aspects
only single-task jobs affected
-chance to rediscover what makes us human
-focus on creative jobs

Different work ethics

“996”
-working from 9 am to 9 pm six days a week
Home office
-flexible working place/time
Quiet quitters
-Only do as much work as necessary

women in the world of work

women in the 1950s:
-focus on outward appearance
-limited space to evolve
-isolation
-idea of need to keep them safe
-“trap”
-dependent on men
-reputation: easily ruined
-pressure because of society
-example: Ester Greenwoods (protagonist of “The Bell
Jar”)
UTOPIA & DYSTOPIA

utopia dystopia both

• ideal society • negative counterpart of • possible future based on
• world without poverty, utopia facts and figures
political conflicts, injustice • dark vision of a future • thought experiments
and oppression society • products of their time
• fictional solutions • poverty; big gab between and time specific topics and
• emotional well-being rich and poor struggles

THE CIRCLE

SCIENCE FICTION

Science fiction is a form of fiction that deals with the impact of actual or
imagined science upon society or individuals. It imagines the unimaginable,
inspired by technological innovations.