CSE 411: Machine Learning

Introduction

Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Green University of Bangladesh
muhammad.hasan@cse.green.edu.bd

Fall 2023
Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Outline

1 Data and Learning

2 Machine Learning

3 Supervised Learning

4 Unsupervised Learning

5 Reinforcement Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

“
Wisdom is not a product of schooling but of the lifelong attempt to
acquire it.

”
– Albert Einstein
Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Data and Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Big Data

■ Widespread use of personal computers and wireless communication leads to “Big

Data”
■ We are both producers and consumers of data
■ Data is not random, it has structure, e.g., customer behavior
■ We need “big theory” to extract that structure from data for:
1 Understanding the process
2 Making predictions for the future

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Why “Learn”?

■ Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a performance criterion

using example data or past experience.
■ There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
■ Learning is used when:
⧈ Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),
⧈ Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech recognition)
⧈ Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)
⧈ Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user biometrics)

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

What We Talk About When We Talk About “Learning”

■ Learning general models from a data of particular examples

■ Data is cheap and abundant (data warehouses, data marts); knowledge is expensive
and scarce.
■ Example in retail: Customer transactions to consumer behavior:
⧈ People who buy “Toothbrush” also buy “Toothpaste” (e-commerce sites)
■ Build a model that is a good and useful approximation to the data.

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

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Data Mining

■ Retail: Market basket analysis, Customer relationship management (CRM)

■ Finance: Credit scoring, fraud detection
■ Manufacturing: Control, robotics, troubleshooting
■ Medicine: Medical diagnosis
■ Telecommunications: Spam filters, intrusion detection
■ Bioinformatics: Motifs, alignment
■ Web mining: Search engines
■ ⋯

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Machine Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

What is Machine Learning?

■ Optimize a performance criterion using example data or past experience.

■ Role of Statistics: Inference from a sample
■ Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to:
⧈ Solve the optimization problem
⧈ Representing and evaluating the model for inference

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Applications

■ Association
■ Supervised Learning
⧈ Classification
⧈ Regression
■ Unsupervised Learning
■ Reinforcement Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Learning Associations

■ Basket analysis: P (Y ∣X) probability that somebody who buys X also buys Y
where X and Y are products/services.
⧈ Example: P (chips∣beer) = 0.7

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Learning Association: Question

Question
In basket analysis, we want to find the dependence between two items X and Y . Given
a database of customer transactions, how can we find these dependencies? How would
we generalize this to more than two items?

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning: Classification

Example: Credit scoring

■ Differentiating between low-risk and

high-risk customers from their
income and savings

Discriminant: IF income > θ1 AND savings > θ2 THEN low-risk ELSE high-risk

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Classification: Applications

■ Also known as, Pattern recognition

■ Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses, beard), make-up, hairstyle
■ Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
■ Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
■ Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses
■ Biometrics: Recognition/authentication using physical and/or behavioral
characteristics: Face, iris, signature, etc
■ Outlier/novelty detection:

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Classification: Question

Question
In a daily newspaper, find five sample news reports for each category of politics, sports,
and the arts. Go over these reports and find words that are used frequently for each
category, which may help you discriminate between different categories. For example, a
news report on politics is likely to include words such as “government,” “recession,”
“congress,” and so forth, whereas a news report on the arts may include “album,”
“canvas,” or “theater.” There are also words such as “goal” that are ambiguous.

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning: Regression

Example: Price of a used car

■ x : car attributes
■ y : price
■ y = g(x∣q)
⧈ g() model
⧈ q parameters

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

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Regression: Question

Question
In estimating the price of a used car, it makes more sense to estimate the percent
depreciation over the original price than to estimate the absolute price. Why?

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning: Uses

■ Prediction of future cases: Use the rule to predict the output for future inputs
■ Knowledge extraction: The rule is easy to understand
■ Compression: The rule is simpler than the data it explains
■ Outlier detection: Exceptions that are not covered by the rule, e.g., fraud

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Unsupervised Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Unsupervised Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Unsupervised Learning

■ Learning “what normally happens”

■ Clustering: Grouping similar instances
■ Example applications
⧈ Genetics: for example, clustering DNA patterns to analyze evolutionary biology.
⧈ Recommender systems: which involve grouping together users with similar viewing
patterns in order to recommend similar content.
⧈ Anomaly detection: including fraud detection or detecting defective mechanical
parts.

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning

■ Learning a policy: A sequence of outputs

■ No supervised output but delayed reward
■ Applications:
⧈ Credit assignment problem
⧈ Game playing
⧈ Robot in a maze
⧈ Multiple agents, partial observability, ...

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Data and Learning Machine Learning Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning: Question

Question
How would you approach a computer programming competition?

CSE 411: Machine Learning Dr Muhammad Abul Hasan

Thank You!