UNIT 9 - PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT

I. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. erosion occurs primarily when dirt is left exposed to strong winds, hard rains, and
flowing water.
A. Water B. Air C. Soil D. Ice
2. Many factors related to down trees contribute to driving species to extinction.
A. clearing B. cutting C. putting D. changing
3. Is the environmental impact of petroleum often negative because it is toxic to almost all
of life?
A. ranges B. standards C. levels D. forms
4. Scientific studies indicate that weather events such as heatwaves and large storms
will become more frequent.
A. serious B. extreme C. practical D. diverse
5. As worsens, dangerous weather events are becoming more frequent or severe.
A. habitat loss B. lung cancer C. respiratory disease D. climate change
6. If one part of an ecosystem changes quickly, it can upset the balance and put wildlife in
.
A. impact B. protection C. danger D. disappearance
7. Starting as a light-out event in 2007, Earth Hour has grown to become an international
for the environment.
A. movement B. solution C. issue D. practice
8. Air pollution is mainly caused by waste gases that out of vehicles, machines, or
factories.
A. come B. lead C. produce D. run
9. The ice in the Arctic sea region is a serious problem, and there are many dangers and
risks associated with this.
A. flooding B. burning C. melting D. rising
10. Logging, or reducing trees in a very forest to reap timber for wood, products or fuel, may be
a primary driver of .
A. deforestation B. wildlife C. biodiversity D. ecosystem
II. Supply the correct form of the word in the brackets.
1. Humans destroy nature, accelerate climate change, and biodiversity. (danger)
2. Upsetting the natural balance of ecosystem can be harmful to things. (live)
3. Natural gas has lower life cycle greenhouse gas than coal and oil. (emit)
4. Air pollution damages the plant life and biodiversity that animals depend on for .
(survive)
5. areas are a key strategy for conserving nature and halting the loss of biodiversity.
(protect)
6. Local communities around the globe claim the of wild edible plants. (disappear)
7. Illegal dumping, also called fly dumping, is the dumping of waste instead of
using an authorized method. (legal)
8. Unsustainable consumption and production practices deplete resources. (nature)
9. Is increasing the cost of fuel a good way to the world’s environmental problems?
(solution)
10. Many famous from the past to present have raised awareness of environmental
issues. (environment)
B. GRAMMAR
I. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. Sue said that she (has/ had) been regularly discussing environmental issues recently.
2. Josh Frydenberg’s office (asked/ said) if environmental rule changes could be kept secret.
3. She (told/ said) more must be done to enhance collective efforts to achieve a safer world.
4. The questions asked them (whether/ if) in the previous year they had sorted their garbage or
not.
5. She said to herself that there (will/ would) be a better way to preserve the local ecosystem.
6. Scientists (asked/ told) us that Great Lakes were threatened by pollution from the steel plants.
7. He said that the weather service issued some different weather advisories (this/ that) afternoon.
8. Environmentalists often say countries (need/ needed) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
9. They asked what solutions (would he/ he would) propose if he were a young climate activist.
10. The students said they had finished the essay about water pollution two hours (ago/ before).
II. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. The politician said that everything be fine .
A. were going to - the previous years B. was going to - years ago
C. was going to - the following years D. is going to - next years
2. The weather forecast said that there heavy rains later .
A. would probably be - that day B. would probably be - the day before
C. will probably be - the next day D. will probably be - tomorrow
3. They asked, “Did Ms. Greta Thunberg attend the UN climate summit ?”
A. the month before B. the previous month
C. next month D. a month ago
4. The teacher asked the students, “ overpopulation the source of all environmental
problems?”
A. Is B. Are C. Would be D. Were
5. She said that the youth movement a decisive force in the climate transition and
alignment.
A. has been B. is C. was D. will be
6. We asked them more difficult or easier for them to be sustainable right then.
A. if was it B. if it is C. whether was it D. whether it was
7. The president said, “This environmental issue probably in our country.”
A. happened B. won’t happen C. had happened D. was happening
8. They asked Graham personal awareness about environmental concerns.
A. if he had B. whether he has C. whether has he had D. if did he have
9. She that she the types of environmental topics included.
A. asked me - didn’t know B. told to me - hadn’t known
C. told me - didn’t know D. said to me - doesn’t know
10. The officer said, “The government the project most of our citizens
no to it.”
A. will call off - if - said B. will call off - if - say
C. will call off - whether - say D. would call off - whether - said
11. It was announced that the Minister for Environment .
A. was resigned the day before B. resigned yesterday
C. has resigned the previous day D. had resigned the previous day
12. Mrs. Neha said she the air quality to see her children out to play.
A. would check - whether - could go B. will check - if - could go
 C. will check - whether - could go D. would check - if - can go
13. Shellenberger has said that harvesting nature neither profitable nor sustainable.
A. is B. was C. were D. had been
14. They threatened to withdraw their capital the government more to protect
the rainforest.
A. whether - didn’t do B. whether - hadn’t done
C. if - won’t do D. if - didn’t do
15. She said that she valuable experiences in volunteer programme.
A. has gained - this B. had gained - that C. will gain - that D. gains - this
16. In the meeting, the participants the scholar if the best way to reduce plastic
waste.
A. asked - he would mind telling them B. asked - they minded telling him
C. told - did they mind telling him D. said - would he mind telling them
17. The zookeeper said, “The birds in the cages were singing well .”
A. the morning before B. previous yesterday morning
C. yesterday morning D. the previous morning
18. Mary Ann said that having more women in positions of decision-making power, with people
listening to , to reduce global warming.
A. her - helps B. she - helped
C. they - had helped D. them - would help
19. The students said that they a documentary about endangered animals .
A. have watched - for some hours B. had watched - some hours before
C. had watched - some hours ago D. watched - some hours before
20. On average only 17% of Europeans said they environmentally-friendly products
within .
A. have bought - since previous month B. bought - the month before
C. had bought - the previous month D. had bought - a month ago
III. Complete the second sentences in the reported speech.
1. “Our waters are struggling and so is the land,” said Ms. Tanya
Plibersek. Ms. Tanya Plibersek said that
2. “Climate change is happening so we must turn words into actions,” he
stressed. He stressed that
3. Mr. Henry said, “I’ve seen catastrophic impacts of climate change in my
lifetime.” Mr. Henry said that
4. Many people have said, “There are many causes of air pollution in the
world.” Many people have said that
5. Some people said, “Global warming has caused us to reconsider major life
decisions.” Some people said that
6. She always says, “It is possible to combine emission reduction and economic
development.” She always says that
7. He said, “The level of poverty situation in some countries is dire and
unacceptable.” He said that
8. The teacher asked us, “What are socio-economic correlates of environmental
awareness?” The teacher asked us
9. Plibersek said, “The new Australia’s Labour government mightn’t allow new coal
mines.” Plibersek said that
10. He added, “Most of our country’s electrical energy has come from renewable
sources.” He added that
11. One of the scientists said on the media, “We expect nations to limit global warming to
2°C.” One of the scientists said on the media that
 12. Hans Dahlgren said to heads of ministry, “A lot has been achieved since the Stockholm
Conference.”
Hans Dahlgren said to heads of ministry that
13. George Carlin once said, “The planet will shake us off if humans cause too much
trouble.” George Carlin once said that
14. Some scientists said, “The temperature could increase 3 °C by the end of the
century.” Some scientists said that
15. Two-thirds of the respondents to our survey said, “We engage in climate
advocacy.” Two-thirds of the respondents to our survey said that
16. She said, “They promote climate science through speeches, publications or
videos.” She said that
17. He said “The earth’s ecological situation is in a far more perilous state than it has been
thought.”
He said that
18. They said, “We experience anxiety and distress because of concerns over climate
change.” They said that
19. Most of the survey’s respondents said, “The global warming will constitute a
crisis.” Most of the survey’s respondents said that
20. They say, “The earth is warming, air and water quality is deteriorating, and the forests are
disappearing.”
They say that
IV. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.
1. We asked them what type of conservation efforts had they been involved in up to then.
A B C D
2. He said that many people have prospered over the years at great cost to the
environment. A B C D
3. It said that business environment is uncertain because it is difficult to predict
future A B C D
happenings.
4. Many environmentalists asked, “Even if our jobs don’t pay, we will still do
A B C D
environmental work.”
5. About 3% environmentalists said that the world might limit their warming goal to 1.5 °C.
A B C D
6. The reporter said the international community was back in Stockholm to ask if or not
A B C
the world was better.
D
7. We wondered if the world will have the capacity to produce quality food for a population of
A B C D
10 billion inhabitants.
8. He said that they were working to enhance renewable energy and reducing the use of
A B C D
plastic and hazardous materials.
9. A reporter asked, “Will the environment conference be held in Thailand
A B C
the following month?”
D
10. Reports say it is crucial to empower local communities around the world
financial A B C
and technological in order to achieve environmental protection.
 D
D. SPEAKING
I. Choose the best answer to complete the dialogues.
1. - “ ” - “That’s okay.”
A. Would you like tea or coffee? B. May I see your ID card, please?
C. I’m sorry to trouble you. D. You don’t have to make excuses for her.
2. - “I apologize for my discourtesy in arriving late.” - “ ”
A. Absolutely. B. You’re welcome. C. That’s all right. D. Yes, please.
3. - “ ” - “Don’t worry about it.”
A. Please accept my season’s greetings.
B. Please accept my best wishes for your bright future.
C. Please accept my warmest congratulations on your engagement.
D. Please accept my sincere apologies for not attending the meeting.
4. - “I forgot to send you a message before I came to your place. “ - “ ”
A. Never mind. B. I disagree.
C. That’s very kind of you. D. You can say that again.
5. - “ ” - “Don’t mention it.”
A. I’m glad that the exams are over.
B. I regret not doing anything to help you.
C. I’m so sad that you haven’t come.
D. You should put more effort into your work.
II. Match the sentences.
1. When was WWF set up? a. About 5 million worldwide.
2. Pardon me, sir, but couldn’t I go after him? b. We learnt about the geography of the
country.
3. How many supporters do they have? c. In 1961.
4. What did you do in the library yesterday? d. This side of the lake is five meters deep.
5. I hope you’ll pardon me saying so. e. Yes, you could.
6. Excuse me for interrupting. Who’s in charge f. It’s me. What’s the problem, officer?
here?
7. I owe you an apology for my absence last g. Yes, I have. I’ve got raincoats.
Sunday.
8. What’s the depth of the water here? h. Yes, I will. Don’t worry.
9. As a student, you should focus on your i. Don’t mention it.
schoolwork.
10. Have you taken into account the possibility j. I understand, Dad.
of rain in the national park?
E. READING
I. Read the passage and choose the best answers to fill in the blanks.
Electric cars, or electric vehicles, EVs, have a (1) environmental
footprint than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. While aspects of their
production can induce similar, less or alternative environmental (2) , they produce little or
no tailpipe emissions, and (3) dependence on petroleum, greenhouse
gas emissions, and health effects from air pollution. Electric motors are significantly more
efficient than internal combustion engines and thus, even (4) for typical power plant
efficiencies and distribution losses, less energy is required to operate an EV. Manufacturing (5)
for electric cars requires additional resources and energy, so they
may have a larger environmental footprint from the production phase. EVs also (6)
different impacts in their operation and maintenance.
EVs are typically heavier and could produce more tire and road dust air pollution, (7)
their regenerative braking could reduce such particulate pollution
from brakes. EVs are mechanically simpler, (8) reduces the use and disposal of
engine oil.
1. A. weaker B. higher C. bigger D. smaller
2. A. benefits B. advantages C. contributions D. impacts
3. A. increase B. reduce C. enhance D. strengthen
4. A. resolving B. resulting C. accounting D. creating
5. A. batteries B. tools C. tailpipes D. petroleum
6. A. form B. set up C. generate D. produce
7. A. but B. so C. and D. or
8. A. that B. which C. whose D. who
II. Read the passage and choose the best answers to the questions.
When humans destroy their forest habitats, animals and insects seek shelter in the populous
villages surrounding forests. Animal migration into human territory leads to an unprecedented
amount of contact between humans and wildlife that’s not only unnatural but dangerous. This is
because animals can spread pathogens to humans. These pathogens cause illnesses known as
zoonotic diseases, which transmitted from animals to humans. A 2021 report from the Harvard
School of Public Health cautioned that, in order to prevent the spread of zoonotic disease, we
must change our agricultural practices and protect our forests.
Sadly, zoonotic diseases are already more prevalent in areas experiencing deforestation.
Mosquitos spread malaria to humans, and mosquito populations flourish when biodiversity
drops. A 2020 study found that “deforestation is associated with increased malaria prevalence,
suggesting that in some cases forest conservation might belong in a portfolio of anti-malarial
interventions.” A 2019 case study in Indonesian villages further solidified the connection
between malaria and deforestation: researchers found that a 1% loss in forest cover increased the
incidence of malaria by 10%.
Malaria is not the only zoonotic disease that arises from deforestation. A 2017 study linked
outbreaks of ebola in Central and West Africa to the recent loss of forests, citing “more frequent
contact between infected wild animals and humans” as a probable cause.
Though its origins are still unclear, scientists have hypothesized that the virus that causes
Covid-19, SARS-CoV2, jumped from animals to humans. Our immune systems can’t handle
these new, emerging pathogens, leading to the rampant spread of infectious disease that can
grow into a global pandemic. The FAO warns that “habitat loss due to forest area change and the
expansions of human populations to forest areas” increases the risk of wildlife spreading disease
to humans. If we want to avoid future pandemics caused by the spread of zoonotic disease, we
must protect habitats from deforestation.
1. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. Impacts of deforestation
B. Effects of deforestation on human health
C. Habitat loss due to deforestation
D. Wild animals and deforestation: the causes of zoonotic diseases
2. The word ‘pathogens’ in the first paragraph means .
A. animals and insects seeking shelter outside the forests
B. animals migrating into human territories
C. unnatural and dangerous contacts between humans and wildlife
D. bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease
3. According to researchers, how much will the incidence of malaria increase if the forest loses
2% of its cover?
A. 1% B. 2%. C. 10% D. 20%
4. Which of the following diseases have a connection to deforestation?
A. Malaria B. Ebola C. A and B D. Covid-19
5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
 A. Decrease in biodiversity contributes to the growth of mosquito populations.
B. Forestation is not considered as a solution when fighting against malaria.
C. Covid-19 pandemic is a clear demonstration that our immune systems can handle new
pathogens.
D. Habitat loss due to forest area change reduces the risk of wildlife spreading diseases to
humans.
F. WRITING
I. Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one.
1. She said to me, “I’m sorry for calling you at this late hour.”
A. She apologised to me for calling me at that late hour.
B. She regretted to call me at that late hour.
C. She wanted me to say sorry for calling her at that late hour.
D. She suggested me to call her at that late hour.
2. The WWF is the world’s largest environmental organisation.
A. No other environmental organisations are larger than the WWF.
B. Some environmental organisations in the world are as large as the WWF.
C. The WWF is larger than most of the environmental organisations in the world.
D. No other environmental organisations in the world are as large as the WWF.
3. She asked, “Is the specific impact of the greenhouse effect unmeasurable?”
A. She asked whether the specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unmeasurable.
B. She asked if was the specific impact of the greenhouse effect unmeasurable.
C. She asked if the specific impact of the greenhouse effect was unmeasurable.
D. She asked that was the specific impact of the greenhouse effect unmeasurable?
4. People believe that illegal hunting can be prevented by banning wild trade.
A. It is possible to prevent illegal hunting not only by banning wild trade.
B. It is believed that illegal hunting can be prevented by banning wild trade.
C. That illegal hunting can be prevented by banning wild trade is unbelievable.
D. Illegal hunting is believed to be prevented by people who ban wild trade.
5. She said that they all needed to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint.
A. She said, “They all need to look for ways to reduce our carbon footprint.”
B. She said, “We all needed to look for ways to reduce your carbon footprint.”
C. She said, “We’ll all need to look for ways to reduce our carbon footprint.”
D. She said, “We all need to look for ways to reduce our carbon footprint.”
II. Complete the second sentences in direct speech.
1. The most recent report asked how the number of endangered species
was. The most recent report asked,
2. Weinstein said that the sustainability field required knowledge from many different
sectors. Weinstein said,
3. They said that their desire to better the world was the key in their becoming
environmentalists. They said,
4. She said that the morality of their actions in the present would shape their character for the
future.
She said,
5. He said that the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals was lagging
then. He said,
6. She said that they envisioned a climate-resilient planet, with zero plastics and green
jobs. She said,
7. They said that the world had grappled with triple planetary crisis, with extreme poverty rising
the year before.
They said,
8. He said that they needed to recognize the environmental crisis’s impact on health and equality
across generations.
He said,
9. Steffen asked if human influence upon farming land was contributing to a loss in plant’s
pollination.
Steffen asked,
10. The president said that unless global cooperation problems were dealt with seriously, the
Sustainable Development Goals would be impossible.
The president said,