Basic parts of computer system and their features and functions.

1.1 ROM
 What is ROM?
 Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of computer memory that
permanently stores data used to operate the system. ROM holds
essential data and instructions necessary for the proper functioning of a
computer system. It is a non-volatile memory meaning information stored
in a ROM memory chip remains unchanged when the electronic device is
turned off.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

As the name suggests, read-only memory is a primary memory unit where

we can only read the programs and data stored on it. It contains some
electronic fuses that can be programmed for a piece of certain
information. ROM stores data in binary format. This memory of the
computer executes massive input/output (I/0) operations and secures
software instructions or programs

 Features of ROM include –

 It is quick and easy to test the ROM.
 It requires less power to operate and is less costly than RAM.
 Due to its non-volatile nature, data stored in the ROM does not get lost.
 The data stored in ROM can always be verified and stored for a long
period of time.
 It does not require refreshing

 Functions of ROM:

 Storage of permanent data and instructions.

ROM chips are design to store data and instructions permanently that are
written once and cannot be easily modified. The non-volatile nature of ROM
ensures that critical data is permanently available, even if a power go off or
system resets occur. Embedded systems depend on ROM to store critical
software code, configurations and data.
 Role in booting up a computer system.
ROM plays a key role in booting the computer system. During a booting
process of a computer or electronic device, it needs to load its initial
operating instructions. These initial set of instructions stored in ROM allows
the system to start up. With the instructions, the device loads the operating
system and initialize hardware components.
  Support for firmware and software programs.
ROM stores firmware, a type of software that is permanently programmed
into a device’s hardware. It provides low-level software instructions and code
necessary for initializing and controlling hardware components. Firmware
stored in ROM retains its data even when the device is powered off,
ensuring that the essential software is always available.
 Preservation of critical system information.
ROM stores data that is difficult to modify, ensuring the integrity and
authenticity of the data. ROM does not allow authorized or random-access
writes to discrete memory locations. It provides a high level of security
against unauthorized data modification. The initial boot-up instructions and
security checks, stored in ROM, prevent malicious software from running
during system start.

1.2 RAM
 What is RAM?
 Random access memory (RAM), is a component in a computer that
temporary stores data in order to support the real-time working of
applications. Applications, programs, or the functions all require RAM to
function properly, and without the proper amount of RAM, a computer
can lag. It is a read-and-write memory that holds data while the computer
is operating. Data is deleted as soon as the system is turned off. RAM
keeps data accessible so that when the CPU has to execute urgent
processing tasks, it doesn’t have to seek long-term storage to find it.

RAM is significant factor in determining how a computer works.

Programs and games may lag or not function at all, without adequate
RAM. RAM works with the hard drive and other computer parts to
transfer and manage information. More RAM can benefit with tasks that
require a lot of storage and processing power.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

As you open an application, your computer will load that application on

RAM. It then copies all the data on RAM. Once you’ve finish working with
the RAM, your data gets copied to long-term storage so that it can be
used for the next tasks. Your work will not be saved, if you forgot to safe
the document on the hard drive, since it was available on RAM, which is
temporary in nature.
 Features of RAM include –

 Capacity
RAM capacity refers to the amount of data that can be stored and accessed.
It is commonly measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB). Higher RAM
capacity allows the system to handle more data simultaneously, which is
particularly important for tasks such as video editing, gaming, and
virtualization.
Example: A computer with 16BG of RAM can handle multiple applications
running concurrently without experiencing significant slowdowns.
 Speed
RAM speed, also known as frequency, determines how quickly data can be
read from or written to the memory. It is measured in megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz (GHz). Higher RAM speeds lead to faster data transfer between
the RAM and the CPU, resulting in improved system responsiveness.
Example: DDR4 RAM modules commonly come in speeds such as
2400MHz, and 3600MHz, with higher speeds offering better performance.
 Latency
RAM latency is a delay between request for data and actual retrieval of that
data. Lower latency values indicate faster data access. Latency is often
specified as a series of four numbers (e.g.; CL 16-18-18-38), with the first
number representing the CAS (Column Address Strobe) latency. Smaller
CAS latency values generally result in better performance.
Example: A RAM module with a CAS latency of 16 will retrieve requested
data more quickly than a module with a CAS latency of 18.
 Voltage
RAM module operates at a specific voltage, which can have implications for
power consumption and compatibility with the motherboard. Common RAM
voltages include 1.2V for DDR4 and 1.35V for some higher performance
variants. It’s essential to ensure that the RAM voltage is compatible with the
motherboard specifications.
Example: DDR3 RAM typically operates at 1.5V, while DDR4 RAM operates
at lower voltages like 1.2V, contributing to energy efficiency.

 Functions of RAM:

 Storage of data and instructions during computer operations.

When data is stored in RAM, the CPU can access it almost instantly,
resulting in faster program execution and data retrieval. This allows the CPU
to quickly retrieve and modify data, significantly boosting the computer’s
performance.
 Facilitation of quick access to data for the CPU.
 When data is stored in RAM, the CPU can access it almost instantly,
resulting in faster program execution and data retrieval. This allows the CPU
to quickly retrieve and modify data, significantly boosting the computer’s
performance.
 Temporary storage of data for running programs.
RAM is a temporary storage of data. RAM is volatile, meaning it loses its
contents when the computer power goes off or restarted. RAM frees up
space in the computer short-term memory for a fresh start, which can help
resolve issues that may have occurred during the previous session.
 Enhancement of overall system performance.
RAM enhances overall system performance by providing fast, temporary
storage for data and instructions that the CPU needs. Having sufficient RAM
allows for smoother multitasking, faster data access, quicker program
execution, and better performance in a wide range of applications and tasks.

1.3 UPS
 What is UPS?
 An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer
to keep running for at least a short time when incoming power is
interrupted. Provided utility power is flowing, it also replenishes and
maintains energy storage.

A UPS protects equipment from damage in the event of a power failure.

It is used in any situation where electrical equipment is sensitive to
power loss or issues with power quality, for example, if a system
experiences unsafe changes in voltage output. UPSes are typically used
in settings pertaining to computer systems, data servers or industrial
devices, or in settings with mission-critical equipment, such as medical
and laboratory systems.

Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

Energy can be stored in different ways. Rechargeable batteries are the

most common. For simplicity, the examples and illustrations here are
based on that technology. However, kinetic energy can also be stored in
heavy, rotating flywheels or energy can be stored as fuel.

The more energy stored, the longer backup power can be maintained,
with practical limitations that will be discussed later. The differences
 among UPS systems lie in the technology that enables them to do their
jobs.

 Features of UPS include –

 Rectifier or charger. This convert alternating current (AC) to direct

current (DC) and directs it to feed the inverter or to charge the battery.
 Inverter. This converts the electricity from DC into AC.
 Batteries. These are either lithium-ion, concerned about orderly
shutdowns lead-acid (VRLA), flooded lead-acid or nickel-cadmium
batteries.
 Static and maintenance bypass. This provides an alternative path for
power to flow in the case of a UPS failure or overload.
 Control unit. This manages and coordinates the functions of a UPS,
including monitoring system status, switching between power sources
and regulating output voltage and frequency.

 Functions of UPS

 Power Backup: The primary function of a UPS is to provide temporary

power during an outage. This allows users to save their work and shut
down systems properly.
 Voltage Regulation: UPS units often include voltage regulation features
that stabilize the voltage supplied to the computer, protecting it from
spikes, surges, and sags in power.
 Surge Protection: A UPS protects against power surges and spikes,
which can damage sensitive computer components.
 Noise Filtering: Many UPS systems can filter out electrical noise, which
can interfere with the performance of computer hardware.
 Monitoring and Management: Advanced UPS systems come with
software that allows users to monitor power conditions and manage
power settings. This can include alerts for battery status, power quality,
and load management.
 Data Protection: By providing a stable power source, a UPS helps
prevent data loss and corruption that can occur during sudden power
failures.
 Load Management: Some UPS units can manage the load on connected
devices, prioritizing power to critical equipment during an outage.
 Automatic Transfer Switch: In some cases, a UPS can automatically
switch to battery power without any interruption when it detects a power
failure.

1.4 CPU
 What is CPU?

 A CPU is the core electronic circuitry component of a computer program

that allows it to implement instructions. CPUs perform logic, control,
 arithmetic, input and output operations specified by its programming to
perform basic tasks. They're found in most electronic devices, including
laptop computers, smartphones, some cameras, thermostats and any
other type of device that requires input and output programming
operations.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPUs have a lifespan of about 20 years and require other hardware to

function. They have multiple cores within their main chip that allow them
to execute several instructions at once. They're built by compiling
several billion transistors, which are semiconductor devices, onto one
computer chip. Inside the CPU is a graphics chip and a silicon chip that's
separate from the unit's memory component in a socket on the
motherboard.

 Features of CPU include –

 Control Unit: This unit collects, interprets and executes instructions. It

transports types of data through the system and controls computer
hardware by controlling signals.
 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): This unit executes basic arithmetic and
logic operations, as commanded. It completes any calculations and
decisions requested and functions as a data doorway between primary
and secondary storage.
 Register: This unit consists of high-speed memory pieces with various
purposes for storing small amounts of data required in processing.
Registers typically hold information regarding calculation results, the
instruction it's currently accomplishing and the next instruction to follow.
 Cache: This unit is a small piece of random-access memory, or RAM,
that's found in the processor. It stores data, instructions or other
information that the process likely re-uses in the future to save time and
memory.
 Buses: Buses are high-speed connections within the processor that
sends data and control signals from the processor to other components
of the computer and vice versa. Typically, three types of buses, namely
an address bus, control bus and data bus, are used in a CPU.
 Clock: This unit coordinates the computer's components to send out
electrical pulses to synchronize them. The speed at which the clock
functions and sends out pulses determines how many instructions can
function at any point in time.
  Functions of CPU

CPU functionality is handled by the control unit, with synchronization assistance

provided by the computer clock. CPU work occurs according to an established
cycle known as the CPU instruction cycle that calls for a certain number of
repetitions of the following basic computing instructions, as permitted by that
computer’s processing power:

 Fetch: Fetches occur anytime data is retrieved from

memory.
 Decode: The decoder within the CPU translates binary
instructions into electrical signals that engage other parts
of the CPU.
 Execute: Execution occurs when computers interpret and
carry out a computer program’s set of instructions.

With some basic tinkering, the computer clock within a CPU can be manipulated
to keep time faster than it normally elapses. Some users do this to run their
computer at higher speeds. However, this practice is not advisable since it can
cause computer parts to wear out earlier than normal and can violate CPU
manufacturer warranties.

1.5 FLASH DRIVE

 What is flash drive?

 A flash drive, also known as a USB drive or thumb drive, is a portable

data storage device that uses flash memory, offering functions
like storing, transferring, and backing up files, and features include
portability, durability, and ease of use.

Flash drive

 Features of flash drive include –

 Portability: Their small size and lightweight design make them highly
portable, allowing users to carry them easily.
 Durability: Flash drives are generally more durable than older storage
media like floppy disks or CDs, as they lack moving parts and are less
susceptible to damage from scratches or electromagnetic interference.
 Ease of Use: Flash drives are plug-and-play, meaning they can be used
without the need for drivers or software installation, simply by plugging
them into a USB port.
  Capacity: Flash drives come in a wide range of storage capacities, from
a few gigabytes to several terabytes, catering to diverse storage needs.
 Speed: They offer relatively fast data transfer speeds, making them
efficient for moving large files.
 Security: Some flash drives come with built-in encryption capabilities to
protect sensitive data.

 Functions of flash drive

 Storage: Flash drives serve as a primary or supplementary storage

solution for various types of files, including documents, photos, videos,
and software.
 Data Transfer: They facilitate the easy and quick transfer of files
between different computers or devices.
 Backup: Flash drives can be used to create backups of important data,
ensuring that data is protected in case of loss or damage.
 Portable Applications: Some applications can be run directly from a
flash drive, eliminating the need for installation on the computer's hard
drive.
 Promotional Tools: Businesses and organizations use flash drives as
promotional items, often with their logos or custom designs.