Southern Luzon State University

College of Engineering
Lucban, Quezon

ECE01aL – Electronics Circuits, Analysis and Design

Laboratory

ACTIVITY #2
FAMILIARIZATION OF DIFFERENT ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS AND TESTING

Group No:5

LAGDAMEO, Hyaniz Fervield C.

MORCO, Emmanuel T.
RACA, Marl Ron A.
TOLENTINO, Christian Jay A.
YUNTING, Mary Joy P.

BSEE II GI

Date of Performance: _____________

Date of Submission : _____________

RATING

ENGR. JOEL ANTHONY L. SEVILLA

INSTRUCTOR
I. OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine different electronic components by their physical appearance and properties.
2. To determine the good and defective condition of the different electronic components using an
ohmmeter.
3. To learn how to use and test the electronic components using an ohmmeter.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Early scientists, who were trying to explain how electricity passed through space, thought that such
an electric current was a steady stream of tiny electrical particles, they called the particles electrons,
and thus every electron is made of countless numbers of electrons. When electricity passes through
space as within a tube, such action is called electronics.

Electronics is the field of science and engineering dealing with the release, transport, and control.
collection and energy conversion of subatomic particles having mass and charge acting in materials
with known electromagnetic properties such as vacuum, gaseous media, plasma and semiconductors.
The phenomena of electronics depend upon the number of participating charge carriers. Their dynamic
acts and the properties of the environment in which the chargers (usually electrons), that may have
holes, positive or negative ions. Through the passing of times, man has created such devices and
components to compensate with the progress brought out by the world of electronics. There are some
electronic components that are commonly used, including capacitors, which consist of conductors
separated by a dielectric for introducing capacitance into an electric circuit or system for providing for
the storage of electric charge: resistors that introduce resistance into electronic circuits and may be
classified whether fixed or variable resistors, transformers, diodes, transistors, speakers, fuses and
many more. Electronics have dominated the world with its discoveries and will again and again
dominate until the time is through.

III. MATERIALS

Multimeter
Different electronic components
(Include resistors, capacitors, potentiometers, transistors, diodes, etc.)

IV. PROCEDURES

Three Basic Steps in Trouble Shooting Electronic Components

A. Checkout

An electronic project that failed the very first time it is switched ON implies that it needs further checking
for wrong or improper connections, components at the wrong place, or even for a defective component.

B. Circuit Analysis

To find the true cause of a project failure, a construction has to analyze the circuit according to operation.
In doing so, the section of a circuit – i.e., the component failed - - can be identified.

C. Replacing the Defective Component

Once the suspected component is pinpointed, it should be taken out of the circuit and verified again.
Components failed for a variety of avoidable reasons. Don't blame anyone. When you but anything,
particularly electronic components, the price you're paying does not risk of buying a component that will
fail in a short time course of soldering or assembly. Nobody can accurately predict when a particular
component will fail.
 How to Test Electronic Components

RESISTORS

Procedure:

1. Read the indicated (color-code) value on the resistor's body.

2. Set the multi tester to the ohm-scale, the range within but not way below the indicated value.

Good Indication:

- A resistor is good if its resistance is close to the indicated value. Tolerance should be considered
with the ohmmeter reading.

Defective Indication:

- No resistance reading at all the Ohm scale settings. - Resistor is open.

- Zero resistance reading at all Ohm scale settings. - Resistor is shorted.

CAPACITORS

Procedure:

1. Momentarily short the terminals of the electrolytic capacitor to discharge it. Be careful in doing these
steps to avoid electric shock.
2. Set the multi tester to the R×10 or R×1K ohm scale.
3. Connect the tester negative probe to the capacitor positive terminal, the positive probe to the negative
terminal.

Good Indication for Electrolytic Capacitor:

- The meter needle will deflect towards zero and move back again to infinite resistance position.

Good Indication for Ceramic, Mylar or Other Capacitor with a Capacitance Less than 1.0µF:

- The meter will not deflect at all.

Defective Indication:

- The meter needle will rest on zero or remain stationary at point. The electrolytic capacitor is shorted.
- The meter needle won't deflect at all. The electrolytic capacitor is open.
- The meter will not deflect at all.

Leakage Test:

Leakage test of an electrolytic capacitor is tested by applying cross it the specified operating voltage
where it is used. Then the voltage stored by the capacitor is measured with a DC voltmeter. The leakage
is the difference between the previous V applied voltage across the capacitor and the actual voltage
(charge stored) reading. The percent leakage is usually tolerable in many circuits.
 POTENTIOMETERS

Procedure:
1. Set the Multi tester knob to the appropriate resistance range.
2. Place the two tester probes at the exterior terminals. These two terminals are fixed resistance
terminals; the needle remains stationary even if the shaft is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise.
The middle terminal is the wipe arm. The rightmost terminal is the one used together with the terminal
in most applications.
3. Rotate the shaft fully clockwise. The needle should be at the highest resistance reading.
4. Slowly rotate the shaft counterclockwise, the resistance reading should gradually fall to zero.

Defective Indication:

- The needle suddenly defects to infinity and back again to a certain point while the shaft is being rotated
- There is poor or defective wiper contact.
- No resistance reading between exterior terminals - Open resistive element.

DIODES

Procedure

1. Set the multi tester knob to any of the resistance position (×1, ×10, or ×10K ohm).
2. Connect the Positive (+) probe to the anode and the - COM probe to the cathode.
3. Connect the positive (+) probe to the cathode and the - COM probe to the anode.

Good Indication

- The multi tester needle should deflect considerably toward the zero position. The actual resistance
reading is the forward resistance of the diode.

Common Defective Indication:

- The multi tester needle does not deflect even when the probes are reversed. - The diode is open.
- The multi tester needle deflects at the same or almost the same resistance point (reading) for both 2
and 3.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

Procedure:
1. Follow the writing guide.
2. The anode (A) of the LED is connected to the positive terminal of the 9-volt battery.

Good Indication:

- The LED glows as an indication.

Defective Indication:
-If the LED failed to glow, reverse the connection of the LED to the battery.
-If it still failed to glow, directly (without the resistor connect the LED to the battery. Try reversing the
connection also if it failed to glow.
-If the LED does not glow yet, conclude that it is defective. - It is open.
TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is checked for continuity just like a straight wire.

Procedure:
1. Identify the terminals of the transforming windings.
2. Set the multi tester to the x1 or x10 OHM scale for continuity test of the secondary windings (x10 or
x1K for primary windings).

Good Indication:

- Low resistance reading (about 4 ohms for a 750 mA 6-volt secondary transformer).
- The needle should not deflect at all.

Defective Indication:

- The meter needle does not deflect at all. - The transformer winding is open or the wrong terminal is
chosen.
- The needle deflects to zero position. - The windings are shorted.

TRANSISTORS

Procedure:

1. To test a transistor, simply observe if the reading is within the value being indicated.
2. If the ohmmeter reading is way out of the specified range, the transistor may be defective.

Determining if the Transistor is NPN or PNP:

1. Determine the correct terminals of the transistor.
2. Set the multimeter to the Rx1 or Rx10 ohm range.
3. Connect the positive probe of the meter to the emitter and the-COM (negative) probe to the base of the
transistor. Note the reading.
4. Interchange the connection of the probes to the leads of the transistor. Note the reading.

Defective Indication:

- Resistance between any pair of terminals is less than 1 ohm. - Transistor is shorted.
- Resistance between base and emitter or base and collector for both the forward and reverse
application of ohmmeter probes is infinity (meter needle don't deflect). - Transistor is open.
- Transistor overheats (except power transistors during normal operating condition - Transistor is
shorted.
V. DATA & RESULTS

➢ RESISTORS

2k ± 5% (1900-2100)

ANALOG MULTIMETER(x1k) DIGITAL MULTIMETER(x10)

1 1.9 Ω 1.987 kΩ

2 1.9 Ω 1.993 kΩ

3 1.9 Ω 1.978 kΩ

4 1.9 Ω 1.973 kΩ

5 1.9 Ω 1.972 kΩ

6 1.9 Ω 1.993 kΩ

7 1.9 Ω 2.010 kΩ

8 1.9 Ω 2.004 kΩ

9 1.9 Ω 1.985 kΩ

10 1.9 Ω 1.991 kΩ

➢ CAPACITORS

ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

100 μF GOOD 107.8 μF

➢ COILS

ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

60 mH 25 Ω 28.9 Ω

1 mH 10.5 Ω 10.8 Ω

2 mH 0Ω 0Ω

4 μH 0.2 Ω 0.1 Ω
 ➢ LDR

ANALOG MULTIMETER(x10) DIGITAL MULTIMETER

w/o 55 Ω 110.7 kΩ
Light

with 1.4 Ω 2.160 kΩ

Light

with 5.20 Ω 20.07 kΩ

Natural Light

➢ BUZZER

ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

5.10 Ω 1.313 mΩ

➢ TRANSFORMER

ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

8.2Ω 8.7Ω
 ➢ POTENTIOMETER

ANALOG MULTIMETER (Ω)(x10) DIGITAL MULTIMETER (Ω)

1-2 (+,-) 2 5.290

2-3 (+,-) 1.6 4.589

1-3 (+,-) 2.35 9.81

1-2 (-,+) 2 5.289

2-3 (-,+) 1.65 4.588

1-3 (-,+) 2.35 9.81

➢ TRANSISTOR

DIGITAL MULTIMETER (Ω) ANALOG MULTIMETER (Ω)

1-2 (+,-) 17.11 mΩ 0

1-3 (+,-) 0 17 mΩ

2-3 (+,-) 0 0

1-2 (-,+) 0 17 mΩ

1-3 (-,+) 0 0

2-3 (-,+) 17.04 mΩ 0

PICTURES OF TESTING
VII. OBSERVATION

In this experiment, We observed and tested various electronic components, including

resistors, capacitors, coils, LDRs, buzzers, transformers, potentiometers, and transistors. Resistors
limited current flow, and their values were identified using color codes and measured with a
multimeter. Capacitors stored and released electrical energy, with electrolytic capacitors requiring
correct polarity connections. Coils (inductors) generated magnetic fields when current flowed
through them, and their inductance was tested. LDRs (Light Dependent Resistors) changed
resistance based on light intensity, showing lower resistance in bright light and higher resistance in
darkness. Buzzers produced sound when voltage was applied, converting electrical energy into
sound energy. Transformers altered voltage levels, and testing showed changes in voltage across
primary and secondary windings. Potentiometers varied resistance when adjusted, controlling
voltage or current in a circuit. Transistors acted as switches or amplifiers, with their terminals (base,
collector, emitter) tested using a multimeter. This activity improved my understanding of each
component's function and how to test them properly.

VII. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this experiment allowed us to gain practical knowledge of various electronic

components, including resistors, capacitors, coils, LDRs, buzzers, transformers, potentiometers,
and transistors. We learned how to identify, test, and understand their functions in electrical
circuits. Using a multimeter, we measured different properties such as resistance, capacitance,
inductance, and voltage variations. This hands-on experience helped us develop essential
troubleshooting skills and a deeper understanding of circuit behavior. The experiment also
reinforced the importance of accurate testing and safety precautions when handling electronic
components.