PPM

Lab series PAM, PWM,

Digital Communication

2. Sampling Frequency:
on
8, 16,beand 32 KHz are generated board.
any moment any one
Four different sampling frequencies
of the of
frequency4, can selected by momentary switch TheAt

sampling frequency can be monitored at C.

3. Natural /Flat Samplingt

ontwo
is putfor
provides different types of sampling, natural and flat sampling.
The block
When switch to natural position, the output at monitoring point D will be same
as of A, when switch 1S put on to flat position. The output will be of flat- topped signal,
with amplitude remaining constant over everysampling pulse. This signal is constructed
from the analog signal connected at A. The analog signal is sampled at the start of every
pulse.
sampling pulse and held constant tillthe next sampling
4 PAM modulator and Transmitter:
pulse-amplitude-modulated in thi.
The signal available at monitoring point D, will be from El. The width of thePANM
block, the PAM signal can be monitored and connected The PAM signal
pulses can be varied through pulse width potentiometer. generated
through sampling of signal of D.
5. PWM modulator and Transmitter:
modulated in this block
The signal available at monitoring point D, will be pulse width generated
the PWM signal can be monitored and connected form E2. The PWM signal is
through comparing signal of D and ramp of J. The ramp amplitude can be varied through
ramp generator potentiometer.

6. PPM modulator and Transmitter

The signal available at monitoring point D, will be pulse position modulated in this bloc:
The PPM signal can be monitored and connected from E3. The PPM signal is generate
from PWM during the leading edge of PWM pulse. The width of the PPM pulses can t
varied through pulse width potentiometer.
7. Amplifier:
The transmitted modulated signal connected to point E will be amplified through
block. As any signal transmitted over a channel undergoes an attenuation,
amplification is required.

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 Digital Communication Lab series PAM, PWM, PPM

8. PAM demodulator:
Received PAM signals are passed through a sample and hold circuit to convert PAM
signals to continuous signals of amplitude equal to PAM signal during every period. To
construct the above-mentioned signal, the PAM signal will be passed through a sample
and hold circuit. The sampling pulses have to be adjusted over the middle of the PAM
pulses. The adjustment is achieved through phase adjust potentiometer. The sampling
pulses can be monitored at G.

9. Limiter:

Any signal having pased through a media would have picked up noise and disturbed.
Hence the received signal may not be equal magnitude pulses. The limiter after amplifier
equalizes the amplitude of all pulses. The limiter output can be monitored at H.
10. Pulse generator:

After passing through limiter, the media noise would not have eliminated, If the pulse and
noise are in different time position. To recover only PPM pulse, the limiter output has to
pass through pulse generator. The PPM pulses without noise can be observed at I.
11. PPM demodulator:
The PPM signal will be converted to PWM signal in this block. The PWM signalcan be
monitored and connected from B3.

12. LPF ( Low pass filter:

All the demodulated signals have to be filtered through a LPF to recover the original
analog signal. The demodulated signal to be connected to B and the recovered signal can
be observed and connected at F1.

13. GND:
of oscilloscpe probe to
For observing waveforms at different points, the ground terminal
be connected to GND.

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 PPM-
PAM, PWM,
Digital Communicatlon Lab serles

Experimental procedure:
Connect signal source 1KHz (A1) to (A)
Select sampling frequency to 8KHz
Select flat sampling the RAMP
Connect the oscilloscope with the input analog signal Al and with
generator J. peak-to-peak of RAMP is
Adjust the RAMP generator potentiometer, suchthatthe negative cycle.
uniformly higher than the input analog signal on both positiveand

Observations:
A1.
Observe the PWM Modulator output E2 along with input analog signal signal
Fine tune RAMP generator potentiometer, hence the negative peak of analog
results in minimum pulse width of PWM.
Hence in PWM, pulse-width-modulation. the duration of regularly spaced rectangular
pulses vary in direct proportion to the sample values of analog signal.
Repeat the above procedure at 16 and 32 KHZ.
Study the PWM pattern by varying the amplitude of analog signal.
Explain the PWM pattern at minimum analog signal.

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Digltal
Gommunleatlon Lab serles PAM,FWM, PPM

Source Signal at A1

Sampling clock at C

Ramp at VR4

PWM signal at E2
 PPM
Dlgltal PAM,PWM,
Communlcatlon Lab serles

Experimental Procedure:
Connect signal source 1 KHz (A1)to (A)
Select sampling frequency to 8 KHz
Selcct flat sampling
Repeat the proccdure of PWM Modulationto derive propcr PWM

Observations:
Observe the waveform of input analog signal source A1 along with PPM modulator
output E3.
In PPM, pulse position Modulation, the position of pulse is proportional to the
modulating analog signal amplitude.
Observe the waveform of PWM modulator output E2 along with PPM modulator
output E3
It can be compared that, in PWM, long pulses expend considerable power during the
pulse while bearing no additional information, If this unused power is subtracted from
PWM, so that only time transitions are preserved, we obtain a more efficient pulse
position modulation (PPM).
Select other sampling frequency, repeat procedure 1to 3
Study the PPM pattern by varying the amplitude of analog signal. Explain the PPM
pattern of minimum analog signal.
Repeat the above procedure at 2 KHz and (0.5 + 1 +2) KHz input analog signal.

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 Digital Communication Lab series PAM, PWM, PPM=

The waveforms above illustrates the generation of PPM signals.

Source Signal at A1

Sampling clock at C

Ramp at VR4

PWM signal at E2

PPM signal at E3

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