Lab Report: Foundation of Information Technology

A lab report prepared on Foundation of Information Technology and

submitted to Institute of Management Studies

Submitted to:

Er. Kisan Bhandari

Institute of Management Studies

Submitted by:Subina Ojha

 Verification

This is to certify that the lab report prepared by Subina Ojha of BIM 1st
Semester, of Institute of Management Studies, has successfully completed
the practical of “Foundation of Information Technology” mentioned
by Tribhuwan University and further submitted for verification from an
internal and external examiner.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

I
Table of Contents
Verification .............................................................................................................................. I

Chapter-1 ................................................................................................................................ 1

Hardware and Its Components ................................................................................................ 1

Introduction to Computer Hardware .............................................................................................. 1

1. Basic Components of Computer Hardware .................................................................................................. 1
a) Central Processing Unit (CPU) ...................................................................................................................... 1
b) Memory (RAM & ROM)................................................................................................................................ 2
c) Storage Devices ............................................................................................................................................ 2
d) Input Devices ............................................................................................................................................... 2
e) Output Devices............................................................................................................................................. 3
f) Motherboard ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Chapter- 2 ............................................................................................................................... 4

DOS AND WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM .............................................................................. 4

Disk Operating System (DOS).......................................................................................................... 4

Features of DOS.............................................................................................................................. 4

Windows Operating System ........................................................................................................... 4

Features of Windows OS ................................................................................................................ 5

Chapter-3 ................................................................................................................................ 6

INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT WORD ................................................................................... 6

Introduction to Microsoft Word ..................................................................................................... 6

Uses of Microsoft Word ................................................................................................................................... 6
Components of Microsoft Word ...................................................................................................................... 7

Layout and Its Description .............................................................................................................. 8

Inserting Header and footer ........................................................................................................... 9

Mail Merge................................................................................................................................... 10

II
Curriculum Vitae ................................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER - 4 .......................................................................................................................... 21

INTRODUCTION TO MS POWERPOINT ................................................................................... 21

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 21

Uses of MS PowerPoint ................................................................................................................ 22

Components of MS PowerPoint .................................................................................................... 23

Layout And Its Description............................................................................................................ 24

Features of MS PowerPoint .......................................................................................................... 25

MS Powerpoint Slides................................................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER - 5 .......................................................................................................................... 31

INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL ............................................................................................... 31

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 31

Use of Microsoft Excel .................................................................................................................. 31

Components of MS Excel .............................................................................................................. 32

Features of Microsoft Excel .......................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER-6 ............................................................................................................................ 39

IP-Address and Internet Service............................................................................................. 39

IP-Address .................................................................................................................................... 39

Types of IP Addresses: ................................................................................................................ 39

Internet Service ............................................................................................................................ 40

2. DNS (Domain Name System)................................................................................................... 41

3. Telnet (Telecommunication Network)....................................................................................... 41

4. WWW (World Wide Web)......................................................................................................... 41

III
5. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) ....................................................................................................... 42

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 43

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Chapter-1

Hardware and Its Components

Introduction to Computer Hardware

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that work
together to process data and execute instructions. These components can be broadly
categorized into input devices, output devices, processing units, storage devices, and
communication devices.

1. Basic Components of Computer Hardware

a) Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Often called the “brain” of the computer, the CPU executes instructions and processes data.

• It consists of:

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Performs arithmetic and logical

operations.

• Control Unit (CU) – Directs data flow and

manages instructions.• Registers – Small storage
units for quick data access.

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b) Memory (RAM & ROM)

• Random Access Memory (RAM): Temporary memory that stores data and programs
currently in use.

• Read-Only Memory (ROM): Permanent memory that stores essential system

instructions, such as the BIOS.

c) Storage Devices

• Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Stores large amounts of data

permanently.

• Solid-State Drive (SSD): A faster and more efficient

alternative to HDDs.

• Flash Storage (USB, Memory Cards): Portable storage devices.

d) Input Devices

• Devices used to enter data into the computer, such as:

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• Keyboard

• Mouse

• Scanner

• Microphone

e) Output Devices

• Devices that display or output processed

data:

• Monitor (LCD, LED)

• Printer

• Speaker

f) Motherboard

The motherboard is the main circuit

board in a computer that connects and
allows communication between all
hardware components. It serves as the
foundation for the computer, enabling
different parts, such as the CPU,
memory, storage devices, and peripherals, to work together efficiently.

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Chapter- 2

DOS AND WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

Disk Operating System (DOS)

The Disk Operating System (DOS) is a command-line-based operating system that requires
users to enter text commands to perform tasks. It is a single-tasking system, meaning it can
only execute one program at a time. DOS is lightweight, consuming minimal system
resources, and is mainly used for basic file management operations like copying, deleting, and
organizing files. However, it lacks a graphical user interface (GUI), making it less user-
friendly for beginners. Despite its simplicity, DOS is now outdated and has been replaced by
modern operating systems.

Features of DOS

• Command-line interface (CLI): Requires text-based commands.

• Single-tasking: Runs only one program at a time.

• Lightweight: Uses minimal system resources.

• Basic file management: Uses commands like DIR, COPY, and DEL.

• No GUI: Lacks a graphical user interface.

Windows Operating System

The Windows Operating System is a graphical, multitasking OS developed by Microsoft.

Unlike DOS, Windows features a user-friendly GUI with icons, menus, and windows, making
it easier to navigate. It supports multitasking, allowing users to run multiple applications
simultaneously. Windows also provides advanced features such as networking, security,

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multimedia support, and compatibility with a wide range of software. Due to its ease of use
and modern capabilities, Windows is one of the most widely used operating systems today.

Features of Windows OS

• Graphical User Interface (GUI): Uses icons, menus, and windows.

• Multitasking: Runs multiple applications simultaneously.

• User-friendly: Easy navigation and accessibility.

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Chapter-3

INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT WORD

Introduction to Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processing software developed by Microsoft that allows users to
create, edit, format, and print documents. It is widely used for writing reports, letters, resumes,
and other professional or personal documents.

Uses of Microsoft Word

• Creates documents like reports, letters, and resumes.

• Formats text with different fonts, colors, and styles.

• Organizes data using tables and charts.

• Checks spelling and grammar for error-free writing.

• Provides templates for quick document creation.

• Inserts images, shapes, and graphics for better visuals.

• Supports real-time collaboration and cloud sharing.

• Automates bulk mailing with the Mail Merge feature.

• Converts documents into PDF and other formats.

• Used for legal, business, and academic documentation.

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Components of Microsoft Word

1. Title Bar: Displays the document name and the program name (Microsoft Word).

2. Menu Bar: Contains options like File, Edit, View, Insert, etc.

3. Ribbon: A toolbar with tabs for easy access to formatting and tools.

4. Quick Access Toolbar: Provides shortcuts for frequently used commands (e.g., Save,
Undo).

5. Document Area: The main area where the document is typed and edited.

6. Cursor/Insertion Point: Indicates where text will appear as you type.

7. Scroll Bars: Allow you to move vertically or horizontally through the document.

8. Status Bar: Shows information like page number, word count, and language.

9. Footer/Header: Areas at the top and bottom of the page for repeating content (e.g., page
numbers, document title).

10. Page Layout Options: Provides tools for setting margins, orientation, and size.

11. Review Tools: Includes spell check, comments, and track changes.

12. View Options: Allows you to switch between different views like Print Layout, Web
Layout, or Outline.

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Layout and Its Description

Inserting picture

Pictures make our text more attractive and readable. You can insert relevant pictures in your
text by following these steps :

1. Click on insert shown on ribbon

2. Click on picture and choose the picture you want.

See the image:

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Inserting Header and footer

A page header (or simply header) is text that is separated from the body text and appears at
the top of a printed page. Word-processing programs usually allow for the configuration of
page headers, which are typically identical throughout a work except in aspects such as page
numbers. The counterpart at the bottom of the page is called a page footer (or simply footer);
its content is typically similar and often complementary to that of the page header. To insert a
header and footer in MS word, follow the below given basic steps :

1. Click on Insert on the ribbon.

2. Click on the header & footer option and simply edit your header and footer. Inserting Word
Art

WordArt is a gallery of text styles that you can add to your publications to create decorative
effects, such as shadowed or mirrored (reflected) text. You can use WordArt to add special
text effects to your document. The steps to Insert Word Art are given below:

1. Click on the insert option on ribbon.

2. Click on the WordArt option in the text option.

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See the image:

Mail Merge

Mail merge is the quickest way to customize the document, like email and newsletters. It
allows the users to create the personalized documents that will automatically vary recipient-
by-recipient. It saves the effort to create a personalized document for multiple recipients at
once. For example, invitation letter.

Steps to mail merge

Mail Merge - Form Letters

1. Open Word and create a new blank document

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2. Type the letter with all needed text and formatting, leaving room for the data from the data
source (example: name, address, etc.)

3. Click the Mailings tab

4. Click Start Mail Merge

5. Click Step-by-Step Mail Merge Wizard

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The Mail Merge task pane appears on the right of your screen. Note there are 6 steps.

Step 1 - Select Document Type

o Click Letters for the document type

o Click Next: Starting document

Step 2 - Select Starting Document

o Click Use the current document under Select starting document

o Next: Select recipients

Step 3 - Select Recipients

The recipients can come from either an existing Excel file, an Access table or you can create
new list in Word.

If Using an Existing List:

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1. Click Use an existing list under Select recipients

2. Click Browse

3. Select the file

4. Click Open

5. Select the worksheet tab name that contains the data.

6. Click OK (Mail Merge Recipients opens showing the file

data)

7. Click OK

8. Click Next: Write your letter

If Creating a New List:

1. Click Type a new list under Select recipients

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2. Click Create

3. Click Customize Columns to modify the list of

fields

4. Delete any unnecessary field names and/or add

new ones

5. Click OK

6. Begin typing records, hitting TAB to advance to

the next field and to continue adding new records

7. Click OK

8. Click Save

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The recipients list will be saved as a separate file as a Microsoft Access file type. It is saved
in the My Data Sources folder. It is recommended to save the file in this folder.

9. Click Next: Write your letter

Step 4 - Write Your Letter

1. If including an address, click the location in your

document where the address data will be inserted

2. Click Address block.

3. Select the address elements you want included

4. Click OK

The field name will look like this: <<Address Block>> The address block will insert
the following fields including any necessary punctuation: First Name, Last Name, Company,
Address 1, Address 2, City, State, Postal Code. If your fields do not match the ones listed
above or you are not using address fields, click More items...

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5. Click on the field from the list

6. Click Insert

7. Close

The field name will look like this - «First Name>

8. Repeat this step until all fields have been inserted.

Remember to put spaces and punctuation where needed.

9. Click Next: Preview your letters

Step 5 – Preview Your Letters

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Here is where you can preview the first page with the fields filled in. Click Next: Complete
the merge

Step 6 - Complete the Merge

1. Click Print to send directly to the printer

2. Click Edit individual letters to create a new file

Remember to save your document as you go. The next time you open your document and
click on Step-by-Step Mail Merge, the data source file will be attached.

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18
Curriculum Vitae

Name: Subina Ojha

Father's Name: Balkrishna Ojha

Permanent Address: Okhaldhunga, Nepal.

Date of birth: 17 July, 2004

Religion: Hindu

Marital Status: Unmarried

Nationality: Nepali

Gender: Female

Language Known: English, Hindi and Nepali

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Educational Qualification:

Examination Board/University GPA Division

SEE NEB 3.6 A+

+2 NEB 3.20 A

Bachelor TU - -

Working Experience:

1. Working at Ehani Technologies Pvt.Ltd as a graphic designer. Declaration: I hereby

declare that all the information provided here is true.
Reference: Kisan Bhandari

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CHAPTER - 4

INTRODUCTION TO MS POWERPOINT

Introduction

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program, created by

Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a software company

named

Forethought, Inc. It was released on April 20, 1987, initially for

Macintosh computers only. Microsoftacquired PowerPoint for

about $14 million three months after it appeared. Microsoft

PowerPoint is a powerful slide show presentation program.

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Uses of MS PowerPoint

1. Animations

2. Motion Paths

3. Text and Image Emphasis

4. Follow the Bouncing Ball

5. Narrate over Slides

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Components of MS PowerPoint

1. Title Bar: Displays the name of the application

and the file currently in use.

2. The Ribbon: Displays the numerous functions

and tools available to work with your presentation.

3. Quick Access Toolbar: Enables you to customize the toolbar to contain the commands
you use frequently.

4. File tab (Backstage View): Provides accessto basic commandssuch as New, Open, Save,
Print and Shareplus access to customize the application.

5. Slide's pane: Displays a thumbnail version of each slide within the presentation. 6. Slide:
The area which will be displayed as full screen when viewed in Slide Show mode.

7. Status Bar: Provides information relating to features such as slide number, spell check and
shortcuts to Notes, Comments, various different views and zoom functions.

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8. Placeholders: Displayed as dotted lines which allows you to identify where you can add
text,and insert elements such as images or tables.

Layout And Its Description

Slide layouts contain formatting, positioning, and placeholder boxes for all of the content that
appears on a slide. PowerPoint includes built-in slide layouts, and you can modify
these layouts to meet your specific needs, and you can share your custom layouts with
other people who create presentations in PowerPoint.

If you want to apply a defined slide layout to a particular slide, select the slide. Then, on the
toolbar ribbon, select Home > Layout and choose a layout from the gallery of options that
appears. It is also shown in the figure below. There are specially 9 layouts in PowerPoint.
They are shown in below figure:

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 Here's a description of each of the built-in slide layouts:

Features of MS PowerPoint

v Animation effect: Animation refers to a graphic element that displays movement. When you
apply some visual effects to the content in your slide or to the entire slide then the outcome
is known as an animated slide.
• Step to apply animation effect

1. Select the object or text you want to animate.

2. Select Animations and choose an animation.

3. Select Effect Options and choose an effect.

See the image:

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v Inserting text box: In addition to placeholders, you can insert text boxes in the slide. To add
a text box, follow the below listed steps.

1. Open the slide you want to add the box to.

2. On the ribbon, select the Insert tab, then select. Text Box.

3. On the slide, click and drag to draw the text box in the position and size you want.

You can move and resize the text box. To move the text box, click in the box and drag the
mouse to the desired location.

26
v Inserting chart Steps to insert chart

1. click Insert > Chart and pick the chart you want

Ø See the image:

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Inserting transition effect: Transition effects appear when one slide changes into next slide in
a Slide Show.

Steps to insert transition effect

1. Open your presentation.

2. Tap the Transitions tab.

3. Tap the down arrow to expand the Transition Effects.

4. Choose a transition; for example, tap Morph to have one slide gradually turn into the next
slide.

5. Tap Effect Options to choose the direction of the transition.

See the image:

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29
MS Powerpoint Slides

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CHAPTER - 5

INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL

Introduction

Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet software used for data

organization, analysis, visualization, and automation. It provides
features like formulas, charts, pivot tables, and macros, making it
essential for businesses, finance, and data management.

Use of Microsoft Excel

1. Data entry.

2. Data management.

3. Accounting.

4. Financial analysis.

5. Charting and graphing.

6. Programming.

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 Components of MS Excel

Description of elements of window of MS Excel

v File Tab
The File tab replaces the Office button from Excel 2007. You can click it to check the
Backstage view, where you come when you need to open or save files, create new
sheets, print a sheet, and do other file-related operations.

v Quick Access Toolbar

You will find this toolbar just above the File tab and its purpose is to provide a
convenient resting place for the Excel's most frequently used commands. You can
customize this toolbar based on your comfort.

v Ribbon

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 Ø Excel Ribbon
Ribbon contains commands organized in three components:
1. Tabs - They appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of
related commands.
2. Home - Insert, Page Layout are the examples of ribbon tabs.
3. Groups - They organize related commands; each group name appears below the
group on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands relatedto fonts or group
of commands related to alignment etc.
4. Commands - Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.

v Title Bar
This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows theprogram and
the sheet titles.

v Help

The Help Icon can be used to get excel related help anytime you like. Thisprovides
nice tutorial on various subjects related to excel.

v Zoom Control
Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control
consists of a slider that you can slide left or right to zoom in or out.The + buttons can
be clicked to increase or decrease the zoom factor.

v View Buttons

The group of three buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near
the bottom of the screen, lets you switch among excels various sheet
views.
1. Normal Layout view - This displays the page in normal view.

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 2. Page Layout view - This displays pages exactly as they will appear
when printed. This gives a full screen look of the document.
3. Page Break view - This shows a preview of where pages
will break when printed.

v Sheet Area

The area where you enter data. The flashing vertical bar is called
the insertion point and it represents the location where text will
appear when you type.

v Row Bar

Rows are numbered from 1 onwards and keeps on increasing as you

keep entering data. Maximum limit is 1,048,576 rows.
v Column Bar
Columns are numbered from A onwards and keeps on increasing as you keep
entering data. After Z, it will start the series of AA, AB and so on.
Maximum limit is 16,384 columns.

v Status Bar
This displays the current status of the active cell in the worksheet. A cell
can be in either of the four states.

v Dialog Box Launcher

This appears as a very small arrow in the lower-right corner of many
groups on the Ribbon. Clicking this button opens a dialog box or
task pane that provides more options about the group.

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Features of Microsoft Excel

Ø Inserting symbol
In Excel, to add a symbol into a cell by using the symbol dialog
box, you need to
follow the following steps, such as:
Step 1: Place your cursor in the file where you want to insert the
symbol.
Step 2: Go to the Insert tab and click on the Symbol button.

Step 3: Pick a symbol, or choose More Symbols.

Step 4: Scroll up or down to find the symbol you want to insert.
Different font sets often have different symbols in them, and the most
commonly used symbols are in the Segoe UI Symbol font set. Use the Font
selector above the symbol list to pick the font you want to browse through.

Step 5: When you find the symbol you want, click on it.

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 Step 6: Then click on the Insert button, and this symbol will insert into your file.

Ø To sort a range:
1. Select the cell range you want to sort. ...
2. Select the Data tab on the Ribbon, then click the Sort command.
3. The Sort dialog box will appear....
4. Decide the sorting order (either ascending or descending)....
5. Once you're satisfied with your selection, click OK.
6. The cell range will be sorted by the selected column.

v To insert a chart:
1. Select the data you want to
include in the chart.
2. Go to the "Insert" tab, choose a
chart type, and select a specific
subtype.
v AutoSum in Excel
Ø Steps
1. Select a cell next to the numbers you want to sum:

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 a. To sum a column, select the cell immediately below the last value in the
column.
b. To sum a row, select the cell to the right of the last number in the row.
2. Click the AutoSum button on either the Home or Formulas tab.
A Sum formula appears in the selected cell, and a range of cells you're adding gets
highlighted (B2:B6 in this example):
3. In most cases, Excel selects the correct range to total. In a rare case when a wrong
range is selected, you can correct it manually by typing the desired range in the
formula or by dragging the cursor through the cells you want to sum.
c. Press the Enter key to complete the formula.
d. Now, you can see the calculated total in the cell, and the SUM formula in formula bar.

Ø Result

Formula Used:
Total: =SUM(C2+D2+E2)
Percentage: =F2/300
Remarks: =IF(C3>=50,"Pass","Fail")

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Formula Used:
Tax: =15%*D16
Gross Salary:
=D15-E15

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CHAPTER-6

IP-Address and Internet Service

IP-Address

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique numerical

label assigned to devices connected to a network, enabling
communication over the internet. It can be IPv4 (e.g.,
192.168.1.1) or IPv6 (e.g., 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329).

Types of IP Addresses:

• IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) – Uses a 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1), supporting
about 4.3 billion addresses.

• IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) – Uses a 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329),

offering a much larger address space.

• Types Based on Assignment:

• Static IP – Fixed and does not change.

• Dynamic IP – Assigned by ISPs and changes periodically.

• Public vs. Private IP:

• Public IP – Used for communication over the internet.

• Private IP – Used within a local network (e.g., home or office network).

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Internet Service

Internet services include web browsing, email, cloud storage,

online streaming, VoIP, and more, provided by ISPs (Internet
Service Providers) using technologies like fiber optics, DSL,
and satellite.

1. Web Browsing – Accessing websites using browsers like

Chrome or Firefox.

2. Email Services – Sending and receiving emails via services like Gmail and Outlook.

3. Cloud Computing & Storage – Services like Google Drive and Dropbox store and process
data online.

4. Streaming Services – Watching videos and listening to music on platforms like YouTube,
Netflix, and Spotify.

5. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) – Making calls over the internet using Skype, Zoom, or
WhatsApp.

6. E-commerce & Online Banking – Buying, selling, and managing finances via platforms like
Amazon and PayPal.

7. Social Media & Messaging – Communication and networking through Facebook,

Instagram, and WhatsApp.

Internet services are provided by ISPs (Internet Service Providers) using technologies like
fiber optics, DSL, cable, satellite, and 5G networks.

Short Notes on Internet Services

40
1. E-mail (Electronic Mail)

E-mail is a method of exchanging digital messages over the

internet. It allows users to send and receive text, attachments, and
multimedia. Common protocols used are SMTP (for sending) and
POP3/IMAP (for receiving). Examples: Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo
Mail.

2. DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS is a system that translates human-readable domain names

(e.g., www.google.com) into IP addresses (e.g., 142.250.182.206)
to facilitate communication between computers over the internet.
It acts like the “phonebook” of the internet.

3. Telnet (Telecommunication Network)

Telnet is a network protocol that allows remote login to another

computer over a network. It provides a command-line interface
for controlling a remote system but lacks encryption, making it
less secure compared to SSH.

4. WWW (World Wide Web)

The WWW is a collection of web pages and resources accessed

via the internet using a web browser. It operates on the
HTTP/HTTPS protocol and allows users to browse, retrieve,

and interact with multimedia content.

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5. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

FTP is a protocol used to transfer files between a client and a

server over the internet. It enables uploading, downloading, and
managing files on a remote server. Secure versions include
SFTP (Secure FTP) and FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS).

42
 Conclusion

Completing this lab report for the Foundation of Information Technology course has been a
rewarding journey of research, analysis, and collaboration. Through this process, I have
explored and documented important concepts, methodologies, and findings in information
technology, deepening my understanding of fundamental IT principles and their practical
applications. Every stage, from data collection and analysis to interpreting results, has played
a crucial role in enhancing my knowledge and skills in this dynamic field.

I am also grateful for the guidance and support of Mr. Kisan Bhandari, whose expertise and
dedication have been invaluable in shaping the direction and accuracy of this report. His
insights have greatly contributed to my learning experience, and I truly appreciate his
assistance.

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