2025

MATHEMATICS
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

GRADE 10 -12

2025 TRAINING MANUAL

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MATHEMATICS TRAINING MANUAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY GRADE 10- 12
CAPS – 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

1. Programme 2–4

2. Definitions 5

3. Topic overview 5

4. Revision of Previous Grade 6–7

5. Circle and Terminology 8

6. Theorems on Circles and their applications 8 – 16

7. Additional Exercises 17 – 27

8. Proportionality Theorem 27 – 29

9. Area of triangles. 30

10. Similarity Theorem 31 – 32

11. Additional Exercises 33 – 37

12. Acceptable Reasons 38 – 40

13. References 41

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 MATHEMATICS TRAINING MANUAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY GRADE 10- 12
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PROGRAMME
DAY 1
ACTIVITY TIME RESPONSIBILIT
Y
Registration 12:00-14:00 Provincial Office
1.1 Opening and welcoming 14:00-14:20 Provincial office
Purpose and Expectations 14:20-14:40 Director- SCM

Revision of Grade 10 Euclidean geometry 14h40 – 15h30 Facilitator

1.2 Activity 1 and discussions 15h30 –16h30 Participants
Wrapping up Facilitator

Presentation: Introduction of Circle 16h30 – 17h00 Facilitator and

1.3 geometry terminology Participants
Presentation: Proof and application of 17h00 – 17h30 Facilitator and
theorems. Participants
Activity/ exercises
END DAY 1
DAY 2
ACTIVITY TIME RESPONSIBILIT
Y
2.1 Opening 08h00 – 08h05 Lead Teacher
Day 1 Reflections 08h05 – 08h15 Facilitator and
Participants
Presentation: Proof and application of 08h15 – 09h30 Facilitator and
theorems. Participants
Application of theorems C Activities 09h30 – 10h00 Facilitator and
Participants
TEA 10H00 – 10H30 All
2.2 Activity/ exercises 10h30 – 11h30 Participants in groups
Presentation C Discussions 11h30 - 13h00 Participants,
Facilitator
LUNCH 13H00 – 14H00 All
2.3 Application of theorems/ Activity 14h00 – 14h15 Facilitator
Application of theorems/ Activity 14h15 – 15h15 Facilitator and
Participants
Wrapping up and Post Test 15h15 – 16h30 ALL
END DAY 2
DAY 3
ACTIVITY TIME RESPONSIBILITY
3.1 Opening Facilitators Mr M. G
Reflection on day 1 and 2 08:00 – 08:30 Participants

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 MATHEMATICS TRAINING MANUAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY GRADE 10- 12
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3.2 Drawing of diagrams using: 08:30 –10:00 Facilitators
Geogebra
Graph
Geometer sketch pad
TEA 10:00 – 10:30 ALL
3.3 Practical task 10:30 – 12:00 Facilitators
Participants
LUNCH 12:00 – 13:00 ALL
3.4
END OF DAY 3

TRAVELLING MERCIES FOR ALL!!!!!!!

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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
MATHEMATICSTRAINING
MATHEMATICS TRAININGMANUAL
MANUAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY – 202510- 12
GRADE
CAPS GRADE 10- 12
CAPS – 2025

EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

Euclid was a Greek mathematician who lived about 2 300 years ago. He developed a form of geometry that measures straight
lines and flat shapes. He uses axioms (given facts) to prove theorems in a logical way. You need to be able to prove these
theorems and use them to solve geometry problems using logical reasoning.

NB: Proofs of converse theorems are not examinable but can be used to solve riders.

This topic is assessed in P2. It carries 30  3 marks in Grade 10, 50  3 marks in Grade 11 and 40  3 marks in Grade 12

Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12

1. Revise basic results established in Accept results established in earlier grades as 1. Revise earlier work on the necessary and
earlier grades regarding lines, angles and axioms and also that a tangent to a circle is sufficient conditions for polygons to be similar.
triangles, especially the similarity and perpendicular to the radius, drawn to the point
of contact. Then investigate and prove the
congruence of triangles.
theorems of the geometry of circles: 2. Prove (accepting results established in earlier
2. Investigate line segments joining the grades):
• The line drawn from the centre of a circle
midpoints of two sides of a triangle.
perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord; ● that a line drawn parallel to one side of a
3. Define the following special quadrilaterals: triangle divides the other two sides
• The perpendicular bisector of a chord proportionally (and the Mid-point Theorem as a
the kite, parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, passes through the centre of the circle; special case of the converse of this theorem);
square and trapezium. Investigate and make
• The angle subtended by an arc at the centre ● that equiangular triangles are similar;
conjectures about the properties of the sides,
of a circle is double the size of the angle
angles, diagonals and areas of these ● that triangles with sides in proportion are
subtended by the same arc at the circle (on
quadrilaterals. Prove these conjectures. similar; and
the same side of the chord as the centre);
the Pythagorean Theorem by similar triangles
• Angles subtended by a chord of the circle,
on the same side of the chord, are equal;

• The opposite angles of a cyclic

MATHEMATICS TRAINING MANUAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY GRADE 10- 12
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quadrilateral are supplementary;

• Two tangents drawn to a circle from the

same point outside the circle are equal in

length;

• The angle between the tangent to a circle

and the chord drawn from the point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate
segment.
Use the above theorems and their converses,
where they exist, to solve
riders.
MATHEMATICS TRAINING MANUAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY GRADE 10- 12
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ACTIVITY 1 (Revision from lower grades theorems, corollaries and axioms)

Draw relevant diagrams (figures) to illustrate the following statements/theorems/axioms

1.1 POINT, LINES AND ANGLES ON PARALLEL LINES

 The angles around a point add up to 360°.

 Adjacent angles on a straight line add up to 180°.
 Vertically opposite angles are equal
 Corresponding angles are equal:
 Co-interior angles add up to 180°
 Alternate angles are equal
1.2 TRIANGLES

 The sum of the angles of a triangle add up to 180°.

 The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite
angles.
 An isosceles triangle has two sides equal in length and the angles opposite the
equal sides are equal.
Converse: (Proofs not examinable but can be used to solve riders)

The sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal in length.

 An equilateral triangle has all three sides equal in length then each angle equals
60°

 Triangles on the same/ equal base and between the same parallel lines are equal in
area
The theorem of Pythagoras

 In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.
Midpoint theorem

 The line joining the midpoints of the triangle is parallel to the third side and is
half the length
of the third side
Similar triangles
 Triangles are similar if they are either equiangular or their corresponding pairs
of sides are in proportion

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Congruency axioms for triangles

Two triangles are congruent if:

 three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of the other
triangle (SSS)
 two sides and the included angle of one triangle are respectively equal to
two sides and the included angle of the other triangle (SAS)

 two angles and a side of one triangle are respectively equal to two angles and a
corresponding side of the other triangle (AAS or ASA)
 in two right angle triangles, the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are
equal to the hypotenuse and side of the other triangle (RHS)

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1.3 QUADRILATERALS

ACTIVITY 2

2.1 Define the quadrilateral

2.2 Define and write down the properties of the following quadrilaterals
2.2.1 Parallelogram
2.2.2 Rhombus
2.2.3 Rectangle
2.2.4 Square
2.2.5 Kite
2.2.6 Trapezium

1.4 CIRCLE

Parts of the circle

ACTIVITY 3

Describe each of the labelled part of the circle

TERMINOLOGY
1. Circumference

2. Chord

3. Diameter

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4. Radius

5. Tangent

6. Arc Minor:

Major:

7. Segment Minor:

Major:

1.3.1 CIRCLE THEOREMS

Theorem (Proof is examinable)

The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the
chord. (line from centre ⊥ to chord) (Note: the theorem can be proved by
Pythagoras theorem)

Converse of Theorem 1

The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is
perpendicular to the chord (line from centre to midpt of chord)

Deductions from the two theorems

A B
M

Given circle with centre O and chord AB. OM is drawn such that M is on AB,

Theorem 1: If OM  AB then AM = MB

Converse: If AM = MB then OM  AB

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Theorem

The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle

AB = 8 cm is the chord of the circle with centre O.

OCD is the radius of the circle with C on AB such that C is the midpoint of AB. If DC =
2 cm, Calculate the radius of the circle.

Theorem (Proof is examinable)

The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle
subtended by the same arc on the same segment at the circle (∠ at centre = 2 ×∠ at
circumference)

C
1 2 B
D O
O 1 2 1 2 C
A 2 1
A
D B
Figure 1

Figure 2 Figure 3
The three figures above, each indicates situation in which the arch subtends an angle at
the centre and at the circle.
In each case: A ÔB = 2AĈ B

ACTIVITY 4.1

4.1 In the figure below, O is the center of the circle and PT = PR.
Rˆ1 = y and Ô = x
1

(a) Express x in terms of y ,

(b) hence calculate y if x =120o

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Theorem

Angles subtended by a chord of the circle on the same side of the chord, are equal. (∠s
in the same seg)

Figure -1 Figure-2

In each of the figures above, AB subtends D̂ and Ĉ on the same segment In

each case D̂ = Ĉ

Corollaries: (Deductions) (Results) from the above theorem

You do not need to learn the proofs of the following corollaries, but they are very useful for
solving riders.

1. Equal arcs subtend equal angles on the circle (equal arcs; equal angles)

2. Equal chords subtend equal angles on the corresponding arcs of the circle (equal
chords; equal angles)

3. An angle subtended on the circle by a diameter is a right angle (∠ in semi-circle)

This fact is very useful. When you see a diameter in a diagram, you know that
there is a right angle that will be useful to you.

AOB is a diameter.
∴ A Ĉ B = 90 (∠ in semi-circle)

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ACTIVITY 4.2

In the diagram below AC is a diameter of the circle with centre O. AC and chord BD
intersect at E. AB, BC and AD are also chords of the circle. OD is joined. AE  BD.

4.2.1 If Ĉ1  33 , determine with reasons the size of:

(a) A1ˆ

(b) D̂ 2

(c) ̂1
O

4.2.2 Show that:

(a) AE bisect DÂ B

(b) AB = AD

1.3.2 Cyclic quadrilaterals

A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with all four vertices on the circumference

of the same circle. All the sides of the quadrilateral are chords of the circle.

Example of a cyclic quadrilateral and its parts

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E
A
2 1
D

B
C

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral because its vertices are on the circumference of

the circle
Â1 and Ĉ are opposite interior angles
 2 is an exterior angle of cyclic quadrilateral ABCD

Theorem (Proof is examinable)

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. (opp ∠ s of cyclic quad)

ACTIVITY 5

Which of the following quadrilaterals are cyclic?

a) Parallelogram d) Square
b) Rhombus e) Kite
c) Rectangle f) Trapezium

Corollary

Converse of the corollary:

If an exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of that quadrilateral, then
the quadrilateral is cyclic. (ext ∠ = int opp ∠ )

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Conditions to prove that a quadrilateral is cyclic.

Given quadrilateral ABCD.

1.
A
B

D
C

If  = B̂ or Ĉ = D̂ (converse of ∠s in same seg/ line subt equal

∠s)
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral

2.
A

D B

If  + Ĉ = 180° or B̂ + D̂ = 180° (converse of opp ∠s of cyclic quad)

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral

3.
A

D E
C

If DC is extended to E and  = BĈE (converse of ext ∠ of cyclic quad)

ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral

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ACTIVITY 6

In the diagram; SK is a chord of the circle passing through L, M, S, P and K. LK, KP, PM, SM and
LM are chords of the circle. LM║KS and KL ║MR. MR⊥ KP, MNR and MQP are straight lines. If
M̂ 1 = x .

Prove that:

6.1 NRPQ is a cyclic quadrilateral.

6.2 MKRQ is a cyclic quadrilateral.

1.3.3 Tangent to circle

Axiom: (This is a fact that does not need to be proved)
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to a radius at the point of contact. (tan ⊥ rad)

If ABC is a tangent to the circle with centre O at B, then OB ⊥ AC

Theorem (Proof is examinable)

The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to
the angle in the alternate segment. (tan chord theorem)

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D
φ
E
α
O

φ α
B

If ABC is a tangent to the Circle centre O at B with chords BD and BE, then C B̂ D  Ê and AB̂ E = D̂
(Consider a diagram where the angle between the tangent and chord is obtuse)

Theorem
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in length.
(Tans from same pt)

If TA and TB are tangents to the circle with centre O at A and at B, then TA = TB

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ACTIVITY 7.1

In the diagram O is the centre of the circle passing through C, A and B. TA and TB are two tangents
to the circle at A and B respectively. TQP cuts the circle at Q and P.

CA ║PT. QP cuts AB and BC at H and K respectively.

Prove that:

7.1.1 AOBT is a cyclic quadrilateral.

7.1.2 H K̂B = Â1

7.1.3 TA is a tangent to the circle through A, H and K.

ACTIVITY 7.2

7.2.1 Fill in the missing word so that the statement is correct.

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are ………

7.2.2 In the figure below, RDS is a tangent to circle O at D. if BC = DC and CD̂ S = 40° .

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Calculate, with reasons, the measures of:

(a) BD̂ C

(b) BĈ D

(c) BÂ D

(d) Oˆ1

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES

1. In the figure below, O is the centre of the circle, CD= 40, OP = 15, OR = 7 Further OR
⊥ AB and P is the midpoint of CD.

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1. Calculate, giving reasons

1.1 OC

1.2 AB

2. In the accompanying diagram, o is the centre of the circle, OR = 50 cm,

OA = 20 cm and OA ⊥ PR.

Calculate, giving reasons, the length of PR

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3. In figure below, O is a the centre of the circle, PB = BQ, PQ = 42 and OP = 26

Calculate, giving reasons, the length of AB.

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4. In the accompanying diagram, P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference of the

circle. Diagonals PR and QS intersect at A such that PA = AS.

ˆ = 36° and QPR

If SPR ˆ = 51°.

Calculate, with reasons, the sizes of angles:

4.1 𝑥

4.2 𝑦
4.3 𝑧

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5. In the figure below, A, B, Q and P are on the circumference of the circle. B̂ = 20° and
Ĉ = 400.

Providing reasons, calculate:

5.1 𝑥

5.2 𝑦

6. In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle. P, Q, R and S are points on the circumference
of the circle. TOQ is a straight line such that T lies on PS. PQ = QR and Q 1 = x

6.1 Calculate, with reasons, P̂ in terms of x.

1

6.2 Show that TQ bisects PQ̂ R .

6.3 Show that STOR is a cyclic quadrilateral.

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7. In the diagram below, A, B, C, D and E are points on the circumference. O is the centre
of the circle and AD and EOC are drawn. Furthermore, AE || DO.

Providing reasons, prove that D̂ 1 = Oˆ 1

8. In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle. BÂ D = x and AB || EC

8.1 Find, with reasons the three other angles equal to x

8.2 Hence prove that AOCD is a cyclic quadrilateral

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9. O is the Centre of the larger circle RTAP. OP is the diameter of smaller circle
PSO. NP is a tangent in both circles at P. RN ⊥ NP. Let P̂1 = x .

ˆ
9.1 Prove that PR bisects ORN

9.2 Prove that RÔ S = PÂ T

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10. In the diagram below it is given that AB || PR and  = Q̂ 2

Prove that

10.1 PQRC is a cyclic quadrilateral.

ˆ =C
10.2 Q ˆ
4 2

11. In the diagram below, ARB and RP are tangents to bigger and smaller circles
respectively. R1  95 and T̂  45 and TQ ║ AB
1

Calculate R̂ 2

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12. O is the centre of the circle. ˆ  55 , O
Q ˆ  70 and TQ || AB.
1 1

Prove that PQR is tangent.

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13 The two circles touch externally at E. PEQ is a common tangent. AED and
BED are double chords.

Prove that AB ∥ CD.

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14. The two circles touch internally at C. VCW is a common tangent and BRD is a
tangent to the smaller circle.

Prove with reasons, that:

14.1 𝑃𝑅 ∥ 𝐴𝐵

14.2 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐷 is isosceles

15. In the diagram AP is produced to C and O is the centre of the circle ABC. A, P, O
and B
are on the circumference of the smaller circle. Ĉ=30 .

Determine with reasons, the value of:

15.1 P̂1
15.2 PBC ˆ
15.3 Prove that: PB = PC

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16. In the diagram below two circles intersect one another at D and B. AB is a straight
line such that it intersects the circle BCD at point E. BC is a straight line such that it
intersects the circle ABD at F. DE, DB and DF are joined.
F̂2  180  2x
FD=FC

Calculate, with reasons, in terms of x:

16.1 ˆ
DEB

16.2 Â

16.3 Hence, or otherwise, prove ED / / BC

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GRADE 12 CONTENT

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Activity

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AREA OF TRIANGLES IN PROPORTIONALITY PROBLEMS:

EXAMPLE 3

3.1 3.2

3.1 3.2

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SIMILARITY

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EXAMPLE 2

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EXAMPLE 3

In the diagram LK  KM and KN LM. Determine

In KNM and LKM
the value of 𝑥.
̂ =𝑀
𝑀 ̂ common
̂
𝑀𝑁𝐾 = 𝐿𝐾 ̂𝑀 both = 90°
̂ 1 = 𝐾𝐿̂𝑀
𝐾 3rd  of 
 KNM  LKM 
KN NM KM
  Similarity theorem
LK KM LM
4 x

x 25
x 2  100
x  10
x  10 units
ACTIVITY 1

In the sketch alongside, AD : DB = 7 : 4

and DG : GC = 2 : 5

Determine the ratio AF : FC

ACTIVITY 2

In the sketch alongside,

ˆ
B̂ = Q 1

1. Prove that  ABC  AQP

2. Prove that AB.AP = AQ. AC

3. If AP = 8 cm; AQ= 6 cm and

QC = 10 cm. Calculate the length of AB

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ACTIVITY 3

In the sketch alongside, KL =20 M, KN = 10 m, MN = 4 m, KM = 8 m

and LM = 21 m
3.1 Prove that:

a)  KMN  LKN

b) KN is a tangent to a circle at K.

2 Calculate the ratio of:

ΔKNM:ΔLKN

ACTIVITY 4

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4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

ACTIVITY 5

In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle DEF with tangent AC at E. Line AB bisects line DF
at M and line AB intersects line DE at O. Â = 𝑥 , and AĈB = 90°

5.1 Prove that DE BC

5.2 Show that ∆ABC ∆AOE

5.3 ̂ in terms of x
Determine the size of D

5.4 AO.AC
Proove that: 𝐴𝐸 =
AC2 +BC2

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ACTIVITY 6
6. SPQ is a common tangent for both circles. M is the centre of the bigger circle.
ˆ x
PM is the diameter of the smaller circle. RQ  PQ . PMN

6.1 Prove that:

6.1.1 LN = NP (3)
6.1.2 PR bisects QRL ˆ (4)
6.1.3 Δ PNM ||| Δ PQR (4)
6.2. If it is given that, PR = 30 cm and QR= 15, calculate the:
6.2.1. length of LR. (5)
6.2.2. value of x (4)
6.2.3. Prove that PR=2MN (4)
[24]

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ACTIVITY 7
7. In the diagram, FBOE is a diameter of a circle with centre O. chord EC produced
meets line BA at A, outside the circle. D is the midpoint of CE. OD and FC are
drawn. AFBC is a cyclic quadrilateral.

7.1. Prove, giving reasons, that:

7.1.1 FC OD (5)
7.2.2 ˆ  BA E
 (4)
DOE
7.2.3 AB×OF=AE×OD (7)
7.2 2
If it is further given that AT=3TO , prove that 5CE =2BE.FE (5)

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ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

In order to have some kind of uniformity, the use of the following shortened versions of the
theorem statements is encouraged.

(ENGLISH) THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

LINES
The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. ∠s on a str line
If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these adj ∠s supp
angles form a straight line.
The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360°. ∠s round a pt OR ∠s in a rev
Vertically opposite angles are equal. vert opp ∠s =
If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal. alt ∠s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. corresp ∠s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary. co-int ∠s; AB || CD
If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines alt ∠s =
are parallel.
If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the corresp ∠s =
lines are parallel.
If the co-interior angles between two lines are supplementary, coint ∠s supp
then the lines are parallel.
TRIANGLES
The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary. ∠ sum in Δ OR sum of ∠s in Δ
OR Int ∠s Δ
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior ext ∠ of Δ
opposite angles.
The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are ∠s opp equal sides
equal.
The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are sides opp equal ∠s
equal.
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal Pythagoras OR
to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Theorem of Pythagoras
If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the sum Converse Pythagoras
of the squares of the other two sides then the triangle is right- OR
angled. Converse Theorem of
Pythagoras
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides SSS
of another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are SAS OR S∠S
respectively equal to two sides and an included angle of another
triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal AAS OR ∠∠S
to two angles and the corresponding side in another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
If in two right angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of RHS OR 90°HS
one triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one
side of the other, the triangles are congruent
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle Midpt Theorem
is parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third
side
The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, nd
line through midpt || to 2 side
parallel to another side, bisects the third side.

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A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other line || one side of Δ
two sides proportionally. OR
prop theorem; name || lines
If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, line divides two sides of Δ in prop
then the line is parallel to the third side.
If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are ||| Δs OR equiangular Δs
in proportion (and consequently the triangles are similar).
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then Sides of Δ in prop
the triangles are equiangular (and consequently the triangles are
similar).
If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on bases same base; same height OR equal
of equal length) and between the same parallel lines, then bases; equal height
the triangles (or parallelograms) have equal areas.
CIRCLES
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of tan ⊥ radius
the circle at the point of contact. tan ⊥ diameter
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point line ⊥ radius OR
where the radius/diameter meets the circle, then the line is a converse tan ⊥ radius OR
tangent to the circle. converse tan ⊥ diameter
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a line from centre to midpt of chord
chord is perpendicular to the chord.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a line from centre ⊥ to chord
chord bisects the chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of perp bisector of chord
the circle;
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double ∠ at centre = 2 ×∠ at
the size of the angle subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the circumference
same side of the chord as the centre)
The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference of the ∠s in semi circle OR
circle is 90°. diameter subtends right angle
If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the chord subtends 90° OR
circle is 90°, then the chord is a diameter. converse ∠s in semi circle
Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of ∠s in the same seg
the chord, are equal
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two line subtends equal ∠s OR
points on the same side of the line segment, then the four points are converse ∠s in the same seg
concyclic.
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the equal chords; equal ∠s
circle.
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. equal chords; equal ∠s
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the equal circles; equal chords; equal
circumference of the circles. ∠s
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the centre of equal circles; equal chords; equal
the circles. ∠s
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary opp ∠s of cyclic quad
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then opp ∠s quad supp OR
the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse opp ∠s of cyclic quad
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior ext ∠ of cyclic quad
opposite angle.
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior ext ∠ = int opp ∠ OR
opposite angle of the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is converse ext ∠ of cyclic quad
cyclic.

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Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the Tans from common pt OR
circle are equal in length Tans from same pt
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn tan chord theorem
from the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate
segment.
If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with converse tan chord theorem OR
the chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, ∠ between line and chord
then the line is a tangent to the circle.
QUADRILATERALS
The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°. sum of ∠s in quad
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the opp sides of quad are ||
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal , then the opp sides of quad are =
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR
converse opp sides of a parm
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. opp ∠s of ||m
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal then the opp ∠s of quad are = OR
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. converse opp angles of a parm
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. diag of ||m
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the diags of quad bisect each other
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR
converse diags of a parm
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and pair of opp sides = and ||
parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect its area. diag bisect area of ||m
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles. diags of rhombus
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior angles. diags of rhombus
All four sides of a rhombus are equal in length. sides of rhombus
All four sides of a square are equal in length. sides of square
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length. diags of rect
The diagonals of a kite intersect at right-angles. diags of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal. diag of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles diag of kite

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LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Mathematics Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement

2. 2015 and 2021 Mathematics Examination Guidelines

3. 2023 Eastern Cape Mathematics Paper 2 Chief Marker’s Report

4. Master Maths Worksheets, January 2010

5. Mathematics Paper 2 Previous years’ question papers

6. Mind Action series

7. Kelvin Smith study guide

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