10/20/2023

CIS-322
Signals and Image Processing
Lecture No. 3

Fourier Transforms
Dr. Shahzad Ahmad Qureshi
<drsaqureshi@pieas.edu.pk>

Department of Computer and Information Sciences

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences
P O Nilore, Islamabad 45650
CIS-322

Fourier Transform
Properties if the Fourier Transforms

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Question about convolution

Taylor vs. Fourier Series

• The Fourier Transform is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or • The Fourier transform is also called a generalization of the
signal) into an alternate representation, characterized by sine and cosines. Fourier series. This term can also be applied to both the
The Fourier Transform shows that any waveform can be rewritten as the
sum of sinusoidal functions.
frequency domain representation and the mathematical
• The Fourier transform is a mathematical function that decomposes a
function used.
waveform, which is a function of time, into the frequencies that make it • The Fourier transform helps in extending the Fourier series to
up. The result produced by the Fourier transform is a complex valued nonperiodic functions, which allows viewing any function as a
function of frequency.
• The absolute value of the Fourier transform represents the frequency sum of simple sinusoids.
value present in the original function and its complex argument

represents the phase offset of the basic sinusoidal in that frequency.

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FOURIER SERIES

Fourier Integrals

FOURIER INTEGRAL

• Fourier series are powerful tools for problems involving

functions that are periodic or are of interest on a finite
interval only.
• Since, of course, many problems involve functions that are
nonperiodic and are of interest on the whole x-axis, we
ask what can be done to extend the method of Fourier series
to such functions.

• This idea will lead to “Fourier integrals.”

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FOURIER TRANSFORMS

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PROPERTIES OF FOURIER
TRANSFORMS

Example cont.

Fourier Transform

Fourier Inverse Transform

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Filtering using Fourier Transforms Example: Removing undesirable frequencies

frequency
noisy signal decomposition

remove high filtered

frequencies signal

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Filters to be Discussed
Example of Gaussian LPF and HPF

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Image Processing in the Fourier Domain Image Processing in the Fourier Domain
Magnitude of the FT
Magnitude of the FT

Does not look anything like what we have seen

Does not look anything like what we have seen

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Convolution is Multiplication in Fourier Domain Low-pass Filtering

f(x,y) |F(sx,sy)|

h(x,y) |H(sx,sy)| Let the low frequencies pass and eliminating the high frequencies.

Generates image with overall

g(x,y) shading, but not much detail
|G(sx,sy)|

High-pass Filtering Boosting High Frequencies

Lets through the high frequencies (the detail), but eliminates the low frequencies (the overall
shape). It acts like an edge enhancer.

Waveform Additions Produce

Most information at low frequencies! Convoluted Data
• Now consider that the analyte of interest will
generally produce a nice bell shaped spectral scan
when assayed in a pure system such as with
calibrator only data.
• Then consider that a complex sample matrix
without any analyte would have its own
representative spectral scan that is unique for that
specific sample matrix.
• When we think of our data in this fashion it is easy
to see that an absorbance scan for the reacted
sample is a combination of the above waveforms
which have been convoluted into a hybrid signal.

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Deconvolution is an algorithm-
based process used to reverse
• Convolution is a mathematical operation • the effectsdeconvolution
In mathematics, of convolution
is the on
on two functions (f and g); it produces a recorded
operation inverse data.
to convolution.
third function, that is typically viewed as a • Both operations are used in signal processing
modified version of one of the original and image processing. For example, it may be
functions. possible to recover the original signal after a
• In terms of a mathematical function we filter (convolution) by using a deconvolution
can look at the situation as simply: f * g = method with a certain degree of accuracy.
h.

Animation link
• https://medium.com/geekculture/deconvolution-
and-how-it-works-and-its-importance-
80ce8f137e1b
• https://www.nwlifescience.com/information/833
-what-is-deconvolution
• https://www.certara.com/knowledge-
base/simplifying-deconvolution/
• https://www.metrology-
journal.org/articles/ijmqe/pdf/2021/01/ijmqe20
0016.pdf

Questions?
Questions?
Questions?
Questions?
Questions?
Questions?

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