Usefulness

Check List
Topic List is given at the
beginning of each chapter, a so
that students get an idea of what
is to be studied in the chapter.

Summary
The gist of the entire chapter is
explained with tables and diagrams
so that it is easy to Remember

Analysis of previously asked questions

In every chapter, the analysis

of questions for last 4 years board
examinations is given using pie-chart.

Theory Questions
In each chapter, questions are given
according to the topic and for how
many marks each question can be
asked are also shown in the bracket.

Exercise Questions
Includes complete exercise of
the textbook from each chapter.

Example Questions
Includes all example questions with
answers as per the topic of the textbook.
of this Book
Intext Questions
Includes all Intext questions with answers
as per the topic of the textbook.

Textbook Exercise
In every chapter, an index according to the
serial of textual exercise is included so that
students can find all the answers together.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

NCERT based MCQs with answers are

given at the end of each chapter.

Booster MCQs
In every chapter, along with the
MCQs of Board Exams, Booster
MCQs for GUJCET, NEET and
JEE Main are also given with Answer.

Each chapter includes MCQs

asked in Board, GUJCET,
NEET and JEE Main
with solutions.
 Blue Print of Question Paper

Chapterwise and Unitwise Weightage of Marks

PART-B Unitwise
Chap. Weightage
Name of Chapter PART-A Without With
No. General General (without
option option option)

1. Solutions 06 03 07
Unit-1
2. Electrochemistry 06 06 09
31 Marks
3. Chemical Kinetics 05 05 09

4. The d-and f-Block Elements 04 05 07

Unit-2
5. Coordination Compounds 05 06 08
20 Marks
6. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 03 05 07

7. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 05 07 09

8. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 06 06 09 Unit-3

9. Amines 06 03 06 49 Marks

10. Biomolecules 04 04 04

Total Marks 50 50 75 100

Weightage of Marks according to the Objective

Higher Thinking Skill
Knowledge Understanding Application
Objective Organising/ Inference/ Total
(K) (U) (A)
Analysis Evalution
Part A 05 13 17 8 7 50
Part B 05 15 15 8 7 50
Total Marks 10 28 32 16 14 100

Weightage of types of Questions (Part A)

No. Type of Questions Total Questions Marks
1. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 50 50

Weightage of types of Questions (Part B)

No. Type of Questions Total Questions Marks
Without General With General
option option
1. Short Questions (SA-I) 08 12 16
2. Short Questions (SA-II) 06 09 18
3. Long Questions (LA) 04 06 16
Total 18 27 50
 INDEX
1 Solution ......................................................... 13 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions
Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
XX Theory Questions (22)
Batteries
XX Exercise Questions (22)
Fuel Cells
XX Intext Questions (27)
Corrosion
XX Example Questions (27)
XX Textual Exercise (119)
Types of Solution
XX Previous Board Questions (121)
Experessing Conentration of Solutions
XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Solubility
NCERT Based MCQs (122)
Vapour Pressure of Liquid Soutions
NCERT Exemplar MCQs (132)
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solution
Booster MCQs (134)
Colligative Properties and Determination of
Molar Mas

Abnormal Molar Masses

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (10)
XX Textual Exercise (52) � NEET Previous Exam MCQs (15)

XX Previous Board Questions (55)

� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (17)

XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

NCERT Based MCQs (56) 3 Chemical Kinetics .................................... 141

NCERT Exemplar MCQs (70) XX Theory Questions (149)

Booster MCQs (73) XX Exercise Questions (153)

XX Intext Questions (151)

XX Example Questions (150)

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (3)
� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (6)
Rate of Chemical Reaction

� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (8) Factor Influencing Rate of a Reaction

Integrated Rate Equation
Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a
2 Electrochemistry ......................................... 81
Reaction
XX Theory Questions (91)
Collision theory of Chemical Reactions
XX Exercise Questions (96)
XX Textual Exercise (174)
XX Intext Questions (97)
XX Previous Board Questions (176)
XX Example Questions (101) XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Electrochemical cells NCERT Based MCQs (178)
Galvanic Cells NCERT Exemplar MCQs (200)
Nernst Equation Booster MCQs (203)
 XX Example Questions (275)

Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (18)
Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining
� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (23)
to Coordination Compounds
� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (25)
Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds

4 The d and f Block Elements ............. 209
Bonding in Coordination Compounds
XX Theory Questions (219)
Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
XX Exercise Questions (219)
Importance and Applications of Coordination
XX Intext Questions (221) Compounds

XX Example Questions (221) XX Textual Exercise (301)

Position in the Periodic Table XX Previous Board Questions (303)
Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
General Properties of the Transition Elements
NCERT Based MCQs (304)
(d-Block)
NCERT Exemplar MCQs (324)
Some Important Compounds of Transition
Booster MCQs (326)
Elements
The Lanthanoids
The Actinoids
� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (33)
Some Applications of d- and f-Block elements
� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (36)
XX Textual Exercise (244) � JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (38)

XX Previous Board Questions (246)

XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 6 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes ............... 333

NCERT Based MCQs (247)
XX Theory Questions (345)
NCERT Exemplar MCQs (258)
XX Exercise Questions (348)
Booster MCQs (260)
XX Intext Questions (350)

XX Example Questions (350)

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (26) Classification

� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (29) Nomenclature
� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (31)
Nature of C – X Bond

Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes

5 Coordination Compound ....................... 265 Prepartion of Haloarenes
XX Theory Questions (274) Physical Properties

XX Exercise Questions (275) Chemical Reactions

XX Intext Questions (280) Polyhalogen Compounds

XX Textual Exercise (385) 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and

XX Previous Board Questions (387) Carboxylic Acids ...................................... 479

XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) XX Theory Questions (489)

NCERT Based MCQs (388) XX Exercise Questions (491)

NCERT Exemplar MCQs (399) XX Intext Questions (492)

Booster MCQs (405)
XX Example Questions (495)

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (41)
� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (43) Physical Properties
� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (47) Chemical Reactions

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

7 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers ............ 411 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

XX Theory Questions (418)
Physical Properties
XX Exercise Questions (419)
Chemical Reactions
XX Intext Questions (419)
Uses of Carboxylic Acids
XX Example Questions (425)
XX Textual Exercise (528)
Classification
XX Previous Board Questions (530)
Nomenclature
XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Structures of functional groups
NCERT Based MCQs (531)
Alcohols and Phenols
NCERT Exemplar MCQs (547)
Some commercially important Alcohols
Booster MCQs (550)
Ethers

XX Textual Exercise (449)

XX Previous Board Questions (452) � Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (73)
XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) � NEET Previous Exam MCQs (76)
� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (82)
NCERT Based MCQs (453)

NCERT Exemplar MCQs (470)

Booster MCQs (473)

9 Amines ......................................................... 557

XX Theory Questions (564)

XX Exercise Questions (565)

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (56)
� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (60) XX Intext Questions (566)

� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (64) XX Example Questions (569)

 Structure of amines
10 Biomolecules .............................................. 621
Classification
XX Theory Questions (631)
Nomenclature
XX Exercise Questions (637)
Preparation of amines
XX Intext Questions (640)
Physical properties
Carbohydrates
Chemical reactions
Proteins
Method of preparation of Diazonium Salts
Enzymes
Physical Properties
Vitamins
Chemical Reactions
Nucleic acids
Importance of Diazonium Salts in synthesis of
Aromatic Compounds Hormones

XX Textual Exercise (590) XX Textual Exercise (652)

XX Previous Board Questions (592) XX Previous Board Questions (653)

XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) XX Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

NCERT Based MCQs (593) NCERT Based MCQs (654)

NCERT Exemplar MCQs (609) NCERT Exemplar MCQs (668)

Booster MCQs (614) Booster MCQs (673)

� Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (92) � Board, GUJCET Previous Exam MCQs (109)
� NEET Previous Exam MCQs (94) � NEET Previous Exam MCQs (111)
� JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (98) � JEE-Main Previous Exam MCQs (112)
 1. Solution

1 Solution

Check List
1.1 Types of Solution 1.5 Ideal and Non-Ideal Solution

1.2 Experessing Concentration of Solutions 1.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass

1.3 Solubility 1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses

1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

The weightage of this chapter for board examination is usually 9 marks.

Analysis of Chapterwise
Previous Board Questions according to NCERT Syllabus. Weightage of
Board of last 4 year
Year 2023 2022 2021 2020
2023 2022
Marks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1.1 1 1
31% 23%
1.2 1 1 1 2 8 Marks
11 Marks
1.3
23%
1.4 1 23% 8 Marks
1.5 1 1 2 8 Marks
1.6 1 2 1 1
1.7 1 1 1 2020 2021

Summary
In normal life we come in contact with most of the mixtures containing two or more substances every day.
Example :
Metal Alloys Components
Brass Cu + Zn
Bronze Cu + Sn
German (Silver) Cu + Zn + Ni
1 part per million (PPM) of fluoride ions in water prevents tooth decay, whereas 1.5 PPM stains teeth. High
concentrations of fluoride can be toxic. (Sodium fluoride, for example, acts as a rat poison.)
Amount of fluoride ion (F– ) in water:
Metal Alloys Components
1 ppm Prevents tooth decay
1.5 ppm Teeth get stained
More than 1.5 ppm Toxic effect
Intravenous injections are always dissolved in water containing salts at some ionic concentration that
corresponds to the blood plasma concentration.
13
Standard 12 science (EM) : Chemistry - 001
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
Solutions :
hh Solution : “A uniform or homogeneous mixture of two or more substances”.
hh Solute : “The component in a solution present in less amount.”
hh A solution can have more than one solute.
hh Solvent : “The component particles in solution that have a higher concentration.” Solvent in a solution
is always the same.
hh Binary Solution : “A solution containing only one dissolved solute in a solvent is called a binary solution.”
The diameter of particles in a homogeneous mixture is 10–9 m.

Types of Solution Solute Solvent Examples

Gas Solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
Solid solution Liquid Solid Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Solid Solid Copper dissolved in gold
Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water
Liquid Solution Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water
Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in water
Gas Gas Mixture of oxygen & Nitrogen gases
Gaseous Solution Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with Nitrogen gas
Solid Gas Camphor in Nitrogen gas
The type of solution depends on the physical state of the solvent.

Concentration
“The amount of solute present in per unit volume of solution is known as concentration.”
A formula based on the relationship between units of concentration

Relationship between molarity and molality Relationship between molality and mole fraction
1000 # M Mole fraction of solute 1000
m=
1000 # d − M # M W m= ×
Mole fraction of solvent Atomic weight of solvent

Relationship between molarity and % Relationship between normality and molarity

W/V / % W/W Normality = n-factor × molarity
10 × %W/V Where,
M= n-factor = Acidity/Basicity/Number of electrons
Molecular mass of the solute
10 × %W/V × d
M=
Molecular mass of the solute

Relationship between PPM and % W/V Relationship between %W/V Molarity at dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
PPM = %W/V × 10 and %W/W
4

% W/V = % W/W × d

Molarity of mixed solution For acid-base neutralization process

M1 V1 + M 2 V2 .... Basicity × N1V1 = acidity × N2V2
M= V1 + V2 .....
14
 1. Solution
Gram/litres
Normality (N) =
Equivalent weight
1000 × weight of solute (in grams)
=
Equivalent weight × volume of solution (ml)
⇒ Literal interpretation of concentration values for normality
N = normal solution
N
5
= 0.2 N = Panty normal solution
N
10
= 0.1 N = Deci normal solution
5 N = Penta normal solution
10 N = Deca normal solution
N
100
= 0.01 N Centi normal solution
N
1000
= 0.001 N Millinormal solution

Note
Mixing two solutions of equal volume doubles the volume and halves the concentration of ions.

→ N= % W/V × 10
Equivalent weight
Normality of mixed solution
N1V1 + N2V2 ....
N =
V1 + V2 ....
% W/W × 10 × density
→ N=
Equivalent weight
Mole of solute 1000 × mass of solute (grams) % W/V × 10
Molarity (M) = = =
Volume of solution (Liter) weight × volume of solution (mL) Mass
d × % w v × 10
Relationship between density, molarity and % W/W =
atomic mass
Volume of solute (mL)
Volume percentage (% V/V) = × 100
Volume of solution (mL)
Mass of solute (gram)
Mass by volume Percentage (% W/V) = × 100
Volume of solution (mL)
Moles of solute
Molality (m) =
Mass of the solvent (in kg)
A more reliable unit of concentration
Relationship between molality and mole fraction for aqueous solutions
m
= X2 = 555  1 , X2 = mole fraction of solute
Strength of solution = Molarity × Atomic Weight
= Normality × Equivalent Weight
1000 × weight of solute (grams)
Formality (F) =
weight × volume of solution (mL)
The sum of the mole fractions of all components in a solution always equals 1.
15
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

Mole fraction
⇒ A unit of dimensionless concentration
mole of component
Mole fraction =
Total moles
n1
Mole fraction of solution (X1) = n + n
1 2

n1
Mole fraction of solution (X2) = n +n
1 2

X1 + X2 + ... = 1
Mass of solute (grams)
Mass percentage (% w/w) = × 100
Total mass of solution (grams)
Mass of solute (grams)
Mass to PPM (Parts Per Million) = × 106
Total mass of solution (grams)
Molarity at dilution = M1V1 = M2V2

M1 V1 + M 2 V2 ....
Molarity of mixed solution = V1 + V2 .....
Atomic weight
Equivalent weight of acid/base =
acidity/basicity
Atomic weight
Equivalent of redox reaction =
change in oxidation number
% W/W × 10 × density
M=
atomic mass

Concentration

(1) Normality (1) Molality

(2) Molarity (2) Mole fraction
(3) Volume percentage (% V/V) (3) Mass Percentage (%W/W)
(4) Mass by volume Percentage (% W/V) (4) Mass to PPM
(5) Volume to PPM

Weight of solute (gram) Weight of solute (gram)

Strength (gram/litre) = = × 1000
Volume of solution (litre) Volume of solution (mL)
mass of the metal
In oxide compounds, the equivalent weight of the metal = ×8
mass of oxygen
mass of the metal
In chloride compounds, the equivalent weight of the metal = × 35.5
mass of chlorine
16
 1. Solution
Relationship between Normality and Molarity = N = M × n where n = acidity/basicity/n = n-factor
acidity/basicity/change in oxidation number/valency
Relationship between density, molarity and molality

d 1 Atomic mass of solute Super Notes

= m +
M 1000 (A) Dalton's law
for non-interacting gas + gas
Where, d = density
P1 = X1 . Ptotal
M = Molarity (B) Henry's law
for non-interacting gas + liquid
m = Molality
P1 = K H . X 1
XB 1000 (C) Raoult's law
m= X × M
A B for non-interacting liquids + liquids
P1 = P°1 . X1
Where XB = Mole fraction of solute

XA = Mole fraction of solvent

MB = Molecular weight of solvent

Water as a solvent
XB
m = X × 55.55
A

Solubility
The maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a specified volume of solvent at a specified
temperature is called its solubility.
Solubility = Maximum concentration
(1) Nature of solute and solvent, (2) Temperature, (3) Pressure
In a scuba diver's tank = 11.7% Helium
56.2% Nitrogen
32.1% Oxygen
The solubility of a solute in a liquid solvent is unaffected by increasing temperature and pressure.

Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions

•• Ptotal = P1 + P2
= P1 ⋅ X1 + P2 ⋅ X2
0 0

0 0 0
= P1 + (P2 – P1 ) X2
0
P1 = Vapour pressure of pure component 1
0
P2 = Vapour pressure of pure component 2
X1 = mole fraction of component 1 (in solution)
X2 = mole fraction of component 2 (in solution)
Ptotal = P01 ⋅ X1 + P02 ⋅ X2
17
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

Mole fraction in vapour phase

0
P1 P1 X1 Super Notes
Y1 = P = 0
P1 X1 + P 2 X 2
0
total 0 0
YA PA $ XA PA $ nA
0 (A) YB
= = For vapour phase
P2 P2 X2 P B0 $ X B P B0 $ n B
Y2 = P = 0
P1 X1 + P 2 X 2
0
PA $ NA + PB $ NB
total 0 0

(B) Ptotal = NA + NB

Y1 and Y2 represent the mole fractions of components 1 and 2, respectively, in vapour phase.

Note
P1 = Y1 ⋅ Ptotal,
→ If X1 = 0 than, Ptotal = P 2
0
X2 = 1
P2 = Y2 ⋅ Ptotal
→ If X1 = 1 than, Ptotal = P01 X2 = 0

Vapour pressure of a solution of a solid in a liquid

0
P1 – P1
= X2
P10
0
P1 = Vapour pressure of pure solvent
P1 = Vapour pressure of the solution
X2 = Mole fraction of solute
0
P1 – P1 n2
0
= n +n
P1 1 2

For very dilute solution (when n2 <<< n1 or x2 <<< x1 or when ΔP is very small)
0
P1 – P1 n2
0
= n
P1 1

0
P1 – P1 W2 # M1
Therefore, = M #W
P10 2 1

W2 = Mass of solute
M2 = Molecular weight of the solute
W1 = Mass of solvent
M1 = Molecular weight of the solvent

18
 1. Solution

Ideal and non-ideal solutions

Non-Ideal solution
No Ideal Solution
Positive deviation Negative deviation

Obey Raoult’s law at every Do not obey Raoult’s law Do not obey Raoult’s law
1.
range of concentration.

2. ∆Hmix = 0 ∆Hmix > 0 ∆Hmix < 0

3. ∆Vmix = 0 ∆Vmix > 0 ∆Vmix < 0

4. P = P1 + P2 P > P1 + P2 P < P 1 + P2

P 1 = P1 ⋅ X 1 P1 > P1 × X1 P1 < P 1 ⋅ X 1
0 0 0
5.

P2 > P2 × X2 P2 < P2 × X2
0 0 0
6. P 2 = P2 X 2

Example : Example : Example :

→ dilute solutions → Acetone + ethanol → Acetone + Aniline
→ Benzene + toluene → Acetone + CS2 → Acetone +Chloroform
→ n- Hexane + n- Heptane → Water + Methanol → CH3OH + CH3COOH
→ Chlorobenzene + → CCl4 + toluene → Chloroform + Diethyl ether
Bromobenzene CCl4 + CHCl3 → Water + HCl
→ Ethyl bromide + → Acetone + Benzene → Acetic acid + pyridine
Ethyl iodide → CCl4 + CH3OH → Chloroform + Benzene
→ n-butyl Fluoride + → A–A and B–B < B–B
→ Cyclohexane +
n-butyl bromide → ΔSmix > 0
Ethanol
→ Interactions A–A or → Interactions A–A and ΔG° < 0
B–B = A–B B-B > A–B
→ ΔSmix > 0
ΔG°< 0

A solution of 95% ethanol + 5% H2O forms the minimum boiling azeotrope.

A 68% nitric acid + 32% water solution forms a maximum boiling azeotrope.
Note : Solutions with positive deviation from Raoult's law form minimum azeotrope.
Solutions with negative deviation from Raoult's law form maximum azeotrope.

Colligative properties
It depends on the amount of solute P1 − P1
0
0 = X2
P1 – P1 0
(i) Relative lowering in vapor pressure P1
P10
∆Tb = Kb × m
(ii) Elevation in boiling point (∆Tb)
(iii) Depression in Freezing Point (∆Tf) ∆Tf = Kf × m
(iv) Osmotic pressure of solution (π) Π = CRT
19
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
Remember
Considering the number of ions in the Key Note
calculation of Colligative properties.
1
(A) π < m
For 0.1 m BaCl2, there are three ions.
When mass, size, temperature and R is equal
1 Ba+2 and 2 C1– then its concentration is (B) π = h d g
= n × 0.1 = 3 × 0.1 = 0.3 m Where h = Increase occurring at the level
Unit of Molal elevation constant Kb is K kg of the half-cell in unipolar
mol–1 depression
g = Gravitational Acceleration
Molal elevation constant (Kb)
d = density
→ The value of Kb depends on the solvent.
Osmotic pressure is the main method for
→ Kb remains constant even if the concentration
determining the molecular weight of polymers/
of the solution changes. proteins.
R # M1 # Tb
2 Association ex : Acetic acid in benzene /
→ Kb = 1000 #
3 vap H
Benzoic acid in benzene
For Dissociation i > 1
→ For Pure Solvent Kb(H = 0.52 K kg mol–1 For Association i < 1
2O)
For, electrolysis I = 1
Unit of Molal depression constant K kg mol–1
(Organic substances, such as glucose, urea,
R # M1 # T f 2 For water,
sucrose are electrically indivisible.)
Kf =
1000 # 3 fus H
Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1 Normal molecular mass
i =
Observed molecular mass
→ For Pure water Kf(H = 1.86 K kg mol–1
2O) Observed colligative property
Semipermeable membrane → allows solvent =
Calculated value of colligative property
to pass through. Do not pass the solute.
Total number of moles of paricles
Excellent synthetic semipermeable after association/dissociation
membrane : i=
Number of particles before association /
Cu2[Fe(CN)6] Copper ferrocyanide dissociation
i –1
Hypertonic : “A solution having higher Dissociation fraction ∞ = or
n –1
concentration as compared to other solutions i = 1 + (n – 1)∝
is called Hypertonic solution.” i = Van't Hoff factor
n = Number of ions
Hypotonic : “Low concentration of solution n
Association fraction (X) = (1 – i) n – 1
compared to other solution is called Hypotonic or
solution.” i−1
Association fraction (X) = 1
or
−1
Isotonic : “A solution of 0.91% sodium n

chloride has a similar osmotic pressure to X = 1+ b 1n − 1 l ∝

that of the blood cells in the human body,
Strong electrolyte :
indicating an isotonic relationship between
There is 100% association and dissociation in
the solution and the blood cells.”
the solution.
Hypertonic π1 = π2 Hypotonic +3 –2
A2B3 Dissociation 2A + 3B
π1 = π2
i = n
C1R1 = C2R2 i = 5
20
 1. Solution

3B Association B3 (B) For weak electrolyte

1 2B2 Association B2
i= 3
For strong electrolyte ∞ = 1 i=1– ?
2
C?2
Weak electrolyte : For Dissociation constant Ka = 1 – ?
∝ = Dissociation factor
Less than 100% association and dissociation C = Concentration
in the solution. 0
P1 – P1 n
For weak electrolyte ∝ is obtained where, = i 2
P10 n1
∝ = dissociation factor or association factor i # k b # 1000 # W2
∆Tb = i × kb × m = M 2 # W1
% ∝ = ∝ × 100
%3 i # kf # 1000 # W2
∝ = 100 ∆Tf = i × kf × m = M 2 # W1

(A) AB2 Dissociation A

+2 –
+ 2B π = iCRT
i WRT
i = 1 + 2∝ = MV

Super Notes
(1) ∆Tb(C°) = ∆Tb(k)
(2) For equimolar solution
TTb kb
=
TTf kf

(3) The osmotic pressure measurement method is based on molarity.

(4) In the phenomenon of osmosis the solvent flows through a permeable membrane from the pure solvent to the
solution.
(5) The osmotic pressure method is used to determine the molar mass of proteins, polymers and other bulk
molecules.

Key Note
⇒ When dissociation occurs i > 1 ⇒ Experimental Numerical Properties
When association occurs i < 1 = i × theoretical numerical property
For electrolysis or ideal solution
⇒ For dissociation → For a given electrolyte value of i decrease with
M normal increases in concentration.
>1
1
M abnormal i ∝ C
M normal > M abnormal
⇒ For association
M normal
<1
M abnormal
M normal < M abnormal
21
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

Questions and Answers

1.1 Types of Solutions

Exercise Questions
1. Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each type with
an example.  (Exercise Q.1.1) [ 3 Marks ]
XX Solution : “Solution is Homogeneous Mixture of Two or more than two Components.”
XX There are main 3 Types of Solution. which depends on physical state of Solvent.
Physical State Physical State
Types of Solution Example
of Solute of Solvent
Gaseous Solutions Gas Gas Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases
Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas
Solid Gas Camphor in nitrogen gas
Liquid Solutions Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water, CO2 dissolved in water
Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water
Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in water, NaCl dissolved in water
Solid Solutions Gas Solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium
Liquid Solid Amalgam of mercury with sodium
Solid Solid Copper dissolved in gold

2. Give an example of a solid solution in which the solute is a gas. (Exercise Q.1.2) [ 1 Mark ]

XX Solution of hydrogen (Solute) in Palladium (Pd), (Solvent)

Explanation note
XX A solution can contain more than one solute and one solvent
XX Components of homogeneous mixture cannot be separated by using physical methods

1.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions

Theory Questions

1. What is Concentration of Solution ? (3) % W/V (Mass by Volume Percentage)

Write down different Types of Units of (4) ppm (Parts Per million)
Concentration ? [ 2 Marks ]
(5) Mole-Fraction (X)
XX “The amount of solute present in per unit
(6) Molarity (M)
volume of solution is known as Concentration.”
XX There are 9 Types of Unit of Concentration : (7) Molality (m)

(1) %/W/W (Mass Percentage) (8) Normality (N)

(2) % V/V (Volume Percentage) (9) Formality (F)
22
 1. Solution
2. Explain (% V/V) Volume Percentage with XX The concentration of pollutants in water or
examples. [ 2 Marks ] atmosphere is often expressed in terms of µg
XX “The volume of Solute (ml) dissolved in 100 mL–1 or ppm.
ml solution is known as volume percentage
(% V/V).” Exercise Questions
XX Volume % of a component =
Volume of the component ]mlg 3. Explain Mole-Fraction is details.
× 100
Total volume of solution ]mlg  (Exercise Q.1.3(i)) [ 2 Marks ]
XX For example, 10% ethanol solution in water
XX “Mole-Fraction of Component is ratio of
means that 10 mL of ethanol is dissolved in
Mole of Component and total moles of all
water such that the total volume of the solution
Component in Solution.”
is 100 mL.
XX Mole-Fraction is denoted by x.
XX Solutions containing liquids are commonly
XX Mole fraction of a component
expressed in this unit.
XX For example, a 35% (v/v) solution of ethylene Number of moles of the component
=
glycol, an antifreeze, is used in cars for cooling Total number of moles of all components
the engine. At this concentration the antifreeze XX For example, in a binary mixture, if the number
lowers the freezing point of water to 255.4K of moles of A and B are nA and nB respectively,
(–17.6°C). the mole fraction of A will be
nA
3. Explain (% W/V) Mass by volume Percentage xA = n + n
with examples. [ 2 Marks ] A B

XX For a solution containing i number of

XX “The mass of Solute (g) dissolved in 100 ml
Solution is called mass by Volume Percentage components, we have
ni ni
(% W/V).” xi = n  n    n =
mass of solute g # 100
1 2 i / ni
XX % W/V =
Volume of solution ]mlg XX It can be shown that in a given solution sum of
XX For example 5% W/V aqueous solution of sugar all the mole fractions is unity (1)
means 5 gram sugar is dissolved in 100 ml x1 + x2 + ......... + xi = 1
solution. XX Mole fraction unit is very useful in relating some
4. Explain Parts per million (ppm) with physical properties of solutions, say vapour
examples.  [ 2 Marks ] pressure with the concentration of the solution
XX “When a solute is present in trace quantities, and quite useful in describing the calculations
it is convenient to express concentration in involving gas mixtures.
parts per million (ppm)” Explain Molality in details.
4.
XX Parts per million  (Exercise Q.1.3 (ii)) [ 2 Marks ]
Number of parts of the component
= × 106 XX “Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles
Total number of parts of all components of the solution
of the solute per kilogram (kg) of the solvent”
XX Parts per million can also be expressed as mass
Moles of solute
XX Molality (m) =
to mass, volume to volume and mass to volume. Mass of solvent ^in kgh
XX A litre of sea water (which weighs 1030 g) XX For example, 1.00 mol kg–1 (or 1.00 m) solution
contains about 6 x 10–3 g of dissolved oxygen
of KCl means that 1 mol (74.5 g) of KCl is
(O2). Such a small concentration is also
6 dissolved in 1 kg of water.
expressed as 5.8 g per 10 g (5.8 ppm) of sea Mol
XX Unit of Molality is , Molal
water. kg
23
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
5. Explain (%W/W) Mass Percentage with 7. Explain Molarity in details.
examples. (Exercise Q.1.3(iv)) [ 2 Marks ]  (Exercise Q.1.3 (iii)) [ 2 Marks ]
XX “The mass of Solute (g) dissolved in 100 gram of XX “Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles
Solution is known as mass Percentage (% W/W).” of solute dissolved in one litre of Solution.”
XX Mass % of a component = Moles of solute
XX Molarity =
Mass of the component in the solution ^ g h
Volume of Solution in litre
× 100 XX For example, 0.25 mol L–1 (or 0.25 M) solution
Total mass of the solution ^ g h
of NaOH means that 0.25 mol of NaOH has
XX For example, if a solution is described by 10%
been dissolved in one litre (or one cubic
glucose in water by mass, it means that 10 g of
decimetre).
glucose is dissolved in 90 g of water resulting
Mol
in a 100 g solution. XX Unit of Molarity is , Molar
L
XX Concentration described by mass percentage
8. A solution of glucose in water is labelled
is commonly used in industrial chemical
as 10% w/w, what would be the molality
applications. and mole fraction of each component in the
XX For example, commercial bleaching solution solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g
contains 3.62 mass percentage of sodium mL , then what shall be the molarity of
–1

hypochlorite in water. the solution ?

 (Exercise Q.1.5) [ 4 Marks ]
Explanation note
XX 10% W/W glucose Solution means that
XX Relation between w/w % and ppm :
mass of glucose = 10 g, mass of H2O = 90 g
mass of solute
ppm = × 102 × 104 Molar mass of glucose = 180 g.mol–1
total mass
(1) Molality (m) :
mass of glucose
f% W/W = × 102p
mass of solute m=
Molar mass of glucose # mass of water ^kgh
total mass
10
= 180 # 0.090
∴ ppm = % w/w × 104
= 0.617 m
6. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory (2) Mole-Fraction :
work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous 10
Moles of glucose = 180 = 0.055 mol
solution. What should be the molarity of
such a sample of the acid if the density
90
Moles of water = 18 = 5 mol
of the solution is 1.504 g mL–1? 
Total Moles = 5 + 0.055
 (Exercise Q.1.4) [ 2 Marks ]
= 5.055
XX d = 1.504 g.mL–1, molarity (M) = (?) 0.055
68% nitric acid means that 68 g of nitric acid is Mole-Fraction of glucose = 5.055 = 0.0108
dissolved in 100 g of Solution. Mole-Fraction of water = 1 – 0.0108
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63 g.mol–1 = 0.989
mass of Solution (3) Molarity (M) :
Volume of Solution =
density
mass of solution
100 Volume of Solution =
= 1.504 density
100
= 1.2
= 66.489 mL
= 0.0665 L = 83.33 mL
molarity = 0.0833 L
mass of HNO3 mass of glucose
M=
=
Molar mass of HNO3 # Volume of Solution ]Lg molar mass of glucose # volume of solution ]Lg
68 10
= 63 # 0.0665 = 180 # 0.0833
= 0.67 M
= 16.23 M
24
 1. Solution
9. How many ml of 0.1 M HC1 are required to mass of HCl
M=
react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 Molar mass of HCl # Volume of Solution ]Lg
0.576
and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts ∴ 0.1 =
36.5 # Volume of Solution
of both  ? (Exercise Q.1.6) [ 4 Marks ] 0.576
∴ Volume of Solution = 36.5 # 0.1
XX Suppose mass of Na2CO3 = x g
= 0.1578 L
∴ mass of NaHCO3 = (1 – x) g
= 157.8 mL
–1
Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106 g.mol
10. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of
25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by
–1
Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 84 g.mol
mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the
Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 both are equimolar
resulting solution. (Exercise Q.1.7) [ 2 Marks ]
∴ Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of NaHCO3
XX Solution – 1 :
x 1− x
∴ 106
= 84 ~ W W # mass of solution
mass of Solute =
∴ 84x = 106 – 106x 100
25 # 300
=
∴ 84x + 106x = 106 100
= 75 g
∴ 190x = 106
XX Solution – 2 :
∴ x = 0.5578 g
W W # mass of solution
∴ mass of Na2CO3 = x = 0.5578 g mass of Solute
100
=
40 # 400
∴ mass of NaHCO3 = 1 – x = 100
= 1 – 0.5578 = 160 g
= 0.4422 g Total mass of solute = 75 + 160
XX Find out mass of HCl which react with Na2CO3 = 235 g
and NaHCO3 Total mass of solution = 300 + 400
Na2CO3 + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2 = 700 g
106 g = 2 × 36.5 ∴ mass Percentage of Resulting Solution
= 73 g 235 # 100
= 700
106 g Na2CO3 react with 73 g of HCl = 33.57%
∴ 0.5578 g Na2CO3 react with Calculate the amount of benzoic acid
11.
0.5578 # 73 (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250
mass of HCl= 106
mL of 0.15 M solution in methanol.
= 0.384 g  (Exercise Q.1.30) [ 2 Marks ]
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + CO2 + H2O XX mass of bonzoic acid = (?)
84 g 36.5 g Volume of solution = 250 mL
84 g NaHCO3 react with 36.5 g of HCl = 0.25 L
∴ 0.4422 g NaHCO3 react with Molarity = 0.15 M
0.4422 # 36.5
mass of HCl = Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g.mol–1
84
mass of benzoic acid
= 0.192 g M= Molar mass of benzoic acid # Volume of solution ]Lg
Total mass of HCl = 0.384 + 0.192 \ mass of benzoic acid = 0.15 × 122 × 0.25
= 0.576 g = 4.575 g
25
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
12. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10–16, 15. Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine,
calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in
aqueous solution.(Exercise Q.1.27) [ 2 Marks ] narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally
H2 O +
2 − given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of
XX CuS(s) Cu^aq h
+ S^aq2h
1.5 × 10–3 m aqueous solution required for
S S the above dose. (Exercise Q.1.29) [ 2 Marks ]
Solubility m = 1.5 × 10–3 m,
XX
KSP = [Cu+2] . [S–2] mass of Nalorphene = 1.5 mg
\ 6 × 10–16 = S . S
= 1.5 × 10–3 g
\ 6 × 10–16 = S2
mass of solvent = (?)
−
\ S = 6 # 10 16 Molar mass of Nalorphene = 311 g mol–1
= 2.45 × 10–8 mol.L–1 mass of Nalorphene
m=
Molar mass of Nalorphene # mass of solvent
13. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g

of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 200 g of water. 15 # 10 3
\ 1.5 × 10–3 =
311 # mass of solvent
Calculate the molality of the solution. If the
\ mass of solvent = 0.00321 kg = 3.21 g
density of the solution is 1.072 g mL–1, then
what shall be the molarity of the solution ? 16. A sample of drinking water was found to be
 (Exercise Q.1.8) [ 3 Marks ] severely contaminated with chloroform (CHCl3)
supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of
XXMolar mass of ethylene glycol = 62 g
contamination was 15 ppm (by mass):
w 1000  2226 1000
Molality =
M
# w
62
#
200 (i) express this in percent by mass
0
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in
= 17.95 m
the water sample. 
mass of ethylene glycol = 222.6 g
 (Exercise Q.1.9) [ 3 Marks ]
mass of water = 200.0 g
XX 15 ppm (by mass) CHCl3 means that 15 g CHCl3
Total mass of Solution = 422.6 g
present in 106 g of solution.
mass of solution
density = mass of CHCl3
Volume of solution
(i) %W/W = × 100
422.6 Total mass of solution
\ Volume of Solution = 1.072
15 # 100
=
= 394.22 mL 106
= 0.394 L = 1.5 × 10–3 %
Molarity (M) (ii) Molality :
mass of Ethylene glycol mass of CHCl3 # 1000
= m =
Molar mass of Ethylene glycol # Volume of solution L Molar mass of CHCl3 # mass of solvent g
222.6 15 # 103
= 62 # 0.394 =
119.5 # 106
= 9.11 M = 1.25 × 10–4 m
14. If the density of some lake water is 1.25g mL–1
17. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin
and contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of water,
(C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g
calculate the molarity of Na+ ions in the lake. of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
 (Exercise Q.1.26) [ 2 Marks ]  (Exercise Q.1.28) [ 2 Marks ]
+
mass of Na XX mass of aspirin = 6.5 g
XX Molality =
Atomic mass of Na # Mass of Water ^kg h
+
mass of acetonitrile = 450 g
92 mass of solution = 456.5 g
= 23 # 1
6.5 # 100
% W/W = = 1.42%
= 4 m or mol.kg–1 456.5
26
 1. Solution

Example Questions Self Practice

XX What would be the molarity of solution
1. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol prepared by taking a mixture of 1400
(C2H6O2) in a solution containing 20% of ml 0.3M, 700 ml 0.4 M and 500 ml 1.2M
C2H6O2 by mass. (Example Q.1.1) [ 3 Marks ]
aqueous solutions ?  [ Ans. 0.5 M ]
XX 20% W/W C2H6O2 means that solution will XX How many grams of KOH are required to
contain 20 g of ethylene glycol and 80 g of Water.
make 1 kg of KOH solution of 10% w/w
XX Molar mass of C2H6O2
concentration [ Ans. 100 g ]
= (12 × 2) + (1 × 6) + (16 × 2)
XX Determine the molarity of HCl solution
= 62 g. mol–1
20 g made by dissolving 14.6 g of HCl in water
Moles of C2H6O2 =
62 g mol
−1 = 0.322 mol where the final volume will be 500 ml. 
80 g  [ Ans. 0.8 M ]
Moles of Water = = 4.44 mol
18 g mol
−1
XX If we have 6% w/w urea solution with density
Total Moles = 0.322 + 4.444 = 4.766 1.060 g/ml, then calculate its strength in g/
Moles of C 2 H6 O 2 ml ?  [ Ans. 63.6 g/l ]
XC2H6O2 =
Total Moles XX Hardness in water is expressed in terms
0.322
= 4.766 of ppm of CaCO3, IF hardness is 200 ppm
= 0.068 CaCO3, then in terms of molarity it is _____
XC2H6O2 + XH2O = 1  [ Ans. 2 × 10–3 M ]
∴ XH2O = 1 – 0.068 = 0.932 XX 5g of NaOH are dissolved in 500 ml water.
Find the molarity of the solution. 
2. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing  [ Ans. 0.250 M ]
5  g  of NaOH in 450 mL solution. 
 (Example Q.1.2) [ 3 Marks ]
XX Molarity = (?), mass of NaOH = 5 g Intext Questions
 Molar Mass of NaOH = 40 g.mol–1
Volume of Solution = 450 mL 1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene
= 0.450 L (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22
mass of NaOH g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon
Molarity =
Molar mass of NaOH # Volume of Solution ]Lg tetrachloride.
5  (Intext Q.1.1) [ 2 Marks ]
= 40 # 0.450
= 0.278 mol.L–1 XX mass of benzene = 22 g

3. Calculate molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid mass of Carbon tetrachloride = 122 g

(CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene.
 (Example Q.1.3) [ 2 Marks ] mass of Solution = 144 g
XXmass of CH3COOH = 2.5 g (1) mass percentage of benzene
Molar mass of CH3COOH
mass of benzene # 100
= (12 × 2) + (1 × 4) + (16 × 2) =
mass of solution
= 60 g.Mol–1 22 # 100
=
Mass of benzene (Solvent) = 75 g 144
= 0.075 kg = 15.28%
Molality
mass of CH3 COOH (2) mass percentage of CCl4
=
Molar Mass of CH3 COOH # mass of Solvent ^ kg h mass of CCl 4 # 100
2.5 =
= 60 # 0.075 mass of Solution
122 # 100
= 0.556 mol kg
–1 = 144
= 84.72%
27
 Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in XX (1000 + 15) g of solution contain 15 g of Urea.
solution containing 30% by mass in carbon ∴ 2500 g of solution contain = (?)
tetrachloride. 2500 # 15
 (Intext Q.1.2) [ 2 Marks ] = 1015
= 36.95 g
XX 30% W/W solution means that
5. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c)
mass of C6H6 = 30 g, mass of CCl4 = 70 g mole fraction of KI if the density of 20%
(mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL–1.
Molar mass of C6H6 = 78 g.mol–1
(Intext Q.1.5) [ 4 Marks ]
–1
Molar mass of CCl4 = 154 g.mol
XX 20% W/W KI solution
30
XX Moles of C6H6 = 78 = 0.3846 mol mass of KI = 20 g,
70 mass of H2O = 80 g
XX Moles of CCl4 = 154 = 0.4545 mol
= 0.080 kg
Moles of C6 H6
XX Mole-fraction of C6H6 = Molar mass of KI = 39 + 127
Total Moles
= 166 g.mol–1
03846
= 03846  04545 (a) molality :
= 0.458 mass of KI
molality =
Molar mass of KI # mass of Water ^ kg h
3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following
20
= 166 # 0.080
solutions :
(a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of solution = 1.506 m
(b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL. (b) molarity :
(Intext Q.1.3) [ 3 Marks ]
mass of Solution
density =
Volume of Solution
XX (a) mass of Co(NO3)2·6H 2O = 30 g 100
∴ 1.202 =
Molar mass of Co(NO3)2·6H 2O = 291 g.mol–1 Volume of Solution
100
Volume of Solution = 4.3 L ∴ Volume of Solution = 1.202
30
Molarity = 291 # 4.3 = 83.19 mL
= 0.0239 M = 0.08319 L
(b) V1 = 30 mL V2 = 500 mL mass of KI
Molarity =
M1 = 0.5 M M2 = (?) Molar mass of KI # Volume of Solution ]Lg
M 1 · V 1 = M2 · V 2 20
= 166 # 0.08319
M1 $ V1
∴ M2 = V2 = 1.45 M
]0.5g ]30g (c) Mole-Fraction of KI :
= 500 20
= 0.03 M Moles of KI = 166
= 0.12 mol
4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2)
required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal Moles of H2O = 18
80
aqueous solution.
 (Intext Q.1.4) [ 2 Marks ] = 4.44 mol
XX Molar mass of Urea = 60 g.mol–1 Mole-Fraction of KI =
Moles of KI
XX 0.25 molal aqueous solution of Urea means 1000 Total Moles
g of water contains 0.25 mol 012
= 012  444
= (0.25 × 60)
= 15 g of Urea = 0.0263
28
 1. Solution

1.3 Solubility
(2) Effect of Temperature : solubility of gases in
Theory Questions liquids decreases with rise in temperature.

Explain solubility of gas in a liquid solvent. XX cTemperature ? Solubility

1 m
5. of gas
 [ 3 Marks ] 6. What is Solubility ? Explain Solubility of a
XX Many gases dissolve in water. Oxygen dissolves solid in a liquid.  [ 3 Marks ]
only to a small extent in water. It is this dissolved XX Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount
oxygen which sustains all aquatic life. On the that can be dissolved in a specified amount of
other hand, hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is solvent at a specified temperature.
highly soluble in water. XX Solubility depends upon
XX Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected (1) Nature of Solvent (2) Nature of Solute
by pressure and Temperature. (3) Temperature (4) Pressure
(1) Nature of Solute and Solvent :
(1) Effect of Pressure : The solubility of gases
XX Every solid does not dissolve in a given liquid.
increase with increase of pressure.
While sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily
(Pressure ∝ solubility of gas)
in water, naphthalene and anthracene do not.
W1 On the other hand, naphthalene and anthracene
W1 W2 W3 dissolve readily in benzene but sodium chloride
Piston
and sugar do not.
XX It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar
solvents and non polar solutes in non-polar
solvents.
(a) (b) XX In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the
XX Consider a system as shown in Fig. (a). The intermolecular interactions are similar in the two
lower part is solution and the upper part is or we may say like dissolves like.
gaseous system at pressure p and temperature T. (2) Effect of Temperature :
XX Assume this system to be in a state of dynamic XX The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly
equilibrium, i.e., under these conditions rate affected by temperature changes.
of gaseous particles entering and leaving the Solute + Solvent Solution
XX This, being dynamic equilibrium, must follow
solution phase is the same.
Le Chateliers Principle.
XX Now increase the pressure over the solution
XX if in a nearly saturated solution, the dissolution
phase by compressing the gas to a smaller
process is endothermic (Dsol H > 0), the solubility
volume Fig. (b).
should increase with rise in temperature.
XX This will increase the number of gaseous particles
XX if it is exothermic (Dsol H < 0) the solubility
per unit volume over the solution and also the should decrease.
rate at which the gaseous particles are striking (3) Effect of Pressure :
the surface of solution to enter it. XX Pressure does not have any significant effect on
XX The solubility of the gas will increase until a new solubility of solids in liquids.
equilibrium is reached resulting in an increase XX It is so because solids and liquids are highly
in the pressure of a gas above the solution and incompressible and practically remain unaffected
thus its solubility increases. by changes in pressure.
29
Standard 12 science (EM) : Chemistry - 002
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
XX If we draw a graph between partial pressure
Exercise Questions of the gas versus mole fraction of the gas in
solution, then we should get a plot of the type
18. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble as shown in Fig.
in liquids as the temperature is raised ? 1000
 (Exercise Q.1.11) [ 1 Mark ]

Partial pressure of
XX Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an

HCl / torr
increase in temperature. This is because dissolution
500
of gases in liquids is an exothermic process.
Gas + Liquid → Solution + heat
XX Therefore, when the temperature is increased, heat
is supplied and the equilibrium shifts backwards, 0 0.010 0.020
thereby decreasing the solubility of gases. Mole fraction of HCl in its
solution in cyclohexane
19. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange XX Different gases have different KH values at the
the following in order of increasing solubility same temperature
in n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, XX Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, the
CH3OH, CH3CN. (Exercise Q.1.24) [ 1 Mark ] lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
XX If temperature increases the value of KH increases
XX n-octane is a non-polar solvent. Therefore, the
so solubility decreases.
solubility of a non-polar solute is more than that XX Values of Henry's Law Constant for Some
of a polar solute in the n-octane. Selected Gases in Water (information only)
XX The order of increasing polarity is :
Gas Temperature/K KH / kbar
Cyclohexane < CH3CN < CH3OH < KCl
XX Therefore, the order of increasing solubility is : He 293 144.97
KCl < CH3OH < CH3CN < Cyclohexane H2 293 69.16
N2 293 76.48
20. Explain Henry's law and write it's application
N2 303 88.84
OR
O2 293 34.86
State Henry's law and mention some important
O2 303 46.82
applications.
 (Exercise Q.1.12) [ 3 Marks ] Argon 298 40.3
CO2 298 1.67
XX Henry give a quantitative relation between
Formaldehyde 298 1.83 × 10–5
pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent
Methane Vinyl 298 0.413
which is known as Henry's law.
Chloride 298 0.611
XX "At a constant temperature, the solubility of a
gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the XX Applications :
partial pressure of the gas present above the (1) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and
surface of liquid or solution." soda water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure.
XX If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the (2) Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations
solution as a measure of its solubility, then it of dissolved gases while breathing air at high
pressure underwater. Increased pressure increases
can be said that the mole fraction of gas in the
the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood. When
solution is proportional to the partial pressure of
the divers come towards surface, the pressure
the gas over the solution.
gradually decreases. This releases the dissolved
p = KH x gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of
Where, p = Partial pressure of gas. nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries
KH = Henry's constant and creates a medical condition known as bends,
x = Solubility of gas which are painful and dangerous to life.
30
 1. Solution
XX To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high 22. Amongst the following compounds, identify
concentrations of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks which are insoluble, partially soluble and
used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted highly soluble in water ? 
with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and (Exercise Q.1.25) [ 1 Mark ]

32.1% oxygen).
(3) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen (i) Phenol (ii) toluene
is less than that at the ground level. This leads (iii) formic acid (iv) ethylene glycol
to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood (v) chloroform (vi) pentanol
and tissues of people living at high altitudes or XX (i) Phenol (C6H5OH) has the polar group –OH
climbers. Low blood oxygen causes climbers
and non-polar group –C6H5. Thus, phenol is
to become weak and unable to think clearly,
partially soluble in water.
symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.
XX (ii) Toluene (C6H5–CH3) has no polar groups.
21. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution Thus, toluene is insoluble in water.
containing 6.56 × 10–3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If XX (iii) Formic acid (HCOOH) has the polar group
the solution contains 5.00 × 10–2 g of ethane,
–OH and can form H-bond with water.
then what shall be the partial pressure of the
Thus, formic acid is highly soluble in water.
gas ? (Exercise Q.1.13) [ 2 Marks ]
XX (iv) Ethylene glycol has polar –OH group and can
XX Molar mass of C2H6 (ethane) = 30 g.Mol–1
3 form H-bond. Thus, it is highly soluble in
656 # 10
Moles of ethane `nC2 H6 j = 30 water.
XX (v) Chloroform is insoluble in water.
= 0.218 × 10–3
XX (vi) Pentanol (C5H11OH) has polar –OH group,
= 2.18 × 10–4 but is also contains a very bulky non-polar -
Suppose moles of solvent = x –C5H11 group. Thus, pentanol is partially
According to Henry's Law soluble in water.
P= K . x
The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The
H C 2 H6
23.
nC
\ P = KH . n
2 H6 major components are oxygen and nitrogen
+ nsolvent
C 2 H6 with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79%
Moles of Solute (C2H6) << Moles of Solvent by volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium
4
218 # 10 with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if the
\ 1 = KH . x
x
Henry's law constants for oxygen and nitrogen
\ KH = 
218 # 10 4 at 298 K are 3.30 × 107 mm and 6.51 × 107 mm
−2
5 # 10 respectively, calculate the composition of these
Moles of ethane `nC2 H6 j = 30 gases in water. (Exercise Q.1.39) [ 3 Marks ]
= 0.166 × 10 –2

XX Percentage of O2 = 20%
= 1.66 × 10–3
P = KH . x Percentage of N2 = 79%
3 Total Pressure = 10 atm
=
x

. 166 # 10
218 # 10 4 x XX Partial pressure of Oxygen
= 0.761 × 10 –3 + 4
20
pO =
100
× 10 × 760 mm Hg(∵  1  atm  =  760  mm  Hg)
P = 7.61 bar 2

XX Second Method = 1520 mm Hg

6.56 × 10–3 g of ethane → 1 bar XX Partial pressure of Nitrogen
\ 5.00 × 10–2 g of ethane → (?) 79
2
pN = × 10 × 760 mm Hg
5 # 10 2 100
P =  = 7.62 bar
656 # 10 3 = 6004 mm Hg
31
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
XX Now according to Henry's Law
(1) For Oxygen : Example Questions
p =K . X
O2 H O2 4. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293
PO
K, how many millimoles of N2 gas would
\ XO = K
2
2 H dissolve in 1 litre of water? Assume that N2
=
1520 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given
3.3 # 107
that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293 K is
= 460.6 × 10–7 76.48 kbar.  (Example Q.1.4) [ 2 Marks ]
XO = 4.6 × 10
–5
2 XX millimoles of N2 = (?)
(2) For Nitrogen : PN2 = 0.987 bar
p = K . X
N2 H N2 KH = 76.48 kbar
PN = 76480 bar
\ XN = K
2
2 H XX According to Henry's Law
6004 PN2 = KH . XN2
=
6.51 # 107
PN
= 922.1 × 10–7 \ XN2 = K
2

= 9.22 × 10–5 H
0.987
= 76480
24. Henry’s law constant for the molality of
methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105 \ XN2 = 0.0000129
mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane 1000
XX Moles of Water = = 55.55
in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. 18
 (Exercise Q.1.35) [ 2 Marks ] n
\ XN2 = n  n
2
XX KH = 4.27 × 105 mm Hg   2 2
P = 760 mm Hg (nN2 << nH2O)
Solubility (X) = (?) n
\ XN2 = n
2
XX According to Henry's Law
 2
P = KH . X
P nN2 = XN2 . nH O
\  X = K 2
H = (0.0000129) . (55.55)
760 mm Hg = 0.000716
=
4.27 # 105 mm Hg = 0.716 × 10–3 Mol
= 177.98 × 10–5 nN2 = 0.716 Millimol
\  X = 1.78 × 10–3
Self Practice
25. Suggest the most important type of XX Henry’s law constant for the molality of
intermolecular attractive interaction in the methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105
following pairs. mm Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane
(i) n-hexane and n-octane in benzene at 298 K under 550 mm Hg. 
(ii) I2 and CCl4  [ Ans. 1.28 × 10–3 ]
(iii) NaClO4 and water XX The partial pressure of ethane over a solution
(iv) methanol and acetone containing 8.56 × 10–3g of ethane is 1 bar. If
(v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O). the solution contains 5.00 × 10−2g of ethane,
 (Exercise Q.1.23) [ 1 Mark ] then what will be the partial pressure of gas ?
XX (i) Van der Waal's forces of attraction.  [ Ans. 5.84 bar ]
XX H2S a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is
(ii) Van der Waal's forces of attraction.
used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility
(iii) Ion-dipole interaction.
of H2S in water at STP is 0.185 m, calculate
(iv) Dipole-dipole interaction.
Henry's law constant.  [ Ans. 303.03 bar ]
(v) Dipole-dipole interaction.
32
 1. Solution
7. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is
Intext Questions 1.67  ×  108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity
of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed
6. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell,
under 2.5   atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
is used for the qualitative analysis. If (Intext Q.1.7) [ 2 Marks ]

the solubility of H2S in water at STP is
XX KH = 1.67 × 108 Pa, Quantity of CO2 = (?)
0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant.
PCO = 2.5 atm
 (Intext Q.1.6) [ 2 Marks ] 2
= 2.5 × 1.013 × 105 Pa
XX At STP PH2S = 0.987 bar, KH = (?) = 2.53 × 105 Pa
XX According to H enry's Law.
0.195 m H2S solution means 0.195 Mol H2S P =K . X
CO 2 H CO 2
present in 1000 g of Water.
2.53 × 10 Pa = 1.67 × 108 . XCO
5
2
nH2S = 0.195 2.53 # 10
5
\ XCO = = 1.51 × 10–3
1000 2 1.67 # 108
nH2O = 18
Mole of H2O ` n H2 O j = 18 = 27.78
500
= 55.55 nCO
2
nH XCO = n +n
2S 2 CO H 2O
xH2S = 2
Total Moles
nCO << nH
2 2O
0.195 nCO
= 55.745
\ XCO
2
= n
2 H 2O
= 0.00349 nCO
\ 1.51 × 10–3 = 27.78
2

PH2S = KH × H2S
\ nCO = 41.94 × 10–3
pH 2
2S
\ KH = x WCO
\ M = 41.94 × 10–3
H 2
2S
CO 2
0.987
= 0.00349 \ WCO = 1845.55 × 10–3
2

\ KH = 282.8 bar \ WCO = 1.845 g

2

1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

XX The French chemist, Francois Marte Raoult
Theory Questions gave the quantitative relationship between them.
The relationship is known as the Raoult's law
7. Explain Raoult's Law for volatile solute and XX “For a solution of volatile liquids the partial
Volatile solvent and derive formula for total vapour pressure of each component of the
vapour pressure with graph.  [ 4 Marks ] solution is directly proportional to its mole
XX Let us consider a binary solution of two volatile fraction present in solution.”
XX For component – 1.
liquids and denote the two components as 1 and 2.
p1 ∝ x1
XX When taken in a closed vessel, both the
\ p1 = p1o . x1
components would evaporate and eventually where p1o is the vapour pressure of
an equilibrium would be established between pure   component    1
vapour phase and the liquid phase. XX Similarly for component – 2
XX Suppose p1 and p2 partial vapour pressure of p2 ∝ x2
component 1 and 2 and x1 and x2 are Mole- \ p2 = p 2o . x2
Fraction of component 1 and 2 respectively. where p 2o is the vapour pressure of pure component   2
33
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
XX
According to Dalton's law of partial pressures, XX If y1 and y2 are the mole-fraction of the component
XX
Total pressure over the solution phase in 1 and 2 respectively in vapour phase then,
the container will be the sum of the partial XX Using Dalton's Law of partial pressure
pressures of the components of the solution p1 = y1 . pTotal
pTotal = p1 + p2 p2 = y2 . pTotal
= p o . x + p o . x XX In general
1 1 2 2
= p1o (1 – x2) + p 2o
.x pi = yi pTotal
2
= p1o – p1o . x2 + p 2o . x2 8. Explain Raoult's Law as a special case of
pTotal = + – p1o x2( p 2o p1o ) Henry's Law  [ 2 Marks ]
XX Following conclusions can be drawn from above XX According to Raoult's law, the vapour pressure
equation of a volatile component in a given solution is
(i) Total vapour pressure over the solution can given by
be related to the mole fraction of any one p1 = p . x1
component. XX According to henry's Law solubility of gasous
(ii) Total vapour pressure over the solution varies solute in liquid solvent is given by
linearly with the mole fraction of component 2. p = KH . x
(iii) Depending on the vapour pressures of the pure XX If we compare the equations for Raoult's law
components 1 and 2, total vapour pressure over and Henry's law, it can be seen that the partial
the solution decreases or increases with the pressure of the volatile component or gas is directly
increase of the mole fraction of component 1. proportional to its mole fraction in solution.
XX A plot of p1 or p2 versus the mole fractions x1 XX Only the proportionality constant KH differs from p .
and x2 for a solution gives a linear plot as shown XX Thus, Raoult's law becomes a special case of
in Fig. Henry's law in which KH becomes equal to p .
III p20 9. Explain vapour pressure of solutions of solids
= p1
+ p2 in liquids.  [ 3 Marks ]
p Tota l II
XX
Vapour pressure →

Liquids at a given temperature vapourise and

0 under equilibrium conditions the pressure exerted
p1
p2 by the vapours of the liquid over the liquid phase
is called vapour pressure

p
1
I

x1 = 1 Mole fraction x1 = 0
x2 = 0 x2 → x2 = 1
1 mol of solvent
XX These lines (I and II) pass through the points for Pure Solvent 1 mol of solute
which x1 and x2 are equal to unity.
XX Similarly the plot (line III) of ptotal versus x2 is
Solvent Solute
also linear Fig. (a) (b)
XX The minimum value of pTotal is p1o and the Decrease in the vapour pressure of the solvent on account
maximum value is p 2o , assuming that component of the presence of solute in the solvent (a) evaporation
–1 is less volatile than component –2 ( p1o < p 2o ) of the molecules of the solvent from its surface is
XX The composition of vapour phase in equilibrium denoted by , (b) in a solution, solute particles have
with the solution is determined by the partial been denoted by and they also occupy part of the
pressures of the components. surface area.
34
 1. Solution
XX In a pure liquid [Fig. a] the entire surface is Explanation note
occupied by the molecules of the liquid. If a
non-volatile solute is added to a solvent to give XX Students read the question properly when it
a solution [Fig. b] the vapour pressure of the is asked Raoult's law.
solution is solely from the solvent alone. XX If they have asked Raoult's law for volatile
XX This vapour pressure of the solution at a given then answer is different.
temperature is found to be lower than the
XX In the same way they have asked for non
vapour pressure of the pure solvent at the same
volatile then answer is different.
temperature.
XX In the solution, the surface has both solute
and solvent molecules thereby the fraction of
Exercise Questions
the surface covered by the solvent molecules
gets reduced. Consequently, the number of 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol–1) was
26.
solvent molecules escaping from the surface
dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass
is correspondingly reduced, thus, the vapour
180 g mol–1). The vapour pressure of pure
pressure is also reduced.
liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate
XX The decrease in the vapour pressure of solvent
the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its
depends on the quantity of non-volatile solute
vapour pressure in the solution if the total
present in the solution, irrespective of its nature.
vapour pressure of the solution is 475 torr.
XX For example, decrease in the vapour pressure of
 (Exercise Q.1.36) [ 3 Marks ]
water by adding 1.0 mol of sucrose to one kg
of water is nearly similar to that produced by XX liquid = A liquid =B
adding 1.0 mol of urea to the same quantity of WA = 100 g WB = 1000 g
water at the same temperature. MA = 140 g.Mol–1 MB = 180 g.Mol–1
XX Raoult's law : p Ao = (?) p Bo = 500 torr
hh “Any solution the partial vapour pressure pA = (?)
of each volatile component in the solution
pTotal = 475 torr
is directly proportional to its mole fraction.”
WA 100
XX In Binary solution p1 is vapour pressure of the XX Moles of liquid–A (nA) = M = 140 = 0.714
A
solvent and x1 is mole-fraction.
p1 ∝ x1 WB 1000
XX Moles of liquid–B (nB) = M = 180 = 5.55
\ p1 = p . x1 B
0714
Vapour pressure XX Mole-fraction of liquid–A (xA) = 0714  555
of pure solvent
= 0.114
XX Mole-fraction of liquid–B (xB) = 1 – 0.114
= 0.886
Vapour pressure

pTotal = p A xA + p Bo . xB
o .

475 = p Ao . (0.114) + (500)(0.886)

\ 475 = p Ao . (0.114) + 443
\ 475 – 443 = p Ao . (0.114)
\ 32 = p Ao . (0.114)
0 Mole fraction of solvent 1 \ p Ao = 280.7 torr
xsolvent XX Vapour pressure of pure liquid A is 280.7 torr
XX The proportionality constant is equal to the XX Vapour pressure of liq–A in solution
vapour pressure of pure solvent, p pA = p Ao . xA
XX A plot between the vapour pressure and the mole = (280.7) . (0.114)
fraction of the solvent is linear pA = 32 torr
35
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
27. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. XX Molar mass of Benzene(C6H6)
At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two M1 = 6(12) + 6(1)
liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa = 72 + 6
respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of
= 78 g.Mol–1
a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?
XX Molar mass of toluene(C6H5CH3)
 (Exercise Q.1.16) [ July 2023, 3 Marks ]
XX heptane = 1 octane = 2 M2 = 7(12) + 8(1)
0
p1 = 105.2 kPa
0
p 2 = 46.8 K.Pa = 84 + 8
W1 = 26.0 g W2 = 35 g = 92 g.Mol–1
pTotal = (?) W1 80
XX Molar mass of heptane (M1) = 7(C) + 16(H) XX Moles of benzene (n1) = M = 78 = 1.02
1
= 7(12) + 16(1)
W2 100
= 84 + 16 XX Moles of toluene (n2) = M = 92 = 1.087
= 100 g.Mol–1 2

Molar mass of Octane (M2) = 8(C) + 18(H) 102

XX Mole-fraction of benzene (x1) = 102  1087
= 8(12) + 18(1)
= 96 + 18 = 0.484
= 114 g.Mol–1 XX Mole-fraction of toluene (x2) = 1 – 0.484
W1
XX Moles of heptane (n1) = M = 0.515
1 XX According to Raoult's Law
26
= 100 p = p . x + p . x
Total  1  2
= 0.26 Mol = (50.71)(0.484) + (32.06)(0.515)
W2
Moles of octane (n2) = M = 24.54 + 16.51
2
35 = 41.05 mm Hg
= 114
XX
Mole-fraction of benzene in vapour phase,
= 0.31 Mol
026
p1 = y1 . pTotal
XX Mole-fraction of heptane (x1) = 026  031
\ p . x1 = y1 . pTotal
= 0.456 ]50.71g]0.484g
XX Mole-fraction of octane (x2) = 1 – 0.456 \
41.05
= y1
= 0.544
24.54
XX According to Raoult's Law \ y1 = 41.05 y1 = 0.6
pTotal = p1 + p2
= p10 . x1 + p 20 . x2
= (105.2)(0.456) + (46.8)(0.544)
Example Questions
= 47.97 + 25.459
5. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and
= 73.43 K.Pa
dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm
28. Benzene and toluene from ideal solution
over the entire range of composition. The Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate
vapour pressure of pure benzene and toluene the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by
at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40 g of CH2Cl2 at
Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction 298 K and (ii) mole fractions of each component
of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of in vapour phase.  (Example Q.1.5) [ 4 Marks ]
benzene is mixed with 100 g of toluene.
 (Exercise Q.1.38) [ 4 Marks ] XX CHCl3 – 1 CH2Cl2 – 2
XX Benzene – 1 Benzene – 2 W1 = 25.5 g W2 = 40 g
0 0 M1 = 119.5 g.mol–1 M2 = 85 g.mol–1
p1 = 50.71 mm Hg p2 = 32.06 mm Hg
W1 = 80 g W2 = 100 g p1o = 200 mm Hg p 2o = 415 mm Hg
y1 = (?) pTotal = (?) , y1 = (?) , y2 = (?)
36
 1. Solution
W1 25.5 W1 50
(i) Moles of CHCl3(n1) = Μ = 119.5 = 0.213 (i) Moles of CHCl3(n1) = Μ = 119.5 = 0.418 mol
1 1

W2 W2 30
40 Moles of CH2Cl2(n2) = Μ = 85 = 0.35 mol
Moles of CH2Cl2(n2) = Μ = 85 = 0.470
2 2

Total Moles = 0.418 + 0.35

Total Moles = 0.213 + 0.470 = 0.683
= 0.768 mol
n1 n1
XX Mole-Fraction of CHCl3(X1) = XX Mole-Fraction of CHCl3(X1) =
Total Moles Total Moles
0.213 0.418
= 0.683 = 0.768

= 0.312 = 0.544
XX Mole-Fraction of CH2Cl2 (X2) : XX Mole-Fraction of CH2Cl2 (X2) :

X1 + X2 = 1 X1 + X2 = 1

\ X2 = 1 – X1 \ X 2 = 1 – X1
= 1 – 0.544
= 1 – 0.312
\ X2 = 0.456
= 0.688
pTotal = p1o + X2( p 2o – p1o )
pTotal = p1o + X2( p 2o – p1o )
= 200 + 0.456 (415 – 200)
= 200 + 0.688 (415 – 200)
= 200 + 0.456 (215)
= 200 + 0.688 (215) = 200 + 98.04
= 200 + 147.92 pTotal = 298.04 mm Hg
pTotal = 347.92 mm Hg (ii) p1 = y1 . pTotal p2 = y2 . pTotal
0 0
(ii) p1 = y1 . pTotal p2 = y2 . pTotal p1 $ X1 p2 $ X2
\ y1 = p \ y2 = p
0 0 Total Total
p1 $ X1 p2 $ X2
\ y1 = p \ y2 = p ]200g]0.544g ]415g $ ]0.456g
Total Total \ y1 = 298.04
\ y2 = 298.04
]200g]0.312g ]415g $ ]0.688g
\ y1 = \ y2 = 108.8 189.24
347.92 347.92 \ y1 = 298.04 \ y2 = 298.04
\ y1 = 0.18 \ y2 = 0.82 \ y1 = 0.365 \ y2 = 0.634

6. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and

Self Practice
dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm
XX The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B
Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate
are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K.
the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by Find out the composition of the liquid mixture
mixing 50 g of CHCl3 and 30 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 if total vapour pressure is 500 mm Hg. Also
K and, (ii) mole fractions of each component in find the composition of the vapour phase. 
vapour phase.  [March 2023, 4 Marks]  [ Ans. 0.72, 0.28 ]
XX Heptane and octane form an ideal solution.
XX CHCl3 – 1 CH2Cl2 – 2
At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two
W1 = 50 g W2 = 30 g liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa
–1
M1 = 119.5 g.mol M2 = 85 g.mol–1 respectively. What will be the vapour pressure
p1o = 200 mm Hg p 2o = 415 mm Hg of a mixture of 28 g of heptane and 32 g of
pTotal = (?) , y1 = (?) , y2 = (?) octane ?  [ Ans. 76 K.Pa ]
37
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

1.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions

XX At molecular level, ideal behaviour of the
Theory Questions solutions can be explained by considering two
components A and B. In pure components, the
10. What is azeotropes ? Explain it's Types.
intermolecular attractive interactions will be
 [ 3 Marks ]
of types A-A and B-B, where as in the binary
XX “Some liquids on mixing, from azeotropes solutions in addition to these two interactions,
which are binary mixtures having the same A-B type of interactions will also be present.
composition in liquid and vapour phase and XX If the intermolecular attractive forces between the
boil at a constant temperature.” A-A and B-B are nearly equal to those between
XX In such cases, it is not possible to separate the A-B, this leads to the formation of ideal solution.
components by fractional distillation. XX Example of ideal solution :
XX There are two types of azeotropes hh n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and
(1) Minimum boiling azeotrope : chloroethane, benzene and toluene, etc.
XX “The solutions which show is large positive
deviation from Raoult's law form minimum Exercise Questions
boiling azeotrope at a specific composition.”
XX For example, ethanol-water mixture (obtained by 29. What are Non ideal solutions ? Explain
fermentation of sugars) on fractional distillation Non-ideal solutions with positive and
gives a solution containing approximately 95% Negative deviation.
by volume of ethanol. Once this composition, OR
known as azeotrope composition, has been What is meant by positive and negative
achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same deviations from Raoult's law and how is
composition, and no further separation occurs. the sign of DmixH related to positive and
(2) Maximum boiling azeotrope : negative deviations from Raoult's law ?
XX “The solutions that show large negative deviation  (Exercise Q.1.14) [ 4 Marks ]
from Raoult's law form maximum boiling XX “The solutions which does not follows Raoult's
azeotrope at a specific composition.” law over the entire range of concentration are
XX Nitric acid and water is an example of this class known as Non ideal solutions.”
of azeotrope. This azeotrope has the approximate XX The vapour pressure of such a solution is either
composition, 68% nitric acid and 32% water by higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult's law
mass, with a boiling point of 393.5 K. XX If it is higher, the solution exhibits positive
What is ideal Solution ? Explain with deviation and if it is lower, it exhibits negative
11.
examples. [ 3 Marks ] deviation from Raoult's law.
XX For Non-ideal solution Dmix H ≠ 0 and Dmix V ≠ 0
XX “The solutions which follows Raoult's law over
(1) Positive deviation :
the entire range of concentration are known
XX “In positive deviation vapour pressure of solution
as ideal solutions.”
is higher than that of Raoult's law.”
XX The enthalpy of mixing of the pure components
XX In positive deviation Dmix H > 0, Dmix V > 0
to form the solution is zero and the volume of
XX In case of positive deviation from Raoult's law,
mixing is also zero,
A-B interactions are weaker than those between
∆mix H = 0 ∆mix V = 0 A-A or B-B.
XX It means that no heat is absorbed or evolved XX In this case the intermolecular attractive forces
when the components are mixed. between the solute-solvent molecules are
XX The volume of solution would be equal to the weaker than those between the solute-solute and
sum of volumes of the two components. solvent-solvent molecules.
38
 1. Solution
Vapour pressure Vapour pressure
of solution of solution

Vapour pressure
Vapour pressure
P2
P1

P2
P
1

x1 = 0 Mole fraction x1 = 1 x1 = 0 Mole fraction x1 = 1

x2 = 1 x1 → x2 = 0 x2 = 1 x1 → x2 = 0
← x2 ← x2
CH3 Cl
XX This means that in such solutions, molecules C=O- -H–C Cl
of A (or B) will find it easier to escape than CH3 Cl
in pure state. This will increase the vapour
XX This decreases the escaping tendency of
pressure and result in positive deviation.
molecules for each component and consequently
XX Mixtures of ethanol and acetone behave in this
the vapour pressure decreases resulting in
manner. In pure ethanol, molecules are hydrogen
bonded. On adding acetone, its molecules get negative deviation from Raoult's law
in between the host molecules and break some What role does the molecular interaction
30.
of the hydrogen bonds between them. Due to
play in a solution of alcohol and water ?
weakening of interactions, the solution shows
 (Exercise Q.1.10) [ 2 Marks ]
positive deviation from Raoult's law.
XX In a solution formed by adding carbon disulphide XX In pure alcohol and water, the molecules are
to acetone, the dipolar interactions between held tightly by a strong hydrogen bonding. The
solute-solvent molecules are weaker than the interaction between the molecules of alcohol
respective interactions among the solute-solute and water is weaker than alcohol-alcohol and
and solvent-solvent molecules. This solution water-water interactions.
also shows positive deviation. XX As a result, when alcohol and water are mixed,
(2) Negative deviation : the intermolecular interactions become weaker
XX “In negative deviation the vapour pressure of and the molecules can easily escape. This
solution is lower than that of Raoult's Law.” increases the vapour pressure of the solution,
XX In negative deviation Dmix H < 0, Dmix V < 0
which in turn lowers the boiling point of the
XX In case of negative deviations from Raoult's
resulting solution.
law, the intermolecular attractive forces between
A-A and B-B are weaker than those between 31.Vapour pressures of pure acetone and chloroform
A-B and leads to decrease in vapour pressure at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm
resulting in negative deviations. Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal
XX Mixture of phenol and aniline is show negative
solution over the entire range of composition,
deviation. the intermolecular hydrogen bonding
plot ptotal, pchloroform, and pacetone as a function
between phenolic proton and lone pair on
of xacetone. The experimental data observed for
nitrogen atom of aniline is stronger than the
respective intermolecular hydrogen bonding different compositions of mixture is :
between similar molecules. 100 X xacetone 0 11.8 23.4 36.0
XX Mixture of chloroform and acetone forms a 50.8 58.2 64.5 72.1
solution with negative deviation from Raoult's pacetone/mm Hg 0 54.9 110.1 202.4
law. This is because chloroform molecule is able 322.7 405.9 454.1 521.1
to form hydrogen bond with acetone molecule pchloroform/mm Hg 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7
as shown. 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7
39
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
Plot this data also on the same graph paper.
Indicate whether it has positive deviation or Intext Questions
negative deviation from the ideal solution. 
8. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are
 (Exercise Q.1.37) [ 4 Marks ]
450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out
the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour
xacetone 0 0.118 0.234 0.360 0.508 0.582 0.645 0.721 pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition
of the vapour phase.  (Intext Q.1.8) [ 3 Marks ]
pacetone 0 54.9 110.1 202.4 322.7 405.9 454.1 527.1 XX liquid – A liquid – B
o
p A = 450 mm Hg p Bo = 700 mm Hg
xA = (?) xB = (?)
pchloroform 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7
pTotal = 600 mm Hg
yA = (?) yB = (?)
pTotal 632.8 603.0 579.5 562.1 580.4 599.5 615.3 641.8 XX According to Raoult's Law
pTotal = p Ao + xB( p Bo – p Ao )
800 \ 600 = 450 + xB(700 – 450)
\ 600 = 450 + 250 xB
700
ptotal \ 600 – 450 = 250 xB

600 150
\ 250 = xB
500
pchloroform \ xB = 0.6
400 xA + xB = 1
\ xA = 1 – xB
300
= 1 – 0.6
200 \ xA = 0.4
pacetone XX Composition in Vapour phase,
100
pA = yA . pTotal yA + yB = 1
p Ao $ xA \ yB = 1 – yA
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 \ p = yA
Total = 1 – 0.3
XX In the graph ptotal of the solution curves 450 # 0.40
\ yA = 600 \ yB = 0.7
downwards. Therefore the solution shows
negative deviation from the ideal behaviour. \ yA = 0.3

1.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass

Theory Questions
12. What is colligative properties ? Write 13. Write Raoult's Law for Non-Volatile solute
colligative properties of solution. [ 2 Marks ] and volatile solvent and derive it's formula.
XX “Colligative properties of solution depend on
 [ 4 Marks ]
XX The vapour pressure of a solvent in solution is
the number of solute particles and does not
less than that of the pure solvent.
depend on the nature of solute.” XX Raoult established that the lowering of vapour
XX There are 4 types of colligative properties. pressure depends only on the concentration of
(1) relative lowering of vapour pressure of the the solute particles and it is independent of
solvent their identity.
(2) depression of freezing point of the solvent XX A relation between vapour pressure of the solution,
(3) elevation of boiling point of the solvent and mole fraction and vapour pressure of the solvent,
(4) osmotic pressure of the solution p1 = p10 . x1
40
 1. Solution
XX
The reduction in the vapour pressure of solvent XX Thus, the boiling point of a solution is always
(Dp1) is given as : higher than that of the boiling point of the pure
Dp1 = p10 – p1 solvent
\ Dp1 = p10 – p10 . x1 Boiling point of
Solvent Solution
\ Dp1 = 0
p1 (1 – x1) 1.013 bar
\ Dp1 = 0
p1 x2 or 1 Atm
t
XX The lowering of the vapour pressure is directly en
o lv ion
proportional to mole-Fraction of solute. S lut
So

Vapour pressure
3 p1
\ 0 = x2
p1
p1 − p1
0
∆Tb
\
0 = x2 Tb
o
Tb
p1
Temperature  /  K
p1 − p1
0
n2 n2
\
= n +n fa x2  p T b0
p1
0
1 2
n1  n2 XX Let be the boiling point of pure solvent and
Tb be the boiling point of solution. The increase
Where, n1 = Moles of solvent
in the boiling point DTb = Tb – T b0 is known as
n2 = Moles of solute
XX For dilute solutions n2 << n1 elevation of boiling point.
XX Experiments have shown that for dilute solutions
p1 − p1
0
n2
= n the elevation of boiling point (DTb) is directly
0
p1 1
proportional to the molal concentration of the
p1 − p1
0
W2 # M1 solute in a solution.
\
= M #W
0
p1 2 1 DTb ∝ m
Where, W1 = Weight of solvent \ DTb = Kb . m ....(1)
W2 = Weight of solute Where, Kb is called Boiling Point Elevation
M1 = Molar mass of solvent Constant or Molal Elevation Constant
M2 = Molar mass of solute (Ebullioscopic Constant).
0
p1 = Vapour pressure of pure solvent XX Molal elevation Constant :
p1 = Vapour pressure of solution hh “Increase in boiling point of a solution
prepared by dissolving one gram molar
14. What is boiling point ? What is elevation
mass of Non volatile solute in one kg
of boiling point ? Explain Molal elevation
of solvent is called as Molal elevation
constant and derive It's formula. [ 4 Marks ]
constant.”
XX Boiling Point : XX Unit of Kb = K . kg.Mol–1
hh “The temperature at which, the vapour XX If w2 gram of solute of molar mass M2 is
pressure of solution is equal to the
dissolved in w1 gram of solvent, then molality,
atmospheric pressure, such temperature is
m of the solution is given by the expression :
known as boiling point of such solution.”
W2 # 1000
XX For example, water boils at 373.15 K (100° C) m= M 2 # W1
because at this temperature the vapour pressure
of water is 1.013 bar (1 atmosphere). Substituting value of molality in eq. (1)
XX Vapour pressure of the solvent decreases in the Kb # 1000 # w2
presence of non-volatile solute. DTb = M2 # w1
XX The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution
1000 # w2 # Kb
of sucrose is less than 1.013 bar at 373.15 K. M2 =
3 Tb # w1
In order to make this solution boil, its vapour
pressure must be increased to 1.013 bar by Where, w2 = wt. of Solute
raising the temperature above the boiling w1 = wt. of Solvent
temperature of the pure solvent (water). M2 = Molar mass of Solute
41
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
15. What is depression of Freezing point ? XX The unit of Kf is k. kg.mol–1
What is molal depression constant (Kf) ? W2 # 1000
m=
Derive it's formula of finding molar mass M 2 # W1
of solute. [ 4 Marks ] XX Substituting this value of molality in eq. (1)
W2 # 1000
XX Freezing point of a substance may be defined as, DTf = Kf . M 2 # W1
“the temperature at which the vapour pressure
of the substance in its liquid phase is equal to W2 # 1000
\ M2 = Kf .
its vapour pressure in the solid phase” 3 T f # W1
XX A solution will freeze when its vapour pressure Where, W2 = wt. of solute
equals the vapour pressure of the pure solid W1 = wt. of solvent
solvent. M2 = Molar mass of solute
XX According to Raoult's law, when a non-volatile 16. How to find out Kb and Kf ?  [ 2 Marks ]
solid is added to the solvent its vapour pressure
R # M1 # T f2
decreases and now it would become equal to XX Kf =
1000 # 3 Fus H
that of solid solvent at lower temperature.
XX Thus, the freezing point of the solvent decreases. R # M1 # T b2
Kb =
1000 # 3 vap H

ent
Where R = gas constant
s olv M1 = Molar mass of solvent
id
liqu
on Tf = Freezing point of pure solvent
o l uti
s Tb = Boiling point of pure solvent.
t
lven DFusH = Fusion enthalpy
so
Vapour pressure

n DvapH = Vapourisation enthalpy

ze
fro
17. What is semi permeable membrane ? Give
examples. [ 2 Marks ]
∆Tf XX The membrane which allows only the small
molecule of solvent to pass but can not pass solute
o molecule is known as semi permeable membrane.
Tf Tf
Example : Pig's bladder, parchment, cellophane
Temperature  /  K
XX These membranes appear to be continuous
XX Let T 0f
be the freezing point of pure solvent sheets or films, yet they contain a network of
and be its freezing point when non-volatile submicroscopic holes or pores.
solute is dissolved in it. The decrease in freezing 18. Explain reverse osmosis for purification of
point. water. [ 2 Marks ]
XX DTf = T 0f – Tf is known as depression in XX The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a
freezing point. pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is
XX Depression of freezing point (DTf) for dilute applied to the solution side. That is, now the pure
solution is directly proportional to molality (m) solvent flows out of the solution through the semi
of the solution. permeable membrane. This phenomenon is called
DTf ∝ m reverse osmosis.
Piston
\ DTf = Kf . m .....(1)
Pressure > π
where, Kf =Molal Depression Constant
OR Fresh water Salt water
Freezing point depression Constant
OR water
Cryoscopic constant outlet SPM
42
 1. Solution
XX Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of sea XX The flow will continue till the equilibrium is
water. attained
XX When pressure is more than osmotic pressure is XX The flow of the solvent from its side to solution
applied, pure water is squeezed out of the sea side across a semipermeable membrane can be
water through the membrane. A variety of polymer stopped if some extra pressure is applied on
membranes are available for this purpose. the solution. This pressure that just stops the
XX The pressure required for the reverse osmosis is flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of
quite high. A workable porous membrane is a the solution.
film of cellulose acetate placed over a suitable Patm + π Patm
support. Cellulose acetate is permeable to water
but impermeable to impurities and ions present
in sea water.
XX These days many countries use desalination
plants to meet their potable water requirements.

19. Which method is most suitable to determine

SPM
molecular mass of polymer ?  [ 2 Marks ]
XX Measurement of osmotic pressure provides
another method of determining molar masses
Solution Solvent
of solutes. This method is widely used to
determine molar masses of proteins, polymers XX The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess
and other marco molecules. pressure that must be applied to a solution to
XX The osmotic pressure method has the advantage prevent osmosis,
over other methods as pressure measurement is XX Osmotic pressure is a colligative property as it
around the room temperature and the molarity depends on the number of solute molecules and
of the solution is used instead of molality. not on their identity.
XX As compared to other colligative properties, XX osmotic pressure is proportional to the molarity,
its magnitude is large even for very dilute C of the solution at a given temperature T.
solutions. The technique of osmotic pressure p = CRT
for determination of molar mass of solutes is Where, p = Osmotic pressure
particularly useful for biomolecules as they are R = gas constant
generally not stable at higher temperatures and n2 RT n2
\  p = ea C = o
polymers have poor solubility. V V
W2 RT
20. What is Osmosis ? What is Osmotic p= M V
Pressure ? Derive it's formula.  [ 4 Marks ] 2
W2 = Wt. of Solute
XX If semi permeable membrane is placed between M2 = Molar mass of Solute
the solvent and solution as shown fig. the solvent V = Volume of Solution(L)
molecules will flow through the membrane from T = Temperature
pure solvent to the solution. This process of flow
of the solvent is called osmosis. Explanation note
Semi-permeable membrane XX Based on the formula of different colligative
properties such as

Solvent molecule hh Elevation in boiling point

Solvent hh depression in freezing point
Solution
hh lowering of vapour pressure of solvent
Solute molecule
hh osmotic pressure of solution sums can
Direction of movement be formed
of solvent molecules
43
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
21. What is Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic \ 1.013
0.009 36
= M # 98
Solution? [ 3 Marks ] 2
36 # 1.013
XX Isotonic Solution : \ M2 = 0.009 # 98
hh Two solutions having same osmotic pressure = 41.35 g/Mol–1
at a given temperature are called isotonic
solutions. 33. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa
hh When such solutions are separated by at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1
semipermeable membrane no osmosis occurs molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
between them.  (Exercise Q.1.17) [ 2 Marks ]
hh For example, the osmotic pressure associated XX
0
p1 = 12.3 kPa
with the fluid inside the blood cell is p1 = (?)
equivalent to that of 0.9% (mass/volume) 1 Molal solution means that 1 mole of solute in
sodium chloride solution, 1000 g of solvent
XX Hypertonic Solution : 1000
n2 = 1, n1 = = 55.55
hh The solution which possess more osmotic 18
p1 − p1
0
pressure with respect to other solution is n2
= n1 + n2
known as hypertonic solution. p
0
1
hh e.g. if we place the cells in a solution 123  p1 1
containing more than 0.9% (mass/volume) 123
= 56.55
sodium chloride, water will flow out of the 1 # 12.3
\ 12.3 – p1 = 56.55
cells and they would shrink. Such a solution
is called hypertonic. \ 12.3 – p1 = 0.2175
XX Hypotonic Solution : \ p1 = 12.3 – 0.2175
hh The solution which possess less osmotic \ p1 = 12.08 K.Pa
pressure with respect to other solution is
34. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute
known as hypotonic solution.
(molar mass 40 g mol–1) which should be
hh e.g. : If the salt concentration is less than
dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its
0.9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to
vapour pressure to 80%.
be hypotonic. In this case, water will flow
 (Exercise Q.1.18) [ 2 Marks ]
into the cells placed in the solution and
they would swell. XX Vapour pressure of pure octane be p10
80
Vapour pressure of solution = 100 p10
Exercise Questions
= 0.8 p10
32. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile W2 = (?) M2 = 40 g.mol–1
solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at W1 = 114 g M1 = (8 × 12) + (18 × 1)
the normal boiling point of the solvent. = 96 + 18
What is the molar mass of the solute ? = 114 g.Mol–1
 (Exercise Q.1.15) [ 2 Marks ]
p1 − p1
0
W2 # M1
XX 2% non-volatile solution means 0 = M #W
p1 2 1
W2 = 2 g M2 = (?)
p1  08p1 W2 # 14
0 0
W1 = 98 g M1 = 18 g.Mol–1 = 0 # 14
0 p10
p1 = 1.004 bar p1 = 1.013 bar
0.2 p1 W2 # 14
0
p1 − p1 \
0
W2 # M1 = 0 # 14
0 = M #W p10
p1 2 1
\ 0.2 × 40 = W2
1013  1004 2 # 18
1013
= M # 98 \ W2 = 8 g
2
44
 1. Solution
35. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile \ 1 – 5 + M
5
=
2.9
solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour p10
pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 5M5 2.9
\ 5M
=
g of water is then added to the solution p10
and the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 M 2.9
\ 5+M = .....(2)
kPa at 298 K. Calculate : p10
(i) molar mass of the solute XX Now ratio of eq. (1) & (2)
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K. 2.8
 (Exercise Q.1.19) [ 4 Marks ] M
6+M p10
M = 2.9
XX
W2 = 30 g W1 = 90 g 5+M p10
M2 = (?) p1 = 2.8 kPa
5+M 2.8
0
p1 = (?) \ 6+M = 2.9
W2
\ (5 + M) 2.9 = (6 + M) 2.8
p1 − p1
0
M2
0 = W2 W1
\ 14.5 + 2.9 M = 16.8 + 2.8 M
p1
M2
+ M1 \ 2.9 M – 2.8 M = 2.3
\ 0.1 M = 2.3
p1  28
0 30
\ =
M \ M = 23 g/Mol
p10 30
M
+ 18
90
XX Substituting value of M in eq. (1)
30 M 2.8
2.8 6+M
=
\ 1 – 0
M
= p10
p1 30
M
+5
23 2.8
30 \ 6 + 23 =
2.8 p10
\ 1 –
M
0 = 30 + 5M
p1 2.8 # 29
M
\ p10 = 23
2.8 30
\ 1 – =
p10 5 ^6 + Mh = 3.53 kPa
2.8 6 36. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is
\ 1 – 0 = 6+M
p1 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour
\ 1 – 6 + M
6
=
2.8 pressure of water at 293 K when 25 g
of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
0
p1
6M6 2.8  (Exercise Q.1.34) [ 2 Marks ]
\ 6M
= 0
p1 XX W2 = 25 g W1 = 450 g
M 2.8 M2 = 180 g.Mol–1 M1 = 18 g.Mol–1
\ 6+M = 0 .....(1) 0
p1 p1 = 17.535 p1 = (?)
XX after adding 18 g of water W1 450
n1 = M = 18 = 25
p10  29
30
1
M
= W2 25
0
p1
30
M
+ 108
18
n2 = M = 180 = 0.14
2
30
2.9 p10 − p1 n2
\ 1 –
M
= \ = n +n
p10
30
M
+6 p10 1 2

2.9
30
17535  p1 0.14
\ 1 – 0 =
M
30 + 6M
\ 17535
= 25.14
p1 M
0.14 # 17.535
2.9 30 \ 17.535 – p1 =
25.14
\ 1 – =
p10 6 ^5 + Mh
\ 17.535 – p1 = 0.0976

2.9 5 \ p1 = 17.535 – 0.0976
\ 1 – 0 = 5+M
p1 = 17.44 mm Hg
45
Standard 12 science (EM) : Chemistry - 003
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
37. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in For AB4 : W2 = 1 g W1 = 20 g
water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate DTf = 1.3 K MAB4 = (?)
the freezing point of 5% glucose in water 5.1 # 1 # 1000
MAB4 = 1.3 # 20
if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
 (Exercise Q.1.20) [ 3 Marks ] = 196.15 g.Mol–1
A + 2B = 110.87
XX Cane Sugar : 5% W/W
A + 4B = 196.15
W2 = 5 g W1 = 95 g
0
– – –
M2 = 342 g/Mol Tf = 271 K, T f = 273.15 K
– 2B = – 85.28
DTf = T 0f – Tf \ B = 42.64 u
= 273.15 – 271 XX putting value of B in eq.
= 2.15 K A + 2B = 110.87
W2 # 1000 A + 2(42.64) = 110.87
DTf = Kf . M2 # W1 A + 85.28 = 110.87
3 T f # M2 # W1
A = 25.59 u
\ Kf = W2 # 1000 39. The depression in freezing point of water
2.15 # 342 # 95 observed for the same amount of acetic
= 5 # 1000 acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic
Kf = 13.97 K.kg.Mol–1 acid increases in the order given above.
XX glucose : 5% W/W Explain briefly. (Exercise Q.1.31) [ 2 Marks ]
W2 = 5g W1 = 95 g H Cl F
M2 = 180 g.Mol–1 DTf = (?) H C COOH Cl C COOH F C COOH
W2 # 1000 H Cl F
DTf = Kf . M # W Acetic acid Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid
2 1
5 # 1000 XX Among H, Cl, and F, H is least electronegative while
= 13.97 × 180 # 95
F is most electronegative. Then, F can withdraw
DTf = 4.08 K electrons towards itself more than Cl and H.
\ DTf = T 0f – Tf XX Thus, trifluoroacetic acid can easily lose H+
\ 4.08 = 273.15 – Tf ions i.e., trifluoroacetic acid ionizes to the
\ Tf = 273.15 – 4.08 largest extent. Now, the more ions produced,
= 269.06 K the greater is the depression of the freezing
point. Hence, the depression in the freezing
38. Two elements A and B form compounds point increases in the order :
having formula AB2 and AB4. When XX Acetic acid < trichloroacetic acid < trifluoroacetic
dissolved in 20 g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g acid
of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K
whereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. 40. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in
a litre of its solution has an osmotic
The molar depression constant for benzene
pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic
is 5.1 K kg mol–1. Calculate atomic masses
pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at
of A and B.
the same temperature, what would be its
 (Exercise Q.1.21) [March-2020, 4 Marks ]
concentration ? (Exercise Q.1.22) [ 2 Marks ]
W2 # 1000
XX M2 = Kf . XX T = 300 K, W2 = 36 g, M2 = 180 g.mol–1
3 T f # W1
p = 1.52 bar, C = (?)
For AB2 : W2 = 1 g W1 = 20 g p = CRT
MAB2 = (?) DTf = 2.3 K 1.52 = C × 0.083 × 300
Kf = 5.1 K.kg.Mol–1 1.52
\ C = 0.083 # 300
5.1 # 1 # 1000 –1
MAB2 = 2.3 # 20
= 110.87 g.Mol
= 0.0602 Mol/L
46
 1. Solution
DTf = 2.25 K
Example Questions
DTf = T 0f – Tf
7. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg \ 2.25 = 273.15 – Tf

of water in a saucepan. At what temperature
\ Tf = 273.15 – 2.25

will water boil at 1.013 bar ? Kb for water is
Tf = 270.9 K
0.52 K kg mol–1.
 (Example Q.1.7) [July-2021, 2 Marks ] 10. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein
XX W2 = 18 g M2 = 180 g.mol–1 contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic
W1 = 1 kg Kb = 0.52 k.kg.Mol–1 pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found to
= 1000 g T b0 = 373.15 k be 2.57 × 10–3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of
Tb = (?) the protein.
W2 # 1000  (Example Q.1.11) [July-2021, 2 Marks ]
DTb = Kb . M 2 # W1
XX V = 200 cm3 = 200 ml = 0.2 L
18 # 1000
= 0.52 × 180 # 1000
W2 = 1.26 g, p = 2.57 × 10–3 bar
DTb = 0.052 K
T = 300 K M2 = (?)
DTb = Tb – T b0
\ 0.052 = Tb – 373.15
R = 0.083 L.bar.Mol–1.K–1
\ Tb = 373.15 + 0.052 = 373.202 K
W2 RT
p= M V
2
8. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 126 # 0083 # 300
\ M2 =
50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point 
257 # 10 3 # 02
of benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point = 61.0389 × 103
depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg
= 61,038.9 g.mol–1
mol–1. Find the molar mass of the solute.
 (Example Q.1.10) [ 2 Marks ] 11. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a
XX W2 = 1 g, W1 = 50 g, M2 = (?) certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile,
DTf = 0.40 K Kf = 5.12 K.kg.Mol–1 non-electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when
W2 # 1000 added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g
M2 = Kf .
3 T f # W1 mol–1). Vapour pressure of the solution, then, is
5.12 # 1 # 1000 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid
M2 = 0.40 # 50
substance ? (Example Q.1.6) [ 2 Marks ]
= 256 g.Mol–1
0
XX p1 = 0.850 bar p = 0.845 bar
9. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with
600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing point M1 = 78 g.Mol–1 W2 = 0.5 g
depression and (b) the freezing point of the
solution. (Example Q.1.9) [ 3 Marks ] M2 = (?) W1 = 39 g
XX W2 = 45 g W1 = 600 g p1 − p1
0
W2 # M1
M2 = 62 g.Mol –1
Kf = 1.86 K.kg.Mol –1 \ 0 = M #W
p1 2 1
DTf = (?) Tf = (?) 
0850 0845 0.5 # 78
\
0850
= M # 39
W2 # 1000 2
DTf = Kf . 0.005 0.5 # 78
M 2 # W1 \ 0.850 = M # 39
2
45 # 1000
= 1.86 × 62 # 600 \ M2 = 170 g.mol–1
47
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
12. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When W2 RT
1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved p = M V
2
in 90 g of benzene, the boiling point is raised 1 # 8.314 # 10 # 310
3
=
to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the 185000 # 0.45
solute. Kb for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol–1 = 0.030959 × 103 Pa
 (Example Q.1.8) [ 2 Marks ] p = 30.96 Pa
XX T b0 = 353.23 K W2 = 1.80 g 10. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is
Tb = 354.11 K W1 = 90 g 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH2CONH2) is
Kb = 2.53 K.kg.Mol–1 M2 = (?) dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the
DTb = Tb – T b0 vapour pressure of water for this solution and
= 354.11 – 353.23 its relative lowering.(Intext Q.1.9) [ 2 Marks ]
0
= 0.88 K XX p1 = 23.8 mm Hg W2 = 50 g
W2 # 1000 p1 = (?) M2 = 60 g.mol–1
DTb = Kb . M 2 # W1 W1 = 850 g
Relative Lowering = (?) M1 = 18 g.mol–1
1.80 # 1000
\  M2 = 2.53 × 0.88 # 90 p1 − p1
0
W2 # M1
\ 0 = M #W
= 57.5 g.Mol–1 p1 2 1
238  p1 50 # 18
Self Practice \ 238
= 60 # 850
XX Calculated the weight of urea which must \ 23.8 – p1 = 0.0176 × 23.8
be dissolved in 400gm of water so final \ 23.8 – p1 = 0.4058
solutions has vapour pressure 2% less than p1 = 23.8 – 0.4058
vapour pressure of pure water. [ Ans. 27.21] p1 = 23.4 mm Hg
XX 10 gm of a solute is dissolved in 80 gm of J 0 N
KKK p1 − p1 OOO
acetone vapour pressure of this solution = XX Relative lowering KK O = x2
K p10 OO
271 mm of Hg. If vapour pressure of acetone L P
is 283 mm of Hg. Calculate molar mass of W2 # M1
= M #W
solute. [ Ans. 163 gm/mol ] 2 1
XX 200 cm of an aqueous solution of a protein
3
50 # 18
= 60 # 850
contains 1.36 g of the protein. The osmotic
pressure of such a solution at 300 K is found = 0.0176
to be 2.57 × 10 bar. Calculate the molar
–3
11. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is
mass of the protein.  [ Ans. 65889 ]
99.63°C. How much sucross is to be added
XX Calculate the mass of ascorbic aic (vitamin
to 500 g of water such that it boils at
C,  C6H8O6) to be dissolved in 85 g of acetic
100°C.  (Intext Q.1.10) [ 2 Marks ]
acid to lower its melting point by 1.5°C.
XXW1 = 500 g W2 = (?)
Kf  =   3.9  K  kg  mol–1.  [ Ans. 5.75 gm ]
Tb = 99.63°C M2 = 342 g.Mol–1
T b0 = 100°C
Intext Questions DTb = T b0 – Tb
= 100 – 99.63
9. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals = 0.37°C
exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 W2 # 1000
g of polymer of Molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL DTb = Kb ×
M 2 # W1
of water at 37°C. (Intext Q.1.12) [ 2 Marks ] W2 # 1000
\  0.37 = 0.52 × 342 # 500

XX p = (?), W2 = 1.0 g T = 37 + 273
V = 450 ml M2 = 185000 g.mol–1 = 310 K 0.37 # 342 # 500
\ W2 =
0.52 # 1000
= 0.45 L R = 8.314 × 103 Pa.L.Mol–1.K–1
W2 = 121.67 g
48
 1. Solution
12. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin W2 # 1000
DTf = Kf .
C,  C6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic M2 # W1
acid to lower its melting point by 1.5°C. 3 T f # M2 # W1
Kf  =   3.9  K  kg  mol–1. (Intext Q.1.11) [ 2 Marks ] \ W2 = K f # 1000
XX W2 = (?), W1 = 75 g, DTf = 1.5°C 1.5 # 176 # 75
= 3.9 # 1000
–1
M2 = 6(C) + 8(H) + 6(O)Kf = 3.9 K.kg.Mol
= 6(12) + 9(1) + 6(16) W2 = 5.0769 g
= 72 + 8 + 96
= 176 g.Mol–1

1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses

van't Hoff Factor
Theory Questions
i for complete
*Values of i
22. Explain Van't Hoff factor. [ 3 Marks ]
Salt dissociation of
solute
XX Van't Hoff introduced a factor i, known as the Van't
0.1 m 0.01  m 0.001  m
Hoff factor, to account for the extent of dissociation
NaCl 1.87 1.94 1.97 2.00
or association. This factor i is defined as :
KCl 1.85 1.94 1.98 2.00
Normal molar mass
i= MgSO4 1.21 1.53 1.82 2.00
Abnormal molar mass
Observed colligative property K2SO4 2.32 2.70 2.84 3.00
=
Calculated colligative property
23. Explain abnormal molar masses. Also
Total number of moles of dissociation
explain association and dissociation of
particles after association
i= Solute.  [ 3 Marks ]
Number of moles of particles dissociation
XX Ionic compounds when dissolved in water
before association
dissociate into cations and anions.
XX Here abnormal molar mass is the experimentally XX For example, if we dissolve one mole of KCl
determined molar mass and calculated (74.5 g) in water, we expect one mole each of
colligative properties are obtained by assuming K+ and Cl– ions to be released in the solution.
that the non-volatile solute is neither associated If this happens, there would be two moles of
nor dissociated. particles in the solution.
XX In case of association, value of i is less than unity XX one mole of KCl in one kg of water would be
while for dissociation it is greater than unity. expected to increase the boiling point by 2 ×
XX Inclusion of van't Hoff factor modifies the 0.52 K = 1.04 K
equations for colligative properties as follows : XX If we did not know about the degree of
XX Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent, dissociation, we could be led to conclude that
p10 − p1 n2 the mass of 2 mol particles is 74.5 g and the
= i. n mass of one mole of KCl would be 37.25 g.
p10 1
XX When there is dissociation of solute into ions,
Elevation of Boiling point, DTb = i Kb m the experimentally determined molar mass is
Depression of Freezing point, DTf = i Kf m always lower than the true value.
Osmotic pressure of solution, p = i n2 R T / V XX Molecules of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) dimerise
XX i for several strong electrolytes. For KCl, NaCl in benzene due to hydrogen bonding. This
and MgSO4, i values approach 2 as the solution normally happens in solvents of low dielectric
becomes very dilute. As expected, the value of constant. In this case the number of particles is
i gets close to 3 for K2SO4. reduced due to dimerisation.
49
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
XX Association of molecules is depicted as follows: 42. 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g
2CH3COOH  (CH3COOH)2 of water. The depression in the freezing point
O–H–O of water observed is 1.0° C. Calculate the
Van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of
H3C–C C–CH3
fluoroacetic acid. (Exercise 1.33) [ 4 Marks ]
O–H–O
XX W2 = 19.5 g W1 = 500 g
XX It can be undoubtedly stated here that if all the
DTf = 1.0° C
–1
molecules of ethanoic acid associate in benzene, M2 = 78 g.Mol
then DTb or DTf for ethanoic acid will be half Kf = 1.86 K.kg.Mol–1
of the normal value. i = (?) Ka = (?)
XX The molar mass calculated on the basis of this W2 # 1000
DTb or DTf will, therefore, be twice the expected DTf = i . Kf . M2 # W1
value. Such a molar mass that is either lower 3 T f # M2 # W1
or higher than the expected or normal value is \ i = K # W # 1000
f 2
called as abnormal molar mass.
1 # 78 # 500
= 1.86 # 19.5 # 1000
Exercise Questions \ i = 1.07526
i−1
41. Calculate the depression in the freezing point ∝ = n−1
of water when 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH 107526  1
\∝= 21
is added to 250 g of water, Ka = 1.4 × 10–3,
Kf = 1.86 K kg mol–1.  (Exercise 1.32) \ ∝ = 0.07526
W2 # 1000
 [August 2020, March-2023, 4 Marks ] C (Molality) = M2 # W1
XXW2 = 10 g, W1 = 250 g
19.5 # 1000
M2 = 4(C) + 7(H) + Cl + 2(O) Ka = 1.4 × 10–3 = 76 # 500
= 4(12) + 7(1) + 35.5 + 2(16) = 0.5131
= 122.5 g.Mol–1 Kf  =  1.86  K.kg.Mol–1 2
\ $C
DTf = (?) Ka = 1 − \
(Molality) ]007526g2 $ ]05131g
W2 # 1000 = 1  007526
C=
M2 # W1 0.00290
= 0.9247
10 # 1000
= 122.5 # 250 = 0.00313
= 0.3265 Mol/L Ka = 3.1 × 10–3
\2$C 43. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution
Ka = 1 − \
prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre
1.4 × 10–3 = ∝2 . (0.3265) of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely
4.287 × 10–3 = ∝2 dissociated. (Exercise 1.41) [ 2 Marks ]
0.4287 × 10–2 = ∝2 K2SO4 → 2K+ + SO 4 2 ,
XX T
−
= 25 + 273
∝ = 0.6547 × 10–1 = 298 K
∝ = 0.06547 Total number of ions(i) = 3, W = 25 mg
i−1 = 0.025 g
∝ = n−1
R = 0.082 atm.L.K–1.Mol–1 V = 2L
i−1
0.06547 = 2 − 1 M= 174 g.Mol–1
WRT
i = 1.06547 p = i . M$V
XX So, depression in the freezing point is 3 # 0.025 # 0.082 # 298
=
DTf = i . Kf . m 174 # 2
= (1.06547)(1.86)(0.3265) = 0.005266
= 0.647 K p = 5.27 × 10–3 atm
50
 1. Solution
44.Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) 14. 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH), having
dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that density 1.06 g mL–1, is dissolved in 1 litre
its osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27° C. of water. The depression in freezing point
 (Exercise Q.1.40) [ 2 Marks ] observed for this strength of acid was
XX i = 2.47 V = 2.5 litre 0.0205°C. Calculate the van't Hoff factor
p = 0.75 atm and the dissociation constant of acid.
T = 27 + 273 = 300 K (Example Q.1.13) [Mar/Apr-2022, July-2023, 4 Marks]
R = 0.082 atm.L.Mol–1.K–1.
XXVolume of acetic acid (V) = 0.6 mL,
W = (?)
M = Ca + 2Cl W1 = 1000 g
= 40 + 2(35.5) density = 1.06 g.mL–1
= 40 + 71 Molar mass of acetic acid = 60 g.Mol–1
= 111 g.Mol–1 DTf = 0.0205°C, i = (?)
–1
WRT
p = i . M.V Kf = 1.86 K.kg.Mol Ka = (?)
mass of acetic acid(W2) = d × V
$ M $ V
\W = i $ R $ T = 1.06 × 0.6
0.75 # 111 # 2.5 = 0.636 g
= 2.47 # 0.082 # 300 = 3.42 g W2 # 1000
DTf = i . Kf . M2 # W1
Example Questions 3 T f # M2 # W1
i = K # W # 1000
13. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in f 2

25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing 0.0205 # 60 # 1000

= 1.86 # 0.636 # 1000
point equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression
constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol–1. What i = 1.04
i−1
is the percentage association of acid if it forms ∝ = n−1
dimer in solution? 104  1
 (Example Q.1.12) [July-2022, 4 Marks ] = 21
XX W2 = 2 g M2 = 122 g.Mol–1 ∝ = 0.04
W1 = 25 g Where, C = Concentration
DTf = 1.62 K Kf = 4.9 K.kg.Mol–1 W2 # 1000
C =
M2 # W1
percentage association = (?) n=2
W2 # 1000 0.636 # 1000
= 60 # 1000
DTf = i . Kf . M2 # W1
= 0.0106 Mol/L
3 T f # M2 # W1
\ i = K # W # 1000 \2$C
Ka = 1 − \
f 1

1.62 # 122 # 25 ]004g2 $ ]00106g

= 4.9 # 2 # 1000 = 1  004
0.00001696
i = 0.5041 =
i−1 0.96
degree of association (x) = Ka = 1.76 × 10–5
1
n−1
05041  1
= Self Practice
1

2 1 XX 18.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g
0.4959
= 0.5 of water. The depression in the freezing point
= 0.9918 of water observed is 1.0° C. Calculate the
= 99.18 van't Hoff factor and dissociation constant of
XX Therefore, degree of association of benzoic acid fluoroacetic acid.  [ Ans. 8 × 10–5]
in benzene is 99.2%.
51
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

Textual Exercise
Sr. Page Que.
Question
No. No. No.
1.1 Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about 22 01
each type with an example.

1.2 Give an example of a solid solution in which the solute is a gas. 22 02

1.3 Define the following terms: (i) Mole fraction 23 03

(ii) Molality 23 04
(iii) Molarity 24 07
(iv) Mass percentage. 24 05

1.4 Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous 24 06
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the
solution is 1.504 g mL–1?

1.5 A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and 24 08
mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL ,
–1

then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

1.6 How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 25 09
and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?

1.7 A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by 25 10
mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.

1.8 An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 200 g of 26 13
water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL–1,
then what shall be the molarity of the solution?

1.9 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform 26 16
(CHCl3) supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass):
(i) express this in percent by mass
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

1.10 What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water? 39 30

1.11 Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised? 30 18

1.12 State Henry’s law and mention some important applications. 30 20

1.13 The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 × 10–3 g of ethane is 1 bar. 31 21
If the solution contains 5.00 × 10 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure
–2

of the gas?

1.14 What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign 38 29
of ∆mix H related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
1.15 An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal 44 32
boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?

1.16 Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two 36 27
liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour
pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?

1.17 The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal 44 33
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

1.18 Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol ) which should be
–1
44 34
dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
52
 1. Solution

1.19 A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour 45 35

pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further, 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the
new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate:
(i) molar mass of the solute
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K.

1.20 A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271K Calculate the 46 37
freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.

1.21 Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved 46 38
in 20 g of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g
of AB4 lowers it by 1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol–1.
Calculate atomic masses of A and B.

1.22 At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 46 40
bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what
would be its concentration?

1.23 Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following 32 25
pairs.
(i) n-hexane and n-octane (iv) methanol and acetone
(ii) I2 and CCI4 (v) acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).
(iii) NaCIO4 and water

1.24 Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility 30 19
in n-octane and explain.
Cyclohexane, KCI, CH3OH, CH3CN.

1.25 Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and 31 22
highly soluble in water?
(i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid
(iv) ethylene glycol (v) chloroform (vi) pentanol

1.26 If the density of some lake water is 1.25g mL and contains 92 g of Na ions per kg of
–1 +
26 14
water, calculate the molarity of Na+ ions in the lake.
-6
1.27 If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10 , calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in 26 12
aqueous solution.

1.28 Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C9 H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g of 26 17
C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.

1.29 Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine, is used to combat withdrawal symptoms 26 15

in narcotic users. Dose of nalorphene generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of
1.5 × 10–3 m aqueous solution required for the above dose.

1.30 Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 25 11
0.15 M solution in methanol.

1.31 The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, 46 39
trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain
briefly.

1.32 Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH 50 41
is added to 250 g of water. Ka = 1.4 × 10 , Kf = 1.86 K kg mol .
–3 –1

1.33 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point 50 42
of water observed is 1.0° C. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of
fluoroacetic acid.

1.34 Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of 45 36
water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.

53
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
5
1.35 Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 10 mm 32 24
Hg. Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg..

1.36 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol–1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 35 26
180 g mol ). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate
–1

the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total
vapour pressure of the solution is 475 Torr.

1.37 Vapour pressures of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 39 31
mm Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of
composition, plot Ptotal, Pchloroform and Pacetone as a function of Xacetone. The experimental
data observed for different compositions of mixture is:
100× xacetone 0 11.8 23.4 36.0 50.8 58.2 64.5 72.1
Pacetone/mm Hg 0 54.9 110.1 202.4 322.7 405.9 454.1 521.1
Pchloroform/mm Hg 632.8 548.1 469.4 359.7 257.7 193.6 161.2 120.7

Plot this data also on the same graph paper. Indicate whether it has positive deviation or
negative deviation from the ideal solution.

1.38 Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition The vapour 36 28
pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300 K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg
respectively. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is
mixed with 100 g of toluene.

1.39 The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and 31 23
nitrogen with approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water
is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if the Henry’s law constants
for oxygen and nitrogen at 298 K are 3.30 × 107 mm and 6.51 × 107 mm respectively,
calculate the composition of these gases in water.

1.40 Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its 51 44
osmotic pressure is 0.75 atm at 27° C..

1.41 Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 50 43

litre of water at 25° C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.

54
 1. Solution

Previous Board Questions of Part-B

Sr. Page Que.

Question
No. No. No.
1. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 298 K
are 200 mm Hg and 415 mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of
37 06
the solution prepared by mixing 50 g of CHCl3 and 30 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and,
(ii) mole fractions of each component in vapour phase. [March 2023, 4 Marks]
2 Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of
CH3CH2CHCICOOH is added to 250 g of water. 50 41
Ka = 1.4 × 10 , Kf = 1.86 K kg mol
–3 –1
[March 2023, August 2020, 4 Marks]
3. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two
liquid components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour 36 27
pressure of a mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane? [July 2023, 3 Marks]
4. 0.6 mL of CH3COOH having density 1.06 g mL–1 is dissolved in 1 litre of water.
The depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205 °C.
Calculate the Van't Hoff factor and the dissociation constant of acid (kf = 1.86 k 51 14
kg mol–1 and molecular mass of CH3COOH = 60 g mol –1)
[March/April 2022, July 2023, 4 Marks]
5. 2g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25g of benzene shows a depression in
freezing point equal to 1.62K molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9K kg mol–1.
51 13
What is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution? (Molecular
mass of benzoic acid is 122 gmol–1) [July 2022, 4 Marks]
6. (i) 1 8 g of glucose C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what
temperature will the solution boil at 1.013 bar? Kb for water is 0.52 k kg mol . 47 07
–1

[C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 g mol–1]
(ii) 2 00 cm3 of aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic
pressure of such a solution at 300K is found to be 2.57 × 10–3 bar. Calculate the 47 10
molar mass of the protein. [May 2021, 4 Marks]
7. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB2 and AB4 When dissolved
in 20g of benzene (C6H6), 1g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3K whereas 1g of
46 38
AB4 lowers it by 1.3K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1K kg.mol–1.
Calculate atomic masses of A and B. [March 2020, 4 Marks]

55
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

Sol. :
1.1 Types of Solution
W × 1000
1. An alloy of copper and zinc is called? M=
M × V(ml)
(A) Bronze (B) German silver
(C) Brass (D) Solder 2 × 1000
= = 0.25
2. Camphor in N2 gas an example of? 40 × 200
(A) Solid in liquid solution 9. Dilute 1 L one molar H2SO4 solution by 5 L
(B) Liquid in gas solution water, the Normality of that solution is
(C) Solid in gas solution (A) 0.33 N (B) 33.0 N
(D) Gas in gas solution. (C) 0.11 N (D) 11.0 N
3. Which of the following is a true solution? Sol. :
(A) Salt solution (B) Ink M1V1 = M 2 V2
(C) Blood (D) Starch solution (1) (1) = M2 (6)
Which of the following fluoride is used as rat 1
4. M2 =
poison? 6 M

(A) CaF2 (B) KF Normality = 2 × Molarity

1
(C) NaF (D) MgF2 = 2× 6
5. An example of a solution having liquid in gas is: = 0.33 N
(A) Moist air (B) Dry air 10. 2.5 L of NaCl solution contain 5 moles of the
(C) Au-Hg (D) C2H5OH + H2O solute.What is the molarity ?
(A) 5M (B) 2M
1.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions
(C) 2.5M (D) 12.5M
6. When a solute is present in trace quantities Sol. :
the following expression is used Moles of Solute
molarity = Volume of Solution
(A) Gram per million
(B) Milligram percent 5
(C) Microgram percent = 2.5 = 2M
(D) Parts per million
11. 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in
7. The atmospheric pollution is generally 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of
measured in the units of urea solution is
(A) mass percentage (A) 0.1 M (B) 0.01 M
(B) volume percentage (C) 0.001 M (D) 0.02 M
(C) volume fraction Sol. :
(D) ppm
6.02 × 1020
Mole of urea = = 10-3Mol
8. If 2 gm of NaOH is present is 200 ml of its 6.02 × 10 23

solution, its molarity will be 10-3

Conc. of Solution (in molarity) = × 1000
(A) 0.25 (B) 0.5 100
(C) 5 (D) 10 = 0.01M

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (D) 7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (B)
11. (B)
56
 1. Solution
12. Which of the following solutions has the 16. How much of 0.1 M H2SO4 Solution is
highest Normality? required to neutralize 50mL of 0.2 M NaOH
(A) 6 g of NaOH /100 mL Solution ?
(B) 0.5 M H2SO4 (A) 50 mL (B) 5.0 mL
(C) N phosphoric acid (C) 0.50 mL (D) 100 mL
(D) 8 g of KOH /L Sol. :
Sol. :
For complete Neutralisation,
6 × 1000
(A) N = = 1.5 N H2SO4 NaOH
40 × 100
Ma Va ⋅ Basicity = Mb ⋅ Vb ⋅ Acidity
(B) N = M × Basicity
= 0.5 × 2 (0.1) Va × 2 = (0.2) (50) × 1
= 1N Va = 50 mL
(C) 1N H3PO4
#
8 1000 17. Molarity of 0.2 N H2SO4 is ?
(D) N = 56 # 1000 = 0.14N (A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.1
13. 100 mL of 0.3 N HCl is mixed with 200 ml Sol. :
of 0.6N H2SO4. The final Normality of the Normality of acid = Molarity × basicity
resulting solution will be N
Molarity =
(A) 0.3 N (B) 0.2 N (C) 0.5 N (D) 0.1 N basicity
Sol. : 0.2
= = 0.1M
2
N1V1 + N2V2 = N3V3 18. The amount of anhydrous Na2CO3 present in
0.3 × 100 + 0.6 × 200 = N3 × 300 250 mL of 0.25 M solution is
0.3 + 1.2 = 3N3 (A) 6.625 g (B) 66.25g
N3 = 0.5 (C) 662.5 g (D) 6625 g
Sol. :
14. Molecular weight of glucose is 180. A solution M = M.W
#
1000
of glucose which contains 18g/L, is Mass # V ml
W 1000 #
(A) 0.1 moral (B) 0.2 moral ∴ 025 = 106 # 250
(C) 0.3 moral (D) 0.4 moral
Sol. : ∴ W = 6.625 g

W_ g i 19. How many gram of NaOH will be required

Molarity = M.Mass # V w
L to prepare 500 g solution containing 10% w
18 NaOH solution?
Molarity = = 0.1 molal
180
(A) 100 g (B) 50 g
15. In a solution of 7.8 g benzene (C6H6) and (C) 0.5 g (D) 5.0 g
46.0 g toluene (C6H5CH3), the mole-fraction Sol. :
of benzene is Given, in 100 g of solution NaOH present = 10 g
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 10 × 500
2 3 5 6 In 500 g of solution NaOH present = 100
Sol. : = 50 g
7.8
78 1 So, 50 go NaOH will be required to prepare 500 g
Mole fraction of C6H6 = = 6
7.8 46 w
+ 10 % NaOH Solution.
78 92 w

12. (A) 13. (C) 14. (A) 14. (D) 15 (D) 16. (A) 17. (D) 18. (A) 19. (B)

57
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
20. 5 L of a solution contains 25 mg of CaCO3. 24. A 5 molar solution of H2SO4 is diluted from 1 L
What is its concentration in ppm? (mol. wt. to 10 L. What is the Normality of the solution?
of CaCO3 is 100) (A) 0.25 N (B) 1 N
(A) 25 (B) 1 (C) 2 N (D) 7 N
(C) 5 (D) 2500 Sol. :
Sol. : Molarity of H2SO4= 5 M
weight of solute × 10 6
Normality of H2SO4 = 2 × 5 = 10 N
ppm = weight of solute N1V1 = N2V2
25 × 10–3 × 106 10 × 1 = N2 10 or N2 = 1N
= 5000
=5 25. Molarity of a given orthophosphoric acid
solution is 3 M. It's Normality is
21. Which of the following concentration term is/
(A) 9 N (B) 0.3 N
are independent of temperature?
(C) 3 N (D) 1 N
(A) Molarity Sol. :
(B) Molarity and mole fraction
Orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a tribasic acid.
(C) Mole fraction and molality
∴ Normality = molarity × basicity
(D) Molality and Normality
 Nomality = 3 M × 3 = 9 N
22. What amount of water is added in 40 mL of
26. Molarity of Solution prepared by dissolving
NaOH (0.1 N) which is neutralised by 50 mL
75.5g of pure KOH in 540 ml solution is
of HCl (0.2N)?
(A) 1.50 M (B) 2.50 M
(A) 80 mL (B) 60 mL
(C) 3.50 M (D) 5.01 M
(C) 40 mL (D) 90 mL
Sol. :
Sol. :
M= w × 1000
Given, Normality of NaOH = N1 = 0.1 N
M.Mass × V(mL)
Volume of NaOH = V1 = ?
= 75.5 × 1000
Normality of HCl (N2) = 0.2 N 56 × 540
Volume of HCl = V2 = 50 mL = 2.50 M
N1V1 = N2V2
27. Volume of 0.6 M NaOH required to neutralise
0.1 × V1 = 0.2 × 50
30 cm3 of 0.4 M HCl is
V1 = 0.2 × 50 = 100 mL
0.1 (A) 20 cm3 (B) 40 cm3
Volume of NaOH = 40 mL (C) 45 cm3 (D) 30 cm3
Amount of water to be added = 100 - 40 = 60 mL Sol. :
According to molarity equation
23. The Normality of 2.3 M H2SO4 solution is NaOH = HCl
(A) 4.6 N (B) 5.6 N M1V1 = M2V2
(C) 6.6 N (D) 7.6 N
0.6 × V1 = 0.4 × 30
Sol. : 0.4 × 30
V1 =
N = M × basicity 0.6
= 2.3 × 2 = 4.6 N = 20 cm3

20. (C) 21. (C) 22. (B) 23. (A) 24. (B) 25. (A) 26. (B) 27. (A)

58
 1. Solution
28. The volume of 10 N and 4 N HCl required to 31. The solubility order for the following gases is :
make 1 L of 7 N HCl are (A) NH3 > CO2 > O2 > H2
(A) 0.50 L of 10 N HCl and 0.5 L of 4 N HCl (B) H2 > O2 > NH3 > CO2
(B) 0.60 L of 10 N HCl and 0.40 L of 4 N HCl (C) CO2 > NH3> O2 > N2
(C) 0.80 L of 10 N HCl and 0.20 L of 4 N HCl (D) O2 > H2 > NH3 > CO2
(D) 0.75 L of 10 N HCl and 0.25 L of 4 N HCl 32. How does the solubility of gas change in a
Sol. : liquid, as described?
Let V litre of 10 N HCl be mixed with (1–V) litre (A) Increases with decreasing pressure
of 4 N HCl to give (V+1–V) = 1 L of 7 N HCl. (B) Increases with increasing temperature
N1V1 + N2V2 = N V (C) Decreases with increasing temperature
(D) Decreases with increasing pressure
10V + 4 (1 – V) = 7 × 1
10V + 4 – 4V = 7 33. Which of the following best describes the
difficulty in breathing as one climbs to higher
6V = 7 – 4
altitudes?
3
V= = 0.50 L (A) Henry’s law
6
Volume of 10 N HCl = 0.50L (B) Raoult’s law
Volume of 4 N HCl = 1 – 0.50 = 0.50 L (C) Osmotic pressure
(D) Relative lowering of atmospheric pressure
29. 1 M, 2.5 litre NaOH solution is mixed with
34. The law which indicates the relationship between
another 0.5 M, 3 litre NaOH solution. Then
solubility of a gas in liquid and pressure.
find out the molarity of resultant solution
(A) Raoult’s law
(A) 0.80 M (B) 1.0 M (B) Henry’s law
(C) 0.73 M (D) 0.50 M (C) Lowering of vapour pressure
Sol. : (D) Van’t Hoff law
M1⋅V1 + M2⋅V2 = M ⋅ V
35. The Solubility of gas in water depends on :
(1) (2.5) + (0.5)(3) = M (5.5)
(A) Nature of the gas (B) Temperature
2.5 + 1.5 = M (5.5) (C) Pressure of the gas (D) All of these
4
5.5 = M 1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
M = 0.73 M
36. The vapour pressure of two liquids X and
1.3 Solubility Y are 80 and 60 torr respectively. The total
vapour pressure of the ideal solution obtained
30. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated by mixing 3 moles of X and 2 moles of Y
solution containing 6.56 × 10-2 g of ethane is would be
1 bar. If the solution contains 5.0 × 10-2g of (A) 68 torr (B) 140 torr
ethane, the partial pressure of ethane will be : (C) 48 torr (D) 72 torr
(A) 0.762 bar (B) 1.762 bar Sol. :
(C) 0.1 bar (D) 0.2 bar 3 2
Xx = Xy =
5 5
Sol. : pTotal = Px. Xx + Py . Xy
6.56 × 10-2g of ethane → 1 bar 3 2
= (80) c 5 m + (60) c 5 m
5 × 10–2g of ethane → (?)
= 48 + 24
5 × 10–2
= = 0.762 bar = 72 torr
6.56 × 10–2

28. (A) 29. (C) 30. (A) 31. (A) 32. (C) 33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (D) 36. (D)

59
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
37. Vapour pressure of pure A = 100 torr, moles Sol. :
= 2; vapour pressure of pure B=80 torr, moles According to Raoult's law
= 3. Total vapour pressure of the mixture is p = PoAXA + PoBXB
(A) 440 torr (B) 460 torr ∴ 290 = 200 × 0.4 + PoB × 0.6
(C) 180 torr (D) 88 torr PoB = 350
Sol. :
Ptotal = PoAXA + PoBXB 41. On mixing, heptane and octane form an ideal
solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the
Where, P = vapour pressure two liquid components (heptanes and octane) are
X = mole fraction 105 kPa and 45kPa respectively. Vapour pressure
Total moles of A and B = 5 of the solution obtained by mixing 25 g of heptane
2 and 35 g of octane will be (molar mass of heptane
Mole fraction of compound A = -1 -1
5 = 100 g mol and of octane = 114 gmol )
3
Mole fraction of compound B = (A) 72.0kPa (B) 36.1kPa
5
2 3 (C) 96.2kPa (D) 144.kPa
then, Ptotal = 100 × + 80 ×
5 5 A solution has a 1 : 4 mole ratio of pentane
42.
= 88 torr to hexane. The vapour pressure of pure
38. Vapour pressure of a solvent containing non- hydrocarbons at 200C are 440 mm Hg for
volatile solute is : pentane and 120 mm Hg for hexane. The mole
(A) More than the vapour pressure of a solvent fraction of pentane in vapour phase would be :
(B) Less than the vapour pressure of solvent (A) 0.786 (B) 0.549
(C) Equal to the vapour pressure of solvent (C) 0.478 (D) 0.200
(D) None of the above
1.5 Ideal and Non-Ideal Solution
39. Vapour pressure of pure ‘A’ is 70 mm of Hg
43. Which of the following is true when components
at 25o C . It from an ideal solution with ‘B’ in
forming an ideal solution are mixed?
which mole fraction of A is 0.8. If the vapour
pressure of the solution is 84 mm of Hg at 25o (A) ΔHm = ΔVm = 0 (B) ΔHm < ΔVm
C, the vapour pressure of pure ‘B’ at 25o C is. (C) ΔHm = ΔVm = 1 (D) ΔHm > ΔVm
(A) 28 mm (B) 56 mm 44. Which of the following is not correct for ideal
(C) 70 mm (D) 140 mm solution?
Sol. : (A) ΔVmix = 0 (B) ΔHmix = 0
p = PoAXA + PoBXB (C) ΔSmix = 0 (D) Obeys Raoult's law
84 = 70 × 0.8 + P0B × 0.2
45. Azeotropic mixture are
84 = 56 × P0B × 0.2 (A) Constant temperature boiling mixture
P0B =
28
= 140 mm (B) Those which boils at different temperatures
0.2 (C) Mixture of two solids
40. A mixture of ethyl alcohol and propyl alcohol (D) None of the above
has a vapour pressure of 290 mm at 300 K.
the vapour pressure of propyl alcohol is 200 46. Which of the following liquid pair shows a
mm. If the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol is positive deviation from Raoult's law?
0.6, it's vapour pressure (in mm) at the same (A) Water-nitric acid
temperature will be. (B) Acetone-Chloroform
(A) 350 (B) 300 (C) Water-hydrochloric acid
(C) 700 (D) 360 (D) Benzene-methanol

37. (D) 38. (B) 39. (D) 40. (A) 41. (A) 42. (C) 43. (A) 44. (C) 45. (A) 46. (D)

60
 1. Solution
47. In a mixture of A and B, components show 53. What deviation is shown by a mixture of
negative deviation when equimolar phenol and aniline?
(A) A–B interaction is stronger than A-A and (A) Negative deviation
B–B interaction (B) Positive deviation
(B) A–B interaction is weaker than A-A and (C) No deviation
B–B interaction (D) Alternating positive and negative
(C) Vmix > 0, Smix > 0
Colligative Properties and
(D) Vmix = 0, Smix > 0 1.6 Determination of Molar Mass

48. Which of the following mixture does not show 54. Colligative properties of a solution depends upon
positive deviation from the Raoult’s law? (A) Nature of both solvent and solute
(A) Benzene + acetone (B) Acetone + ethanol (B) Nature of solute only
(C) Acetone + chloroform (D) Water + ethanol (C) Number of solvent particles
49. A binary liquid solution is prepared by (D) The number of solute particles
mixing n-heptane and ethanol. Which one of 55. At 25° C , the highest osmotic pressure is
the following statements is correct regarding exhibited by 0.1 M solution of
the behaviour of the solution?
(A) Urea (B) Glucose
(A) The solution formed is an ideal solution
(C) KCl (D) CaCl2
(B) The solution is non-ideal, showing positive
Sol. :
deviation from Raoult’s law
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property i.e.,
(C) The solution is Non-ideal, showing
depends only upon the number of particles or ions
negative deviation from Raoult’s law
in solution. More the number of ions in solution,
(D) n-heptane shows positive deviation while
more will be the osmotic pressure of solution
ethanol show negative deviation from
(i) 0.1 M urea and 0.1 M glucose will have
Raoult’s law
same number of molecules in solution as
50. An ideal solution is that which they do not ionise.
(A) Obey Raoult’s law (ii) KCl → K+ + Cl– (2 ions)
(B) shows positive deviation from Raoult’s law CaCl2 → Ca2+ + 2Cl– (3 ions)
(C) shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law ∴ CaCl2 produces maximum number of ions.
(D) has no connection with Raoult’s law ∴ It will have highest osmotic pressure.
51. In a mixture A and B components show 56. Which one of the following aqueous solutions
negative deviation as : will exhibit highest boiling point?
(A) ΔVmix = +ve (A) 0.01 M Na2SO4
(B) ΔHmix = –ve (B) 0.01 M KNO3
(C) A-B interaction is weaker than A–A and (C) 0.015 M urea
B–B interaction. (D) 0.015 M glucose
(D) None of the above reason in correct Sol. :
52. Which of the following is an example of a Elevation in boiling point is a colligative property
non-ideal solution showing positive deviation? which depends upon the number of solute
(A) Acetone + Carbon disulphide particles. Greater the number of solute particle
(B) Chlorobenzene + Bromobenzene in a solution higher the extent of elevation in
(C) Chloroform + Benzene boiling point. Na2SO4, gives maximum ions
(D) Acetone + Aniline hence, it exhibits highest boiling point

47. (A) 48. (C) 49. (B) 50. (A) 51. (B) 52. (A) 53. (A) 54. (D) 55. (D) 56. (A)

61
Standard 12 science (EM) : Chemistry - 004
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
57. The molal elevation constant of water is 61. Kf for water is 1.86 K-kg-mol-1. If your
0.52oC. The boiling point of 1.0 Molal automobile radiator holds 1.0 kg of water,
aqueous KCl solution (assuming complete how many grams of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)
dissociation of KCl), therefore, should be must you add to get the freezing point of the
(A) 98.96oC (B) 100.52oC solution lowered to -2.8°C ?
(C) 100.04oC (D) 107.01oC (A) 93g (B) 39 g
Sol. : (C) 27 g (D) 72 g
ΔTb = imkb = 0.52 × 1 × 2 = 1.04 Sol. :
∴Tb = T + ΔTb = 100 + 1.04 = 101.04oC ∆Tf = 2.8°C

58. The increase in boiling point of a solution Kf ⋅ W2 # 1000 = 2.8°

M 2 # W1
containing 0.6 g urea in 200 g water is
0.50oC. Find the molal elevation constant. W2 = 2.8 # 62 # 1000 = 93 gm
1.86 # 1000
(A) 10 K kg mol-1 (B) 10 K g mol-1
62. Which of the following solution has highest
(C) 10 K kg mol (D) 1.0 K kg mol-1
boiling point ?
Sol. :
(A) 0.1 M urea (B) 0.1 M sucrose
ΔTb = kb. m
(C) 0.1 M NaNO3 (D) 0.1 M Al(NO3)3
0.50 = Kb. 0.6 × 1000
60 × 200 63. If for a sucrose solution elevation in boiling
0.5 × 60 × 200 point is 0.10C then what will be boiling point of
Kb =
0.6 × 1000 NaCl solution for the same molal concentration?
= 10 K.kg. Mol-1
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.2
59. In an osmotic pressure measurement (C) 0.16 (C) 0.26
experiment, a 5% solution of compound 'X' Sol. :
is found to be isotonic with a 2% acetic acid Elevation in boiling point is a colligative property
solution. The gram molecular mass of 'X' is as it depends upon the number of particles
ΔTb α n
(A) 24 (B) 60
For sucrose n = 1 ΔTb = 0.1oC
(C) 150 (D) 300
For NaCl, n = 2 ΔTb = 0.2oC
Sol. :
2 % acetic acid solution 64. In two solutions having different osmotic
2 × 1000 pressure, the solution of higher osmotic
=
60 × 100
= M acetic acid pressure is called :
= 0.33 M acetic acid (A) Isotonic solution (B) Hypertonic solution
As the solution of compound 'X' is isotonic to (C) Hypotonic solution (D) None of these
acetic acid solution, the molarity of solution of 'X' 65. Isotonic solution have the same
will also be equal to 0.33 M. This is 5% solution.
(A) Normality (B) Density
Hence
5 × 1000 (C) Molar concentration (D) None of these
Mol.wt. of 'X' = = 150
0.33 × 100 66. Two solutions have different osmotic pressure.
60. Which is a colligative property ? The solution of lower osmotic pressure is called :
(A) Osmotic pressure (A) Isotonic solution
(B) Free energy (B) Hypertonic solution
(C) Heat of vaporisation (C) Hypotonic solution
(D) Change in pressure (D) None of these

57. (C) 58. (A) 59. (C) 60. (A) 61. (A) 62. (D) 63. (B) 64. (B) 65. (C) 66. (C)

62
 1. Solution
The osmotic pressure (at 27 C) of an aqueous The depression in freezing point of 0.01 m
°
67. 71.
solution (200 ml) containing 6 g of a protein aqueous solution of urea, sodium chloride
is 2 × 10-3atm . If R=0.080L atm mol-1 K-1, and sodium sulphate is in the ratio :
the molecular weight of protein is
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 3
(A) 7.2 × 105 (B) 3.6 × 105 (C) 1 : 2 : 4 (D) 2 : 2 : 3
(C) 1.8 × 105 (D) 1.0 × 105 Sol. :
Sol. :
w 1 mole urea gives 1 mole
πV = RT 1 mole NaCl gives 2 mole
m
wRT 1 mole Na2SO4 gives 3 mole
M= ∴ ΔT ratio 1 : 2 : 3
πV
Here, w= 6 g, π= 2 × 10-3 atm, T=300 K, 72. Colligative properties are used for the
R=0.080 L-atm mol-1 K-1, V=200 mL=0.2L determination of
M= 6 × 0.080 × 300 = 3.6 × 105 (A) Molar mass
2 × 10 × 0.2
-3
(B) Equivalent weigh
68. A 5% solution of cane sugar (molar mass 342) (C) Arrangement of molecules
is isotonic with 1% of a solution of an (D) Melting and boiling points
unknown solute. The molar mass of unknown
solute in g/mole is 73. The Osmotic pressure of 0.4% urea solution
is 1.66 atm and that of a solutions of sugar of
(A) 136. 2 (B) 171.2
(C) 68.4 (D) 34.2 3.42% is 2.46 atm. When both the solutions
Sol. : are mixed then the Osmotic pressure of the
Isotonic solution means same osmotic pressure. resultant solution will be
π (Sugar) = π (Unknown Solute) (A) 1.02 atm (B) 2.06 atm
WRT = WRT (C) 3.04 atm (D) 0.02 atm
M.V M.V Sol. :
5 1 1.66 + 2.46
342
=
M π= = 2.06 atm
2
342 The freezing point (inoC) of solution
∴M= = 68.4 g.mol-1 74.
5
containing 0.1 g of K3 [Fe (CN)6] (mol.wt
69. Osmotic pressure is 0.0821 atm at temperature 329) in 100g of water (Kf= 1.86 K kg mol-1) is
of 300 K. Find concentration in mole per litre
(A) –2.3 × 10–2 (B) –5.7 × 10–2
(B) 0.22 × 10 -2
(A) 0.33
(C) –5.7 × 10–3 (D) –1.2 × 10–2
(C) 0.33 × 10-2 (D) 0.44 × 10-2
Sol. : Sol. :
π = CRT Van't Hoff's factor (i) = 4 {3K+[Fe(CN)6]3-}
0.0821 = C 0.0821 × 300 0.1 1000 1
Molality = × =
∴C= 1 329 100 329
300 ⇒ ΔTf = iKf.m
= 0.33 × 10-2 Mol/L
= 4 × 1.86 × 1 = 2.3 × 10-2
70. The elevation in boiling point for one molal 329
= ΔTf = Tf – Tf
°
solution of a solute in a solvent is called :
(A) Cryoscopic constant 2.3 × 10–2 = 0 – Tf
(B) Boiling point constant
∴ Tf = –2.3 × 10–2
(C) Molal ebullioscopic constant
(D) None of the above (As freezing point of water is 0oC)

67. (B) 68. (C) 69. (C) 70. (C) 71. (B) 72. (A) 73. (B) 74. (A)

63
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
75. The vapour pressure of water at 200C is 17.54 Sol. :
mm. When 20g of a non-ionic. substance kb × W2 × 1000
ΔTb =
is dissolved in 100g of water, the vapour M2 × W1
pressure is lowered by 0.30 mm. What is the kb × W2 × 1000 2.53 × 10 × 1000
molecular mass of the substance? ∴ M2 = =
ΔTb × W1 1 × 100
(A) 200.8 (B) 206.88 (C) 210.5 (D) 215.2 = 253 g
Sol. : 79. Depression in freezing point is 6K for NaCl
p0–ps w M solution if Kf for water is 1.86 K/kg mol,
= ×
P 0 m w amount of NaCl dissolved in 1 kg water is
18
⇒ m = 20 ×18 × 17.54
0.30 mm 20
= × (A) 3.42 (B) 1.62
17.54 mm m 100 0.30 × 100 (C) 3.24 (D) 1.71
= 210.48 Sol. :
76. Boiling point of water is defined as the
n
ΔTf = i × kf × × 1000
temperature at which : w
n
(A) Vapour pressure of water is equal to one 6 = 2 × 1.86 × ×1
1
atmospheric pressure 6
n= = 1.62
(B) Bubbles are formed 2 × 1.86
(C) Steam comes out 80. Which of the following is not a colligative
(D) None of the above property?

77. The molal elevation constant for water is (A) Optical activity
0.52. What is the boiling point of 2 molar (B) Osmotic pressure
sucrose solution at 1atm pressure? (Assume (C) Depression of freezing point
b.p. of pure water is 100oC) (D) Elevation of boiling point

(A) 101.040C (B) 100.260C

(C) 100.520C (D) 99.740C 81. Vapour pressure of dilute aqueous solution
Sol. : of glucose is 750 mm of mercury at 373 K.
ΔTb = Kb ⋅ m The mole fraction of solute is
for dilute solution (A) 1 (B) 1
molarity = molality = 2 (given) 76 7.6
and kb = 0.52(given) (C) 1 (D) 1
38 10
ΔTb = 0.52 × 2 = 1.04oC Sol. :
Now, According to Raoult's law
ΔTb= boiling point of solution - boiling
p-ps
point of solvent Mole fraction of solute =
p
(i.e.,H20) 760 – 750 10
boiling point of solution = ΔTb + b.pt of H2O = =
760 760
= 1.04 + 100 1
= 101.040C = 76

78. When 10 g of a non-volatile solute is dissolved 82. Which solution will have least vapour pressure?
in 100 g of benzene, it raises boiling point by (A) 0.1 M BaCl2 (B) 0.1 M urea
1 C then molecular mass of the solute is (Kb
o
(C) 0.1 M Na2SO4 (D) 0.1 M Na3PO4
for C6H6 = 2.53K.kg.mol-1) Sol. :
(A) 223 g (B) 233 g Na3PO4 will furnish more ions. More is vapour
(C) 243 g (D) 253 g pressure lowering, lesser is vapour pressure.

75. (C) 76. (A) 77. (A) 78. (D) 79. (B) 80. (A) 81. (A) 82. (D)

64
 1. Solution
83. The relative lowering of vapour pressure 87. The Molal elevation/depression constant
produced by dissolving 71.5 g of a substance depends upon :
in 1000 g of water is 0.00713. The molecular (A) Nature of solvent (B) Nature of solute
weight of the substance will be : (C) Temperature (D) ΔH solution
(A) 180 (B) 18.0
(C) 342 (D) 60 88. 1.0 g of a non-electrolyte solute (molar
Sol. : mass 250 g mol-1) was dissolved in 51.2 g
P0  Ps of benzene. If the freezing point depression
constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-1, the
w/m
;
P0 w  1000
m 18 lowering in freezing point will be :
71.5/m (A) 0.5 K (B) 0.2 K
∴ 0.00713 = ;
71.5 + 1000 (C) 0.4 K (D) 0.3 K
m 18
Sol. :
∴ m = 180 g.mol–1
ΔTf = 1000 × Kf × W2
84. The molal boiling point constant of water is M2 × W1
0.530C. When 2 mole of glucose are dissolved
= 1000 × 5.12 × 1
in 4000 g of water, the solution will boil at : 250 × 51.2
(A) 100.530C (B) 101.060C = 0.4 K
(C) 100.2650C (D) 99.470C
Sol. : 89. The vapour pressure of water at 200C is
ΔTb = 1000 × K × n ; 17.5 mmHg. If 18 g of glucose (C6H12O6) is
W added to 178.2 g of water at 200C, the vapour
1000 × 0.53 × 2
∴ ΔTb = = 0.265, pressure of the resulting solution will be
4000
∴ Tb = 100 + 0.265 = 100.2650C (A) 17.675 mmHg (B) 15.750 mmHg
(C) 16.500 mmHg (D) 17.325 mmHg
85. Calculate the molal depression constant of a Sol. :
solvent which has freezing point 16.60C and Moles of glucose = 18 = 0.1
-1
latent heat of fusion 180.75Jg . 180
(A) 2.68 (B) 3.86 Moles of H2O = 178.2 9.9
18
(C) 4.68 (D) 2.86
According to Raoult's law
Sol. :
Po–PS
Given, = Xsolute
Po
R = 8.314JK-1 mol-1
17.5 – PS 0.1
Tf = 273 + 16.6 = 289.6 K = 10
17.5
Lf = 180.75 Jg-1
kf = ? so, PS = 17.325mm Hg
R.T 2f 90. What is the molality of ethyl alcohol (mol.
kf =
1000 # L f wt. = 416) in aqueous solution which freezes

8.314 × (289.6)2 at -100C?. (Kf for water = 1.86 K molality-1)
=
1000 × 180.75 (A) 3.540 (B) 4.567
kf = 3.86 (C) 5.376 (D) 6.315
86. The movement of solvent molecules through Sol. :
a semipermeable membrane is called. ΔT = Kf × m,
(A) Electrolysis (B) Electrophoresis 10 = 1.86 × m;
(C) Osmosis (D) Cataphoresis m = 5.376

83. (A) 84. (C) 85. (B) 86. (C) 87. (A) 88. (C) 89. (D) 90. (C)

65
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
91. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a 95. Which of the following solutions will have
cold climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which highest boiling point
should be added to 4 kg water to prevent it (A) 0.1 M FeCl3
from freezing at -6oC will be (Kf for water = (B) 0.1 M BaCl2
1.86 K kg mol-1 and molar mass of ethylene (C) 0.1 M NaCl
glycol = 62 g mol-1) (D) 0.1 M Urea (NH2 CONH2)
(A) 804.32g (B) 204.30g
96. Osmotic pressure of a solution at a given
(C) 400.00g (D) 304.60g
temperature.
Sol. :
1000 Kf × W2 (A) Increases with concentration
ΔT =
M2 × W1 (B) Decreases with concentration
(C) Remains same
∴6= 1000 × 1.86 × W2
(D) Initially increases and then decreases
62 × 4000
W2 = 800 g 97. When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in
a solvent, the relative lowering of vapour
92. The process of getting fresh water from sea pressure is equal to
water is known as :
(A) Mole fraction of solute
(A) Osmosis (B) Filtration
(B) Mole fraction of solvent
(C) Diffusion (D) Reverse osmosis
(C) Concentration of the solute in gram per litre
93. If 0.15g of a solute dissolved in 15 g of solvent (D) Concentration of the solute in gram per 100 mL
is boiled at temperature higher by 0.2160C From the colligative properties of solution which
98.
than that of the pure solvent, the molecular
one is the best method for the determination of
weight of the substance is (molal elevation
molecular weight of proteins and polymers :
constant for the solvent is 2.16 K.kg.mol )
–1
(A) Osmotic pressure
(A) 100 (B) 102
(B) Lower in vapour pressure
(C) 104 (D) 1.02
(C) Lower in freezing point
Sol. :
(D) Elevation in boiling point
k × W2 × 1000
M2 = b Which has the highest freezing point at one
∆Tb × W1 99.
2.16 × 0.15 × 1000 atmosphere?
= = 100
0.216 × 15 (A) 0.1 M NaCl solution
94. The osmatic pressure of 5% (wt./vol) solution (B) 0.1 M Sugar solution
of cane sugar at 1500C is (C) 0.1 M BaCl2 solution
(D) 0.1 M FeCl3 solution
(A) 3.078 atm (B) 4.078 atm
(C) 5.078 atm (D) 2.45 atm 100. An aqueous solution of glucose was prepared
Sol. : by dissolving 18 g of glucose in 90 g of water.
5 1 50
C= × × 1000 = mol/L The relative lowering in vapour pressure is
342 100 342
(A) 0.01 (B) 0.02
50
π= × 0.082 × 423 = 5.07 atm (C) 1 (D) 20
342

91. (A) 92. (D) 93. (A) 94. (C) 95. (A) 96. (A) 97. (A) 98. (A) 99. (B) 100. (B)

66
 1. Solution
101. Solutions A, B, C and D are respectively 0.1 106. Which has the minimum freezing point?
M glucose, 0.05 M NaCl, 0.05 M BaCl2 and (A) One molal NaCl aqueous soluton
0.1 M AlCl3 which one of the following pairs (B) One molal CaCl2 aqueous solution
isotonic? (C) One molal KCl aqueous solution
(D) One molal urea aqueous solution
(A) A and B (B) B and C
Sol. :
(C) A and D (D) A and C
Depression in freezing point is colligative property.
102. The relationship between the values of osmotic The solute which produces highest number of
pressure of 0.1 M solution of KNO3(p1) and ions will have minimum freezing point.
CH3 COOH(p2) is 1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses
p1 p2
(A) = 107. Van't Hoff factor more than unity indicates
p1 + p2 p1 + p2
that the solution has
(B) p1 > p2
(A) Dissociated
(C) p2 > p1 (B) Associated
(D) p1 = p2 (C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) Can not say anything
103. The order osmotic pressure of isomolar
108. Which of the following shows maximum
solution of BaCl2, NaCl and sucrose is
depression in freezing point?
(A) BaCl2 > NaCl > sucrose
(A) K2SO4 (B) NaCl
(B) NaCl > BaCl2 > sucrose (C) Urea (D) glucose
(C) sucrose > NaCl > BaCl2 Sol. :
(D) BaCl2 > sucrose > NaCl Depression in freezing point is a colligative
Sol. : property. It depends on number of particles. More
The order of osmotic pressure of BaCl2, NaCl the number of particles, more will be depression
and sucrose is in freezing point.
BaCl2 > NaCl > sucrose 109. 20 g of binary electrolyte (mol. wt. = 100) are
Since, BaCl2 gives maximum ion (3 ions) in the dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in
solution freezing point of the solution is 0.740C (kf
= 1.86 Km-1) the degree of ionisation of the
104. The relationship between osmotic pressure at 273 electrolyte is
K when 10 g glucose (p1), 10 g urea (p2) and 10
(A) 0 % (B) 100 %
g sucrose (p3) are dissolved in 250 mL of water is (C) 75 % (D) 50 %
(A) p1 > p2 > p3 (B) p3 > p2 > p1 Sol. :
1000 × kf × W2
(C) p2 > p1 > p3 (D) p2 > p3 > p1 ΔTf =
M2 × 500
105. Blood cells retain their normal shapes in 1000 × 1.86 × 20
solutions which are : 0.74 =
M2 × 500
(A) Isotonic to blood M2 = 100
(B) Hypotonic to blood
Actual molecular mass = 100
(C) Hypertonic to blood
(D) Equinormal to blood ∴ The degree of ionisation of the electrolyte is o%.

101. (A) 102. (B) 103. (A) 104. (C) 105. (A) 106. (B) 107. (A) 108. (A) 109. (A)

67
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
110. If α is the degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 114. When 20 g of naphthoic acid (C11H8O2) is
the Van't Hoff factor (i) used for calculating dissolved in 50 g benzene (Kf = 1.72 K kg
-1
the molecular mass is mol ), a freezing point depression of 2 K is
(A) 1 – 2 α (B) 1 + 2 α observed. The Van't Hoff factor (i) is
(C) 1 – α (D) 1 + α (A) 0.5 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. : Sol. :
Na2SO4 → 2Na + SO4+ –2
ΔTf = i. Kf W2 × 1000
(n = 3) M2 × W

α=
i–1
∴α=
i–1 20 × 1000
n–1 3–1 2 = i × 1.72 ×
172 × 50
∴ 2α = i – 1 ∴ i = 1 + 2α 2 × 172 × 50
∴i= = 0.5
111. Two solution of KNO3 and CH3COOH are 1.72 × 20 × 1000
prepared separately. Molarity of both is
0.1 M and osmotic pressures are p1 and p2 115. A solution of 4.5 g of a pure non-electrolyte
respectively. The correct relationship between in 100 g of water was found to freeze at
the osmotic pressure is 0.465°C. The molecular weight of the solute
closest to (kf = 1.86)
(A) p1 = p2 (B) p1 > p2 (A) 135.0 (B) 172.0 (C) 90.0 (D) 180.0
p1 p2 Sol. :
(C) p2 > p1 (D) +
p1 + p2 p1 + p2 1000 × kf × W2
112. What is the freezing point of a solution containing M =
ΔTf × W1
8.1 g HBr in 100 g water assuming the acid to
be 90% ionised (kf for water = 1.86 kg mol-1)? = 1000 × 1.86 × 4.5 = 180g/mol
(A) – 0.35oC (B) – 1.35oC 0.465 × 100
(C) – 2.35oC (D) – 3.530C 116. The van’t Hoff factor i for a compound which
Sol. : undergoes dissociation in one solvent and
HBr H

Br
 association in other solvent is respectively :
?   
( 1  ) (A) Greater than one and greater than one
i Total = (1-α) + α + α = (1+ α) (B) Less than one and greater than one
i = 1 + 0.9 = 1.9 (C) Less than one and less than one
8.1 1000 (D) Greater than one and less than one
ΔTf = ikfm = 1.9 × 1.86 × =
81 100
=3.53oC 117. Phenol dimerises in benzene having van’t
Tf = T – ΔTf = 0 – 3.53 C = -3.53 C Hoff factor 0.54. What is the degree of
o 0

association?
113. A 0.5 molal aqueous solution of weak acid (HX) is
20 percent ionized. The lowering in freezing point (A) 1.92 (B) 0.98 (C) 1.08 (D) 0.92
of this solution is : (Kf = 1.86 K/m for water) Sol. :
i−1
(A) 0.56K (B) – 0.56K X (degree of association) =
1 −
1
(C) 1.12K (D) – 1.12 K 4
Sol. : 0.54 − 1
X =
1 −
α=i–1 ΔTf i . Kf .m 2
1
0.2 = i – 1 = 1.2 × 1.86 × 0.5 0.54 − 1
X = = 0.92
i = 1.2 = 1.116 K 0.5 − 1

110. (B) 111. (B) 112. (D) 113. (C) 114. (A) 115. (D) 116. (D) 117. (D)

68
 1. Solution
118. Van't Hoff factor of Ca (NO3)2 is Sol. :
(A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four K4 [Fe(CN)6] → 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]-4
Sol. : There are five ions so maximum Van't Hoff factor.
Ca (NO3)2 → Ca+2 + 2NO3
–

i=1+2 122. The freezing point of one molal NaCl solution

=3 assuming Nacl to be 100% dissociated in
water is (molal depression constant = 1.86)
119. The freezing point depression of 0.001m, (A) – 2.72oC (B) – 3.72oC
Kx[Fe(CN)6] is 7.10 × 10-3K. If for water, kf
(C) 2.72oC (D) 3.72oC
is 1.86 K Kg mol-1 value of x will be
Sol. :
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1
Sol. : For NaCl, i = 2
Δx = i × kf × m ΔTf = 2kf × m = 2 × 1.86 × 1 = 3.72
TS = T – ΔTf = 0 – 3.72 = – 3.72oC
7.10 × 10 = i × 1.86 × 0.001
–3

123. If the various terms in the below given

i = 3.817
expressions have usual meanings, the Van't
i–1
α= Hoff factor (i) cannot be calculated by which
n–1 one of the expressions?
3.817 – 1
∴1= (A) πV = inRT
(x + 1) – 1
(B) ΔTf = ikf.m
x = 2.817 ≈ 3
(C) ΔTb = ikb.m
So Molecular Formula K3 [Fe(CN)6]
o
− Psolution n
120. 0.1 Molal aqueous solution of NaBr freezes (D) P solvent
o = i cN+nm
P solvent
at –0.335oC at atmospheric pressure kf for
124. The Van't Hoff factor for 0.1 M Ba(NO3)2
water is 1.86 K.kg.mol–1. The percentage of
solution is 2.74. The degree of dissociation is
dissociation of the salt in solution is
(A) 91.3% (B) 87%
(A) 90 (B) 80 (C) 58 (D) 98
Sol. : (C) 100% (D) 74%
ΔTf = ikf m Sol. :
−
0.335 = i × 1.86 × 0.1 Ba (NO3)2 ? Ba2+ + 2NO3
i = 1.80 1 mole 0 0 initial
For NaBr, i = 1 + α
1-α α 2 αafter dissociation
α = 0.80 = 80 %
Total Moles = 1 + 2α
121. Which of the following compounds i = 1 + 2α
correspond to maximum Van't Hoff factor
i–1 2.74 – 1
for dilute solution? α= =
2
2
(A) HCl (B) MgSO4 = 0.87
(C) K2SO4 (D) K4Fe(CN)6 = 87%

118. (C) 119. (C) 120. (B) 121. (D) 122. (B) 123. (A) 124. (B)

69
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry

NCERT Exemplar MCQs

1. Which of the following units is useful in 6. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood
relating concentration of solution with its and tissues of people living at high altitude
vapour pressure ? is due to ________.
(A) Mole fraction (A) Low temperature
(B) Parts per million (B) Low atmospheric pressure
(C) Mass percentage (C) High atmospheric pressure
(D) Molality (D) Both low temperature and high atmospheric
pressure
2. On dissolving sugar in water at room
temperature solution feels cool to touch. 7. Considering the formation, breaking and
Under which of the following cases dissolution strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of
of sugar will be most rapid ? the following mixtures will show a positive
deviation from Raoult's law ?
(A) Sugar crystals in cold water.
(B) Sugar crystals in hot water. (A) Methanol and acetone
(B) Chloroform and acetone
(C) Powdered sugar in cold water.
(C) Nitric acid and water
(D) Powdered sugar in hot water.
(D) Phenol and aniline
3. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of
8. Colligative properties depend on ________.
a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is
________. (A) T
 he nature of the solute particles dissolved
in solution.
(A) Less than the rate of crystallisation
(B) The number of solute particles in solution.
(B) Greater than the rate of crystallisation
(C) 
The physical properties of the solute
(C) Equal to the rate of crystallisation
particles dissolved in solution.
(D) Zero
(D) The nature of solvent particles.
4. A beaker contains a solution of substance
9. Which of the following aqueous solutions
‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place should have the highest boiling point ?
when small amount of ‘A’ is added to the
(A) 1.0 M NaOH (B) 1.0 M Na2SO4
solution. The solution is ________.
(C) 1.0 M NH4NO3 (D) 1.0 M KNO3
(A) Saturated
(B) Super saturated 10. The unit of ebulioscopic constant is ________.
(C) Unsaturated (A) K kg mol–1 or K (molality)–1
(D) Concentrated (B) mol kg K–1 or K–1 (molality)
(C) kg mol–1 K–1 or K–1 (molality)–1
5. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can
(D) K mol kg–1 or K (molality)
be dissolved in a specified amount of a given
liquid solvent does not depend upon ________. 11. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose,
(A) Temperature the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M
(B) Nature of solute MgCl2 solution is ________.
(C) Pressure (A) the same (B) about twice
(D) Nature of solvent (C) about three times (D) about six times

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (A)
11. (C)
70
 1. Solution
12. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt 17. Value of Henry's constant KH ________.
solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because _____. (A) Increases with increase in temperature.
(A) it gains water due to osmosis. (B) Decreases with increase in temperature.
(B) it loses water due to reverse osmosis. (C) Remains constant.
(C) it gains water due to reverse osmosis. (D) First increases then decreases.
(D) it loses water due to osmosis.
18. The value of Henry's constant KH is ________.
13. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a (A) Greater for gases with higher solubility.
concentrated solution of a substance ________.
(B) Greater for gases with lower solubility.
(A) is higher than that at a dilute solution. (C) Constant for all gases.
(B) is lower than that of a dilute solution. (D) Not related to the solubility of gases.
(C) is same as that of a dilute solution.
(D) can not be compared with osmotic pressure 19. Consider the figure and mark the correct
of dilute solution. option.
Piston (A) Piston (B)
14. Which of the following statements is false ?
SPM
(A) T wo different solutions of sucrose of same
molality prepared in different solvents will (B)
have the same depression in freezing point. (A)
Fresh water Concentrated
(B) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given sodium chloride
by the equation p = CRT (where C is the solution in water
molarity of the solution).
(C) 
Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for
0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride, (A) W ater will move from side (A) to side (B)
potassium chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is if a pressure lower than osmotic pressure is
BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose. applied on piston (B).
(D) According to Raoult's law, the vapour (B) Water will move from side (B) to side (A)
pressure exerted by a volatile component if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure
of a solution is directly proportional to its is applied on piston (B).
mole fraction in the solution. (C) Water will move from side (B) to side (A)
if a pressure equal to osmotic pressure is
15. The values of Van't Hoff factors for KCl,
applied on piston (B).
NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are ________.
(D) Water will move from side (A) to side (B)
(A) 2, 2 and 2 (B) 2, 2 and 3
if pressure equal to osmotic pressure is
(C) 1, 1, and 2 (D) 1, 1 and 1
applied on piston (A).
16. Which of the following statements is false ?
20. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl
(A) U nits of atmospheric pressure and osmotic labelled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations
pressure are the same. 0.1 M, 0.01 M and 0.001 M, respectively. The
(B) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move value of Van't Hoff factor for these solutions
through a semipermeable membrane from a
will be in the order ________.
region of lower concentration of solute to a
region of higher concentration. (A) iA < iB < iC
(C) 
The value of molal depression constant (B) iA > iB > iC
depends on nature of solvent. (C) iA = iB = iC
(D) Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a
(D) iA < iB > iC
dimensionless quantity.

12. (D) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (A)

71
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
21. On the basis of information given below 23. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling
mark the correct option. Information : azeotrope at some specific composition then
________.
(i) I n bromoethane and chloroethane mixture
intermolecular interactions of A-A and (A) A -B interactions are stronger than those
between A-A or B-B.
B-B type are nearly same as A-B type
(B) Vapour pressure of solution increases because
interactions.
more number of molecules of liquids A and
(ii) I n ethanol and acetone mixture A-A or B can escape from the solution.
B-B type intermolecular interactions are (C) Vapour pressure of solution decreases
stronger than A-B type interactions. because less number of molecules of only
one of the liquids escape from the solution.
(iii) I n chloroform and acetone mixture A-A
(D) A-B interactions are weaker than those
or B-B type intermolecular interactions
between A-A or B-B.
are weaker than A-B type interactions.
24. 4 L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was
(A) Solution (ii) and (iii) will follow Raoult's law.
diluted by adding one litre of water. The
(B) Solution (i) will follow Roult's law.
molality of the resultant solution is ________.
(C) 
Solution (ii) will show negative deviation
(A) 0.004 (B) 0.008 (C) 0.012 (D) 0.016
from Raoult's law.
(D) 
Solution (iii) will show positive deviation 25. On the basis of information given below mark
from Raoult's law the correct option. Information : On adding
acetone to methanol some of the hydrogen
22. Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were bonds between methanol molecules break.
taken. One of these beakers, labelled as (A) At specific composition methanol-acetone
“A”, was filled with 400 mL water, whereas mixture will form minimum boiling
the beaker labelled “B” was filled with 400 azeotrope and will show positive deviation
mL of 2 M solution of NaCl. At the same from Raoult's law.
temperature both the beakers were placed (B) At specific composition methanol-acetone
in closed containers of same material and mixture forms maximum boiling azeotrope and
will show positive deviation from Raoult's law.
same capacity as shown in Fig.. At a given
(C) At specific composition methanol-acetone
temperature, which of the following statement
mixture will form minimum boiling
is correct about the vapour pressure of pure azeotrope and will show negative deviation
water and that of NaCl solution. from Raoult's law.
(D) At specific composition methanol-acetone
A B mixture will form maximum boiling
azeotrope and will show negative deviation
from Raoult's law.
H2O NaCl solution
26. KH value for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO(g) and CH4(g)
(A) V apour pressure in container (A) is more than
are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 × 10–5 and 0.413 respectively.
that in container (B). Arrange these gases in the order of their
(B) Vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that increasing solubility.
in container (B). (A) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
(C) Vapour pressure is equal in both the containers. (B) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
(D) Vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the (C) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
vapour pressure in container (A). (D) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO

21. (B) 22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (D) 25. (A) 26. (D)

72
 1. Solution

Booster MCQs
1. Assertion (A): Molality of solution increases 4. If 2 g of NaOH is dissolved to make 200 ml
with temperature. solution at 25 °C, the molarity (M) at 90 °C is
Reason (R): Molality expression does not (A) M < 0.25 (B) 0.5 > M > 0.25
involve any volume term. (C) M = 0.25 (D) 0.5 < M < 1.0
(A) Both A and R correct and R is the correction Sol. :
explanation of A. Mass = 2 g
(B) Both A and R are correct, R is not the Molecular mass of NaOH = 40
correction explanation of A. V = 200 ml
(C) A is correct, R is not correct. We know that
(D) A is not correct, R is correct. mole
Molarity =
volume in ]Literg
2. Which of the following are correct for an
mass of NaOH
ideal solution? Mole of NaOH =
2
= 40
molecular mass of NaOH
(a) ∆Vmix = 0
2 1000
(b) Vsolvent + Vsolute = Vsolution Molarity = 40 × 200 = 0.25 M
(c) ∆Hmix = 0
Molarity is dependent on volume and volume
(d) H2O + CO2 → H2CO3 is an example of
rise as the temperature does, molarity is
ideal solution.
inversely proportional to temperature. So, if
(A) a, b only (B) b, c only
temperature increases molarity decreases.
(C) a, b, c only (D) a, b, c, d
Thus at 90°C molarity is M < 0.25
3. At 298 K, vapour pressure of two pure A sample of drinking water has 15 ppm (by mass) of
5.
liquids A and B are 200 and 400 mm Hg a carcinogen (molar mass 120 g mol–1). The molality
respectively, If mole fractions of A and B in of carcinogen in water sample in mol kg–1 is
solution are 0.7 and 0.3 respectively. What is
(A) 2.50 × 10–4 (B) 2.50 × 10–3
the mole fraction of B in vapour phase?
(C) 1.25 × 10–4 (D) 1.25 × 10–3
(A) 0.279 (B) 0.721
(C) 0.538 (D) 0.462 6. 250 mL of a sodium carbonate solution contains
Sol. : 2.65 g of Na2CO3. If 10 mL of this solution is
Vapour pressure of liquids P0A = 200 mm Hg diluted to 1 L, what is the concentration of the
Vapour pressure of liquids P0B = 400 mm Hg resultant solution? (Mol. wt. of Na2CO3 = 106)
Mole fractions of A (XA) = 0.7 (A) 0.1 M (B) 0.001 M
Mole fractions of B (XB) = 0.3 (C) 0.01 M (D) 10–4 M
We, know that, Sol. :
P = P0A ⋅ XA + P0B ⋅ XB Molarity of Na2CO3 solution

P = 200 × 0.7 + 400 × 0.3 No. of mole of Solute
Molarity = Volume of solvent (L)
P = 260 mm Hg
So, mole fraction of B is- 2.65 1
= 106 × 250 × 1000 = 0.1 M
PB P B0 $ XB
XB = P = Molarity of mixture -
P
M1V1 = M2V2
400 # 0.3
XB = 10 × 0.1 = 1000 × M2
260
10 # 0.1
XB = 0.460 M2 = 1000
= 0.001 M

1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (B)

73
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
7. Concentrated HNO3 is 63% HNO3 by mass Sol. :
and has a density of 1.4 g/ml. How many X =
i 1

milliliters of this solution are required to n 1

prepare 250 ml of a 1.2M HNO3 solution? i 1

\ 0.8 = 1

1
(A) 18.0 (B) 21.42
(C) 20.0 (D) 14.21 \ i – 1 = 0.8 × (– 0.5)
\ i – 1 = – 0.4
8. The vapour pressure of a solvent decreased \ i = 0.6
by 20 mm of Hg when a non-volatile solute ∆Tb = i. Kb. m
was added to the solvent. The mole-fraction
R `T b j M
o 2
122 # 1000
of the solute in the solution is 0.5. What \ 1.4 = 0.6 × × 122 # 1000
1000 # T vap H
should be the mole-fraction of the solvent for
 # `T b j # 78
o 2
the decrease in the vapour pressure needs to \ 1.4 = 0.6 × 1000 # 78 # 1000
be 10 mm of Hg?
\ (T0b) = 116,666.66
3 2
(A) 4 (B) 3 \ T0b = 111, 666.66
= 341.56 K
1 3
(C) 4 (D) 2
10. If active mass of a 6% solution of a compound
Sol. : is 2, its molecular weight will be
Vapour pressure of solvent decreased = 20 mm of Hg (A) 30 (B) 15
Mole fraction of solute = 0.5 (C) 60 (D) 22
Applying the formula- Sol. :
Active mass is 2 (i.e. 2 mol/L)
Po − P TP1 Xa
1
= Xa = X W # 1000
Po TP2 \ M = M.W # V
a 2 mL

TP 5 6 # 1000
= Xa
20
∴ 10 = X \ 2 = M.W # 100
Po a 2
60
0.5 \ M.W. = 2 = 30 gm/mol
∴ Xa = 2
2

1 11. The mole fraction of gas in the solution is

∴ Xa = 4
2 (A) Proportional to the partial pressure of the
1 gas over the solution
Mole fraction of solvent = 1 – 4
(B) Proportional to the partial pressure of the
3 gas in the solution
= 4
(C) Proportional to the square of the partial
9. A solution of 122 g of benzoic-acid in 1000g pressure of the gas over the solution
(D) Proportional to the square of the partial
of benzene shows a boiling point elevation of
pressure of the gas in the solution
1.4°. If the solute is dimerized to an extent
of 80% the boiling of pure benzene will be 12. When attraction between A-B is more than
that of A-A and B-B, the solution will show :
________. (Molar enthalpy of vaporization of
(A) positive deviation from Raoult's law
benzene = 7.8 kcal. mol–1)
(B) Negative deviation from Raoult's law
(A) 420 K (B) 340 K (C) no deviation from Raoult's law
(C) 540 K (D) 460 K (D) Cannot be predicted

7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (A) 11. (A) 12. (B)

74
 1. Solution
13. A 100 mL flask contained H₂ at 200 torr, and Sol. :
a 200 mL flask contained He at 100 torr. The Osmosis is the movement of solvent, which
two flask were then connected so that each allows solvent to move through a barrier from a
gas filled their combined volume. Assume, no less concentrated solution to more concentrated
change in temperature, total pressure is solution.
(A) 104 torr (B) 163.33 torr
16. Which of the following mixtures show
(C) 279 torr (D) 133.33 torr
Sol. : negative deviation from Raoult's law?
(I) CHCL3 + (CH3)2CO
P1V1 + P2V2 = Pf Vf
(II) C6H5OH + C6H5NH2
100 × 200 + 200 × 100 = Pf × 300
40000 (III) C2H5OH + (CH3)2CO
Pf = torr
300 (IV) C6H6 + C6H5CH3
= 133.33 torr (A) II & III only (B) III & IV only
14. Chloroform, CHCl3, boils at 61.7°C. If the Kb (C) I & II only (D) I & III only
for chloroform is 3.63°C/molal, what is the
17. Which of the following form an ideal solution?
boiling point of a solution of 15.0kg of CHCl3
and 0.616 kg of acenaphthalene, C12H10? (I) Chloroethane and bromoethane
(A) 61.9 (B) 62.0 (II) Benzene and toluene
(C) 52.2 (D) 62.67 (III) n - Hexane and n - heptanes
Sol. : (IV) Phenol and aniline
Kb = 3.63°C/ Molal (A) I & II only (B) I, II & III only
WA = 15 kg (C) II III & IV only (D) 1 & IV only
= 15000 gm
18. Which of the following solution has the
WB = 0.616 kg lowest osmotic pressure?
= 616 gm (A) 200 ml of 2 M NaCl solution
Now, (B) 200 ml of 1 M glucose solution
MB = Acenaphthalene (C12H10) (C) 200 ml of 2 M urea solution
Molecular mass of C12H10 (D) 200 ml of 1 M KCl solution
MB = 12 × 12 + 10 × 1
19. Which of the following substances show the
= 154 g/mol
highest colligative properties?
From formula,
∆Tb = Kb.m (A) 0.1 M BaCl2 (B) 0.1 M AgNO3
W (C) 0.1 M urea (D) 0.1 M (NH4)3 PO4
= 3.63 × 154 × 15  f a m = MB # W p
616 1 1000
Sol. :
B A
∆Tb = 0.968 Colligative properties depend upon number of
solute particles. Here 0.1M (NH4) PO4 contains
Now,
the maximum particles. So, it has the highest
Τb = Τ0b + ∆Tb = 61.7 + 0.968 = 62.668
s colligative properties.
= 62.67 So, option (D) is correct.
15. Equimolar solution of urea and KCI are Which one of the following is an isotonic pair
20.
separated by a semi permeable membrane.
of solution?
Which one of the following will take place?
(A) 0.15 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2SO4
(A) No net flow of solvent in either directions
(B) Solvent will flow from KCI to urea solution (B) 0.2 M Urea and 0.1 M Sugar
(C) Solvent will flow from urea to KCl solution (C) 0.1 M BaCl2 and 0.2 M Urea
(D) Nothing can be predicted (D) 0.4 M MgSO4 and 0.1 M NH4Cl

13. (D) 14. (D) 15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (A)

75
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
21. At certain temperature a 5.12% solution of Sol. :
cane sugar is isotonic with a 0.9% solution of PoA = 520 mmHg, PoB = 1000 mmHg
an unknown solute. The molar mass of solute is; Let mole fractions of A = XA
(A) 60 (B) 46.17 (C) 120 (D) 90 Let mole fractions of B = XB
Sol. : From formula,
Solutions having same osmotic pressure are called PoAXA + PoBXB = 760 mmHg
isotonic solution. The osmotic pressure is given as. PoAXA + PoB (1 – XA) = 760
w RT = 520XA + 1000 – 1000 ХA
∴π= 2
M2V = 760 mm
π (cane sugar) = π (unknown solute) So,
1
5.12 0.9 XA = 2 or 50 mol%
=
342 M
24. Four solution A, B, C, D has glucose 0.5 M,
342 × 0.9
M= = 60 NaCl 0.1M, BaCl2 0.5M and MgCl2 0.1M,
5.12
then which of the following will have highest
22. On dissolving a non- volatile solute in a solvent,
the vapour pressure of the solvent is decreased osmotic pressure?
by 10 mm of mercury. The mole fraction of (A) Glucose (B) BaCl2
the solute in this solution is 0.2. If the vapour (C) MgCl2 (D) NaCl
pressure of the solvent is decreased by 20 mm of Sol. :
mercury by dissolving more solute, what is the NaCI, BaCl2 & MgCl₂ is an electrolyte
mole fraction of solvent in this solution now? \ 1 mole of NaCI 2 Mole ions
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.4 molar concentration of particle in solution = 0.2M
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.8 1 mole of BaCl2 give 3 mole ions
Sol. : molar concentration of particle in solution = 1.5M
We know that, 1 mole of MgCl2 give 3 mole ions
Po – Ps = P° × mole fraction of solute molar concentration of particle in solution = 0.3M
10 = Po × 0.2 ...(1) Osmotic a number of particle in solution
20 = P° × X2 ...(2) So, increasing order of osmotic pressure is
From (1) and (2) Glucose < NaCl < MgCl2 < BaCl2
X2 = 0.4
So, 25. A solution containing 4 g of polyvinyl chloride
X1 = 1 – X2 polymer in one litre of dioxane was found to

= 1 – 0.4 have an osmotic pressure of 4.1 × 10–4 atm. at
= 0.6 27°C. The approximate molecular weight of the
polymer is
23. At 80°C, the vapour pressure of pure liquid
A is 520mm Hg and that of pure liquid B (A) 1500 (B) 10,000
is 1000mm Hg. If a mixture solution of A (C) 2.4 × 105 (D) 2 × 1012
and B boils at 80°C and 1 atm pressure. The Sol. :
amount of A in the mixture is- wRT 4 # 00821 # 300
M= = 
(A) 50 mol percent (B) 54 mol percent ΠV 4 # 10 4 # 1
(C) 32 mol percent (D) 44 mol percent M = 2.4 × 105

21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (B) 25. (C)

76
 1. Solution
26. Which of the following condition is correct 29. The vapour pressure of water at 23°C is 19.8
for reverse osmosis? mm. 0.1 mole of glucose is dissolved in 178.2
[C = Concentration of solution in mol L–1; g of water. What is the vapour pressure (in
T = Temperature in Kelvin scale; n = no of mm) of the resultant solution.
moles of solute] (A) 19.0 (B) 19.602
(A) Pext = CRT (B) Pext > CRT
(C) 19.402 (D) 19.202
(C) Pext < CRT (D) Pext > nRT
Sol. :
Sol. :
Vapour pressure of H2O (P°) = 19.8 mm
Reverse osmosis occurs when pressure higher
than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution. nA = 0.1 moles
Pexternal > CRT 178.2 gm
nB = 18
= 9.9
27. pH of a 0.1M monobasic acid is 2. Its osmotic According to Raoult's law –
pressure at a given temperature T(K) is
(Given that the effective concentration for Po − Ps nA
= n +n
osmotic pressure is (1 + a). x concentration P o
A B
of acid : a is the dissociation factor) 198  Ps 01
198
= 01  99
(A) RT (B) 0.11 RT
(C) 0.01 RT (D) 0.001 RT 198 – 10PS = 0.1 × 19.8
Sol. : 10PS = 198 – 1.98
Given, pH = 2
196.02
pH = –log [H+] PS = 10
= 19.602 mm
or [H+] = 0.01
For monobasic acid 30. The relative lowering of vapour pressure is
HX  H+ + X– equal to
Initial conc. C 0 0 (A) Ratio of the number of solute molecules to
Final con. Ca a a the total number of molecules in solution
+
H = Ca (B) Ratio of the number of solvent molecules
a = 0.01 to the number of solute molecules
0.1 (C) Ratio of the number of solute molecules to
a = 0.1 the number of solvent molecules
By Vant Hoff's principle- (D) Ratio of the number of molecules in
i = 1 + a solution
i = 1 + 0.1
i = 1.1 31. Consider the following statements in respect of
Osmotic pressure - an ideal solution :
Π = iCRT (1) Raoult's law valid for an ideal solution
Π = 1.1 × 0.1 × RT over the whole concentration range.
Π = 0.11 RT (2) Enthalpy of mixing is zero i.e. ∆Hmix = 0.
28. At 25°C, the total pressure of an ideal solution (3) Volume of mixing is zero i.e. ∆Vmix ≠ 0.
obtained by mixing 3 moles of A and 2 moles of (4) The components of ideal solution cannot
B, is 184 torr. What is the vapour pressure (in be separated by fractional distillation.
torr) of pure B at the same temperature? (vapour Which of the statements given above is/are
pressure of pure A, at 25°C, is 200 torr). correct?
(A) 180 (B) 160 (A) 3 and 4 (B) 1 and 4
(C) 16 (D) 100 (C) 1 and 2 (D) 3 and 4

26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (B) 29. (B) 30. (A) 31. (C)

77
Standard 12 science (EM) : Chemistry - 005
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
32. An ideal solution is formed when its components Sol. :
(1) can be converted into gases 100
Moles of sucrose, (n) = 342 = 0.292 mol
(2) obey Raoult's law
(3) have no change of volume Moles of water, (N) =
1000
= 55.5 mol
18
(4) have zero heat of mixing
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Vapour pressure of pure water, (P°) = 23.8
(A) 1 only (B) 2, 3 and 4 mmHg
(C) 2 only (D) 3 and 4 only According to Raoult's law,

The freezing point of a solution composed TP n

33. 0 = n + N
P
of 10.0g of KCI in 100 g of water is 4.5°С.
TP 0292
Calculate the Van't Hoff factor, i for this 23.8 = 0292  555
solution.
23.8 # 0.292
(A) 2.50 (B) 1.8 ∆P = 55.792
= 0.125mm Hg
(C) 1.2 (D) 1.3
36. The boiling point of a solution containing
34. A solution containing 1.8 g of a compound
68.4 g of sucrose (molar mass = 342 g mol–1)
(empirical formula CH2O) in 40 g of water
in 100 g of water is
is observed to freeze at – 0.465 °C. The
molecular formula of the compound is (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1)
(Kf of water = 1.86 kg K mol–1) (A) 98.98°C (B) 101.02°C
(A) C2H4O2 (B) C3H6O3 (C) 100.512°C (D) 100.02°C
(C) C4H8O4 (D) C6H12O6 37. Which one of the following is the ratio
Sol. : of the lowering of vapour pressure of 0.1
∆Tf = Kf × M M aqueous solutions of BaCl2, NaCl and
1.8 1000 Al2(SO4)3 respectively?
0.465 = 1.86 × M × 40
M = 180 gm/mol (A) 3 : 2 : 5 (B) 5 : 2 : 3
Now, (C) 5 : 3 : 2 (D) 2 : 3 : 5
molar mass 180 Sol. :
n= = 30 = 6
empirical formula weight
TP
∝i
So, molecular formula of compound will be Po
C6H12O6
38. A 0.001 molal solution of [Pt(NH3)4 Cl4] in
35. The vapour pressure lowering caused by the water had a freezing point depression of
addition of 100g of sucrose (molecular mass = 342) 0.0054°C. If Kf for water is 1.80 the correct
to 1000 g of water the vapour pressure of pure formulation of the above molecule is
water at 25°C 23.8 mm Hg is
(A) [Pt(NH3)4Cl3]C1
(A) 0.12 mm Hg
(B) [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Cl2
(B) 0.125 mm Hg
(C) 1.15 mm Hg (C) [Pt(NH3)4Cl]Cl2
(D) 1.25 mm Hg (D) [Pt(NH3)4Cl4]

32. (B) 33. (B) 34. (D) 35. (B) 36. (B) 37. (A) 38. (B)

78
 1. Solution
39. 0.5 molal solution of a solute in benzene 43. Acetic acid dimerizes when dissolved in
shows a depression in freezing point equal to benzene. As a result boiling point of the
2K. Molal depression constant for benzene is solution rises by 0.36°C, when 100g of
5 K kg mol . If the solute forms dimer in
–1
benzene is mixed with "X" g of acetic acid.
benzene, what is the % association? In this solution, if experimentally measured
(A) 40 (B) 50 molecular weight of acetic acid is 117.8 and
(C) 60 (D) 80 molar elevation constant of benzene is 2.57 K
Sol. : kg mol–1, what is the weight % and degree of
TTf 2 dissociation (in %) of acetic acid in benzene?
i = K # m = 5 # 0.5
f
(A) 1.62 and 98.3
2
i = 2.5 = 0.8 (B) 0.81 and 98.3
(C) 0.5 and 8.6
% Association of acid (a), while solute from
(D) 1 and 98.3
dimer in benzene, i.e, 2A A2
Sol. :
\ value of n = 2
Experimental molecular weight of acetic acid =
i −1 8  1
aassociation = = 1 117.8
1
n −1 
1

% of aassociation = 0.4 × 100 = 40% normal molar mass 60

i= = 117.8 = 0.51
Abnormal molar mass
40. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of X = mole fraction
10 g of solute (mol. Wt. = 100) in 100 g of water
We know that, ∆Tb = iKb × m
is ∆ Tb, the ebullioscopic constant of water is
x
(A) 10 (B) 100 Tb # 1000
60
0.36 = 0.51 × 257 × 100
× 100
TTb
(C) ∆Tb (D) 10
% weight of CH3COOH

41. Calculate the quantity of CO2 required to Weight of CH3COOH

= × 100
prepare 1 L of soda water when the soda Weight of solution
water was packed under 2 atm of CO2. 1.65
8
= 101.65 × 100 = 1.62
[Henry's law constant for CO2 is 1.67 × 10 Pa]
(A) 5.98 g (B) 1.21 g i −1
Degree of dissociation (a) = 1
−1
(C) 2.9 g (D) 67.1 g n

51  1
42. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and (a) = = 0.98 = 98%
1

1
B are 450 and 700 mm at Hg of 350 K
respectively. If the total vapour pressure of 44. Abnormal colligative properties are observed only
the mixture is 600 mm of Hg, the composition when the dissolved non-volatile solute in a given
of the mixture in the solution is dilute solution
(A) XA = 0.4 and XB = 0.6 (A) Is a non-electrolyte
(B) XA = 0.6 and XB = 0.4 (B) Offers an intense colour
(C) XA = 0.3 and XB = 0.7 (C) Associates or dissociates
(D) XA = 0.7 and XB = 0.3 (D) Offers no colour

39. (A) 40. (C) 41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (A) 44. (C)

79
Std. 12 (Science Stream) Chemistry
45. If sodium sulphate is considered to be Sol. :
completely dissociated into cations and anions Let atomicity be n, then it exist as (S)n
in aqueous solution, the change in freezing molar mass of sulphur = 32n
point of water (∆Tf), when 0.01 mole of sodium 1000w1 kf
sulphate is dissolved in 1 kg of water, is ∆T = m1 w 2
(K1 = 1.86 K kg mol–1) given,
(A) 0.0372 K (B) 0.0558 K w1 = 2.56 g
(C) 0.0744 K (D) 0.0186 K w2 = 100 g
46. The correct order of increasing boiling points kf = 0.1° (molal)–1
of the following aqueous solutions ∆Tf = 0.010°
0.0001 M NaCl (I), 0.0001 M Urea (II) 1000 # 256 # 0.1
m1 = 0.01 # 100
= 256
0.001 M MgCl2 (III), 0.01 M NaCl (IV) is
32n = 256
(A) I < II < III < IV
  n = 8
(B) IV < III < II < I
(C) II < I < III < IV 49. Raoult's law becomes a special case of
(D) III < II < IV < I Henry's law when
(A) KH = P01 (B) KH > P01
47. Which one of the following solution of
(C) KH < P01 (D) KH > P01
compounds shows highest osmotic pressure?
(AB, AB2 and A2B3 are ionic compounds) 50. The volume of 10 N and 4 N HCI required
to make 1 L of 7 N HCl are
(A) 5.0 M urea i = 1.0 and temperature is
67°C (A) 0.50 L of 10 N HCl and 0.50 L of 4N HCl
(B) 0.60 L of 10 N HCl and 0.40 L of 4N HCl
(B) 1.5 M A2B3 type i = 4.1 and temperature
(C) 0.80 L of 10 N HCl and 0.20 L of 4N HCl
is 27°C
(D) 0.75 L of 10 N HCl and 0.25 L of 4N HCl
(C) 3.0 M AB type i 1.6 and temperature is
Sol. :
27°C Let V litre of 10 N HCl be mixed with (1 – V)
(D) 2.5 M AB2 type i = 2.5 and temperature is litre of 4 N HCl to give (V + 1 – V) = 1L of 7 N
57°C HCI.
48. 2.56 g sulphur in 100 g of CS2 has depression N1V1 + N2V2 = NV
in freezing point of 0.01 C. Atomicity of 10 V + 4 (1 – V) = 7 × 1
6V = 7 – 4
sulphur in CS2 in-
(Given, Kf = 0.10 molal–1) V = 6 = 0.05 L
3

(A) 2 (B) 4  Volume of 10 N HCl = 0.50 L

(C) 6 (D) 8 \ Volume of 4 N HCl = 1 – 0.50 = 0.50 L

45. (B) 46. (C) 47. (D) 48. (D) 49. (A) 50. (A)

80
 Board, GUJCET, NEET, JEE Main Exam MCQs
and NCERT Exemplar MCQs

CHAPTER Page No.

1 Solutions 3

2 Electrochemistry 10

3 Chemical Kinetics 18

4 The d and f Block Elements 26

5 Coordination Compounds 33

6 Haloalkane and Haloarene 41

7 Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers 56

8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 73

9 Amines 92

10 Biomolecules 109
 3
Special Booklet

Chapter-1 Solutions

Board, GUJCET Exam MCQs 7 From following which is the example of solution
in which solute is gas and solvent is solid ?
1 Elevation in boiling point of the aqueous solution  (Board - 2020, 2022)
of 0.01 M BaCl2 compare to 0.01M urea is ______
(A) Aqueous solution of oxygen
 (Board - 2023)
(B) Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas
(A) approximately half
(B) equal (C) Camphor in nitrogen gas
(C) approximately three times (D) Solution of hydrogen in palladium
(D) approximately twice
8 What will be the molality of 10% w/w aqueous
–16
2 If the solubility product of CuS is 9 × 10 , solution of NaOH ? (Molecular mass of NaOH =
then what will be maximum molarity of CuS in 40g mol–1) (Board - 2022)
aqueous solution ?  (Board - 2023)
(A) 2.5 m (B) 2.78 m
(A) 2 × 10–10 M (B) 5 × 10–7 M
(C) 3 × 10–8 M (D) 6 × 10–12 M (C) 2.87 m (D) 2.05 m
10 # 1000
3 Which mixture shows negative deviation from «« m=
40 # 90
= 2.78 M
Raoult's law ? (Board - 2023)
9 What will be the boiling point of 1m urea solution
(A) ethanol and acetone
in k unit ? (kb = 0.52 k kg mol–1)(Board - 2022)
(B) carbon disulphide and acetone
(A) 100.52 (B) 373.67
(C) hexane and heptane
(D) phenol and aniline (C) 378.35 (D) 105.2

4 30mL, 0.5M NaOH diluted to 500mL by adding 10 Which mixture shows positive deviation from
water. What will be molarity of that diluted Raoult's law ? (Board - 2019, 2022)
solution ? (Board - 2022)
(A) Phenol + Aniline
(A) 0.05 (B) 0.025
(B) Ethanol + Acetone
(C) 0.03 (D) 0.015
M 1 ⋅ V1 = M 2 ⋅ V 2 (C) Chloroform + Acetone
««
(0.5)(30) = M2 ⋅ (500) (D) Nitric acid + Water
0.5 # 30
M2 = = 0.03 Under identical condition which solution has
500 11
Which of the following is non-ideal solution ? highest osmetic pressure ? (Board - 2022)
5
 (Board - 2022) (A) 1 M BaCl2 (B) 1 M NaCl
(A) Phenol + Aniline
(C) 1 M FeCl3 (D) 1 M glucose
(B) Benzene + Touene
(C) n-hexane + n-heptane 12 In which solution, solute is liquid and solvent is
(D) Bromo ethane + chloro ethane gas ? (Board - 2021)

Which solution is isotonic with 0.2M H2SO4 ? (A) Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas
6
 (Board - 2022) (B) Ethanol dissolved in water
(A) 0.4M HCl (B) 0.3M HCl (C) Camphor in nitrogen gas
(C) 0.1M HNO3 (D) 0.2M HNO3 (D) Solution of hydrogen in palladium

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (B)
11. (C) 12. (A)
4
Std. 12 (Science Stream) : Chemistry

13 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50g 19 Which of the following aqueous solution has
of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene highest boiling point, under identical condition
by 0.40 k. The freezing point depression constant having concentration 0.03 m ? (Board - 2019)
of benzene is 5.12 k kg mol–1. Find the molar
mass of the solute. (Board - 2021) (A) K4[Fe(CN)6] (B) Na2SO4

(A) 280 g mol–1 (B) 356 g mol–1 (C) Urea (D) NaCl
(C) 562 g mol–1 (D) 256 g mol–1 Which unit of concentration value does not
20
W2 # 1000 change with change in temperature ?
«« DTf = Kf ⋅
M 2 # W1  (Board - 2019)
1 # 1000
0.40 = 5.12 × (A) Normality (B) Molarity
M 2 # 50
(C) Molality (D) % V/V
M2 = 256 g mol–1

The pressure required for the reverse osmosis is 21 Which of the following aqueous solution has
14
quite high. For this _______ membrane is used. highest boiling point ? (Board - 2019)
 (Board - 2021) (A) 0.1 m NaCl (B) 0.2 m Ba(NO3)2
(A) Cellophane (B) Parchment (C) 0.01 m Na3PO4 (D) 0.03 m KNO3
(C) Cellulose acetate (D) Pig's bladder
22 What is the weight to volume ppm of 0.05% w/v
15 If 5 gm NaOH is dissolved in 450 ml solution, CaCl2 aqueous solution ? (Board - 2019)
molarity of solution is _______.
(A) 500 (B) 0.05
[Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1 g mol–1] (Board - 2021)
(C) 50 (D) 5
(A) 27.8 M (B) 0.278 M
(C) 2.78 M (D) 278 M «« 0.05% w/v CaCl2 means
0.05 gm dissolve in 100 ml
16 Molality of 30% w/w aqueous solution of NaOH
0.05 # 106
is _______. (Board - 2020) ppm = = 0.05 × 104 = 500 ppm
100
(A) 7.5 m (B) 8.32 m
23 Which of the following is appropriate for
(C) 10.71 m (D) 9.17 m
the solution made by mixing acetone and
«« 30% w/w NaOH carbondisulphide ? (Board - 2019)
Wt. of NaOH (Solute) = 30 gm
(A) Negative deviation from Raoult's law
Wt. of Water (Solvent) = 70 gm
(B) DHmix < 0
30 # 1000
m= = 10.71 m (C) DVmix > 0
40 # 70
We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled (D) Obey Raoult's law
17
‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations 0.1M, 0.01M
and 0.001M respectively. The value of Van't Hoff 24 Which of the following aqueous solution has
factor for these solution will be in the order highest boiling point ? (GUJCET - 2023)
_______. (Board - 2020; GUJCET - 2023) (A) 0.1M KNO3 (B) 0.1M Urea
(A) iA > iC > iB (B) iC > iB > iA (C) 0.1M K4[Fe(CN)4] (D) 0.1M NH4NO3
(C) iC = iB = iA (D) iB > iA > iC
25 What is the osmotic pressure (p) of 0.02M solution
18 Temperature increases, the value of KH increases, of NaCl. ? (GUJCET - 2023)
thus the value of solubility of gaseous solute will
be _______. (Board - 2019) (A) 0.01 RT (B) 0.02 RT
(A) Remains constant (B) Decreases (C) 0.04 RT (D) 0.002 RT
(C) Increases (D) Can not say «« p = icRT = 2 × 0.02 RT = 0.04 RT

13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (C) 21. (B) 22. (A)
23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (C)
 5
Special Booklet
26 Calculate the mole fraction of aqueous solution of 33 The molality of aqueous solution of any solute
1 molal urea (NH2CONH2) (GUJCET - 2022) having mole fraction 0.25 is ________.
(A) 0.01878 (B) 0.01768  (GUJCET - 2020)
(C) 0.01800 (D) 0.01698 (A) 33.33 m (B) 16.67 m
(C) 18.52 m (D) 9.26 m
27 Value of Henry's constant KH _______.
 (GUJCET - 2022)
34 The osmotic pressure of 0.5 M aqueous solution
(A) no effect by changing temperature of CH3COOH having 2pH at temperature T is
(B) decreases with increase in temperature _______. (GUJCET - 2020)
(C) increases with increase in temperature (A) 0.51 RT (B) 1.02 RT
(D) first decreases and then increases by increase in (C) 0.051 RT (D) 0.102 RT
temperature
35 Calculate Van't Haff factor (i) for an aqueous
28 What is value of Van't Hoff factor (i) when 80%
solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] having a degree of
of CaCl2 dissociates ? (GUJCET - 2022)
dissociation (a) equal to 0.778.(GUJCET - 2019)
(A) 2.60 (B) 2.40
(A) 4.334 (B) 3.334
(C) 3 (D) 2.30
(C) 0.222 (D) 2.334
29 Which of the following aqueous solutions should
have the minimum boiling point ? 36 If molality of a solution is 0.05 and elevation in
 (GUJCET - 2021) boiling point is 0.16 K then, what is the molal
elevation constant of the solvent ?
(A) 0.1 M Urea (B) 0.1 M K2SO4
 (GUJCET - 2019)
(C) 0.1 M NaCl (D) 0.1 M FeCl3
(A) 3.2 (B) 1.6
30 3.0 gram ethanoic acid in 50 gram benzene having (C) 2.2 (D) 2.3
_______ molality.
(Atomic weights : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16). 37 The value of which of the following unit of
 (GUJCET - 2021) concentration will not change with the change in
(A) 0.1 (B) 1.0 temperature ? (GUJCET - 2019)

(C) 0.6 (D) 0.06 (A) Molarity (B) Molality

(C) Normality (D) Formality
31 Which method is used to remove salt from sea
water ? (GUJCET - 2021) What is the normality of aqueous solution of
38
(A) Hydraulic washing (B) Leaching H2SO4 having pH = 1. (GUJCET - 2018)
(C) Reverse osmosis (D) Froth Floatation (A) 0.1 N (B) 0.05 N

Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be (C) 1 N (D) 0.5 N

32
dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid «« H2SO4 →
+
2H^aqh
−
+ SO 24^aqh
solvent does not depend upon _______.
For [H+] = 0.1M; the pH = 1
(i) Temperature (ii) Nature of solute
Molarity of H2SO4 = 0.05 M
(iii) Pressure (iv) Nature of Solvent
 (GUJCET - 2020) \ Normality of H2SO4 = MH × nf
2SO4
(A) (ii) & (iv) (B) (ii) = 0.05 × 2
(C) (i) & (iii) (D) (iii) = 0.1 N

26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (B) 31. (C) 32. (D) 33. (C) 34. (A) 35. (B)
36. (A) 37. (B) 38. (A)
6
Std. 12 (Science Stream) : Chemistry

39 Which of the following mixture is non-ideal

NEET Exam MCQs
solution ? (GUJCET - 2018)
(A) Chlorobenzene and bromobenzene 44 Given below are two statements: one is labelled
(B) Benzene and toluene as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason
R:
(C) Chloroform and acetone
 (NEET-2023)
(D) Bromoethane and chloroethane
Assertion A : H
 elium is used to dilute oxygen in
40 Which solution is isotonic with 6% w/v aqueous diving apparatus.
solution of urea ? [Molar mass of Urea = 60 gm. Reasons R : Helium has high solubility in O2 In
mol–1] (GUJCET - 2018) the light of the above statements,
(A) 0.1 M NaCl (B) 0.5 M NaCl choose the correct answer from the
options given below :
(C) 0.25 M NaCl (D) 1 M NaCl
(A) A is false but R is ture
41
The depression in freezing point for 0.01 m (B) B
 oth A and R are true and R is the correct
aqueous solution of KX[Fe(CN)6] is 0.0744 K. explanation of A.
The molal depression constant for solvent is 1.86 (C) B
 oth A and R are true and R is NOT the correct
K kg mol–1. If the solute undergoes complete explanation of A
dissociation, what is the correct molecular
(D) A is true but R is false.
formula for the solute ? (GUJCET - 2017)
(A) K2[Fe(CN)6] (B) K3[Fe(CN)6] 45 In one molal solution that contains 0.5 mole of a
solute, there is (NEET - 2022)
(C) K[Fe(CN)6] (D) K4[Fe(CN)6]
(A) 1000 g of solvent
«« DTb = iKfm
(B) 500 mL of solvent
0.0744 = i × 1.86 × 0.01
(C) 500 g of solvent
⇒i=4
(D) 100 mL of solvent
So, n = 4
moles of Solute
Formula is K3[Fe(CN)6] «« m=
mass of Solvent ^Kgh
At certain temperature 1.6% solution of an 0.5
42 1=
Mass of Solvent ^Kgh
unknown substance is isotonic with 2.4% solution
of Urea. If both the solutions have the same \ Mass of Solvent = 0.5 Kg = 500 g
solvent and both the solutions have same density
46 The following solutions were prepared by
1 gm/cm3, what will be the molecular mass of dissolving 10 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 250 ml
unknown substance in gm/mol ? [Molecular mass of water (P1), 10 g of urea (CH4N2O) in 250 ml
of urea = 60 gm/mol] (GUJCET - 2017) of water (P2) and 10 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) in
(A) 30 (B) 40 250 ml of water (P3). The right option for the
(C) 80 (D) 90 decreasing order of osmotic pressure of these
solutions is : (NEET - 2021)
43 Which of the following aqueous solution will have (A) P2 > P1 > P3
the boiling point 102.2° C ? The molal elevation
(B) P1 > P2 > P3
constant for water is 2.2 K kg mol–1.
(C) P2 > P3 > P1
 (GUJCET - 2017)
(D) P3 > P1 > P2
(A) 1 m CH3COOH (B) 1 m NaCl
1
(C) 1 M NaCl (D) 1 m glucose «« Osmotic pressure ∝
Molecular Mass

39. (C) 40. (B) 41. (B) 42. (B) 43. (D) 44. (D) 45. (C) 46. (A)
 7
Special Booklet
47 The correct option for the value of vapour 51 For an ideal solution, the correct option is : _______.
pressure of a solution at 45° C with benzene to  (NEET - 2019)
octane in molar ratio 3 : 2 is : (A) Dmix S = 0 at constant T and P
[At 45° C vapour pressure of benzene is 280 mm (B) Dmix V ≠ 0 at constant T and P
Hg and that of octane is 420 mm Hg. Assume
(C) Dmix H = 0 at constant T and P
Ideal gas] (NEET - 2021)
(D) Dmix G = 0 at constant T and P
(A) 160 mm of Hg (B) 168 mm of Hg
(C) 336 mm of Hg (D) 350 mm of Hg 52 The mixture that forms maximum boiling
azeotrope is : _______. (NEET - 2019)
«« PT = P10 ⋅ X1 + P 20 ⋅ X2
3 2 (A) Water + Nitric acid
= (280) c m + (420) c m
5 5 (B) Ethanol + Water
= 168 + 168 (C) Acetone + Carbon disulphide
= 336 mm of Hg (D) Heptane + Octane

48 The freezing point depression constant (Kf) of 53 Which of the following is dependent on
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol–1. The freezing point temperature ? (NEET - 2017)
depression for the solution of molality 0.078 m (A) Molality (B) Molarity
containing a non-electrolyte solute in benzene is
(C) Mole fraction (D) Weight percentage
(rounded off upto two decimal places) :
 (NEET - 2020) If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the value
54
(A) 0.20 K (B) 0.80 K of molal depression constant (Kf) will be _______.
(C) 0.40 K (D) 0.60 K  (NEET - 2017)

«« DTf = Kf ⋅ m = (5.12)(0.078) = 0.40 K (A) Doubled (B) Halved

(C) Tripled (D) Unchanged
49 A mixture of N2 and Ar gases in a cylinder contains
7 g of N2 and 8 g of Ar. If the total pressure of At 100° C the vapour pressure of a solution of 6.5
55
the mixture of the gases in the cylinder is 27 bar, g of a solute in 100 g water is 732 mm. If Kb =
the partial pressure of N2 is : 0.52, the boiling point of this solution will be :
[Use atomic masses (in g mol–1) : N = 14, Ar = 40]  (NEET - 2016)
 (NEET - 2020) (A) 100° C (B) 102° C (C) 103° C (D) 101° C
(A) 9 bar (B) 12 bar «« Vapour pressure of water P° = Patm = 760 ml
(C) 15 bar (D) 18 bar P° − Ps
\ = Xsolute
7 1 P°
«« Mole of N2 =
28
=
4 760 − 732 nsolute
8 1 ⇒ = n
Mole of Ar = = 760 solvent
40 5 6.5
1 28 M
⇒ =
4 5 760 100
Mole - fraction of N2 = = 18
1 +1 9
6.5 # 18 # 760
4 5 ⇒M= ≈ 32 g/Mol
28 # 100
5
PN = X N × PTotal = × 27 = 15 bar Now,
2 2 9
DTb = Kb molality
50 The mixture which shows positive deviation from 6.5
Raoult's law is : _______. (NEET - 2020) = 0.52 ×
32
0.1
(A) Ethanol + Acetone 0.52 # 6.5
=
(B) Benzene + Toluene 32 # 0.1
(C) Acetone + Chloroform = 1.05
(D) Chloroethane + Bromoethane \ Boiling point of solution = 100 + 1 = 101° C

47. (C) 48. (C) 49. (C) 50. (A) 51. (C) 52. (A) 53. (B) 54. (D) 55. (D)
 8
Std. 12 (Science Stream) : Chemistry

56 Which of the following statements about the 59 Match List-I with List-II.
composition of the vapour over an ideal 1 : 1 List-I List-II
molar mixture of benzene and toluene is correct ?
A. Osmosis I. Solvent molecules
Assume that the temperature is constant at
pass through
25° C. (Given vapour pressure data at 25° C,
semi permeable
benzene = 12.8 kPa, toluene = 3.85 kPa)
membrane towards
 (NEET - 2016)
solvent side.
(A) T
 he vapour will contain a higher percentage of
B. Reverse osmosis II. Movement of
toluene.
charged colloidal
(B) T
he vapour will contain equal amounts of
particles under the
benzene and toluene.
influence of applied
(C) N
 ot enough information is given to make a electric potential
prediction.
towards oppositely
(D) T
 he vapour will contain a higher percentage of charged electrodes.
benzene.
C. Electro osmosis III. Solvent molecules

57 The Van't Hoff factor (i) for a dilute aqueous pass through
solution of the strong electrolyte barium hydroxide semi permeable
is _______. (NEET - 2016) membrane towards
(A) 0 (B) 1 solution side.
D. Electrophoresis IV. Dispersion medium
(C) 2 (D) 3
moves in an electric
field.
JEE-Main Exam MCQs

 (JEE Main - 2023)
58 What is the mass ratio of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2, (A) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II (B) A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II
molar mass = 62 g/mol) required for making 500 (C) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV (D) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV
g of 0.25 molal aqueous solution and 250 mL of
0.25 molal aqueous solution ?(JEE Main - 2023) 60 Match List-I with List-II.
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 List-I List-II
(C) 1 : 1 (D) 3 : 1 A. van't Hoff I. Cryoscopic constant
factor, i
«« Molality of aq. ethylene glycol solution = 0.25 m
B. Kf II. Isotonic solutions
Mass of ethylene glycol required for 1000 g water
C. S o l u t i o n s III. Normal molar mass
62
= = 15.5 gm with same Abnormal molar mass
4
Mass of solution = 1015.5 gm osmotic
Mass of ethylene glycol in 500 gm solution pressure
15.5 # 500 D. Azeotropes IV. Solutions with same
= = 7.63 gm
1015.5 composition of vapour
Assuming density of solution as 1 gm/mL. above it
Mass of ethylene glycol in 250 mL  (JEE Main - 2023)
7.63 (A) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
= = 3.815 gm
2
(B) A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
\Mass ratio of ethylene glycol for making 500
gm of 0.25 m solution and 250 mL of 0.25 m (C) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
solution = 2 : 1 (D) A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV

56. (D) 57. (D) 58. (A) 59. (A) 60. (A)
 9
Special Booklet
61 In the depression of freezing point experiment. 65 Boiling point of a 2% aquaous solution of a non-
(A) V
 apour pressure of the solution is less than volatile solute A is equal to the boiling point of
that of pure solvent 8% aqueous solution of a non-volatile solute B.
(B) V
 apour pressure of the solution is more than The relation between molecular weights of A and
that of pure solvent B is. (JEE Main - 2022)

(C) O
 nly solute molecules solidify at the freezing (A) MA = 4MB (B) MB = 4MA
point (C) MA = 8MB (D) MB = 8MA
(D) O
 nly solvent molecules solidify at the freezing For A = 100 gm solution → 2 gm solute A
««
point. 2
MA
Choose the most appropriate answer from the \ Molality =
options given below : (JEE Main - 2023) 0.098
For B = 100 gm solution → 8 gm solute B
(A) A and D only (B) B and C only
8
(C) A only (D) A and C only MB
\ Molality =
0.092
62 Solute A associates in water. When 0.7 g of solute \ (DTB)A = (DTB)B
A is dissolved in 42.0 g of water, it depresses
\ Molality of A = Molality of B
the freezing point by 0.2° C. The percentage
2 8
association of solute A in water, is \ =
0.098 M A 0.092 M B
[Given : Molar mass of A = 93 g mol–1. Molal
MA
depression constant of water is 1.86 K kg mol–1] 2
×
92
=
 (JEE Main - 2022) 98 8 MB

1 MA
(A) 50% (B) 60% =
4.261 MB
(C) 70% (D) 80%
\ MB = 4.261 × MA
63 A commercially sold conc. HCl is 35% HCl by
mass. If the density of this commercial acid is 66 The osmotic pressure of blood is 7.47 bar at 300
1.46 g/mL, the molarity of this solution is : K. To inject glucose to a patient intravenously, it
(Atomic mass : Cl = 35.5 amu, H = 1 amu) has to be isotonic with blood. The concentration
 (JEE Main - 2022) of glucose solution in gL–1 is _______

(A) 10.2 M (B) 12.5 M (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol–1

(C) 14.0 M (D) 18.2 M R = 0.083 L bar K–1 mol–1) (Nearest integer)
 (JEE Main - 2022)
64 250 g solution of D-glucose in water contains
10.8% of carbon by weight. The molality of the
«« Ans : 54
«« p = C.R.T.
solution is nearest to
(Given : Atomic Weights are H, 1u ; C, 12u ; O, 7.47 = C × 0.083 × 300
16 u) (JEE Main - 2022) C = 0.3 M
(A) 1.03 (B) 2.06 = 0.3 × 180 gL–1
(C) 3.09 (D) 5.40 = 54 gL–1

61. (A) 62. (D) 63. (C) 64. (B) 65. (B) 66. Ans : 54