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Data Presentation

The document discusses various methods of presenting data, including textual, tabular, and graphical formats. It highlights the importance of descriptive statistics in organizing and summarizing data through frequency distributions, relative frequencies, and graphical representations such as bar graphs, histograms, and pie charts. Additionally, it emphasizes how different types of graphs can simplify complex information and reveal patterns or trends in the data.

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Yvette Joyce Cruz
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19 views37 pages

Data Presentation

The document discusses various methods of presenting data, including textual, tabular, and graphical formats. It highlights the importance of descriptive statistics in organizing and summarizing data through frequency distributions, relative frequencies, and graphical representations such as bar graphs, histograms, and pie charts. Additionally, it emphasizes how different types of graphs can simplify complex information and reveal patterns or trends in the data.

Uploaded by

Yvette Joyce Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA

PRESENTATION
TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL
PRESENTATION OF DATA

PRESENTED BY:
YVETTE JOYCE R. CRUZ, RMT, MSMLS
REVIEW BASIC CONCEPTS
PICTURES OF
DATA

DEPICT THE NATURE OR


SHAPE OF THE DATA
DISTRIBUTION
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

Textual

Tabular

Graphical
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1) ORGANIZE DATA 2) SUMMARIZE DATA

§ Tables § Central Tendency (or Groups “Middle Values”)

• Frequency Distributions • Mean

• Relative Frequency Distribution • Median

§ Graphs • Mode

• Bar Chart or Histogram § Variation (or Summary of Differences Within


Groups)
• Stem and Leaf Plot
• Range
• Frequency Polygon
• Interquartile Range
• Variance
• Standard Deviation
TEXT PRESENTATION

Main method of conveying information as it is used to explain results and trends, and provide
contextual information.
Data are fundamentally presented in paragraphs or sentences.
For instance, information about the incidence rates of delirium following anesthesia in 2016–2017
can be presented with the use of a few numbers:
¡ “The incidence rate of delirium following anesthesia was 11% in 2016 and 15% in 2017; no significant
difference of incidence rates was found between the two years.”

Ø If this information were to be presented in a graph or a table, it would occupy an


unnecessarily large space on the page, without enhancing the readers' understanding
of the data
TABLE PRESENTATION

Convey information that has been converted into words or numbers in rows and
columns.

Tables are the most appropriate for presenting individual information, and can
present both quantitative and qualitative information.

Useful for summarizing and comparing quantitative information of different


variables and information with different units can be presented together
WHAT IS A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION?

¡ Suppose we ask a sample of 30 teenagers each to tell us how old they are. The list of their ages is shown in Table 5.1

It is now easy to see how often each age occurs


FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

A table listing all classes and their


frequencies

For nominal and ordinal data, a


frequency distribution consists of a
set of classes or categories along
with the numerical counts that
correspond to each one.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

¡ To display discrete or
continuous data in the form
of a frequency distribution,
break down the range of
values of the observations
into a series of distinct,
non-overlapping intervals.
FREQUENCYDISTRIBUTIONSUSINGCLASS INTERVALS
For instance, the following table shows some test scores from a math class.

To construct a frequency
distribution
FREQUENCYDISTRIBUTIONSUSING CLASS INTERVALS

If we want to have 6 class intervals


then

CW= 100−46 =9
6

13 So the frequency distribution will be:


RELATIVE FREQUENCY

The proportion of the total number of


observations that appears in that interval.

It is computed by dividing the number of


values within an interval by the total
number of values in the table, multiplied by
100 to obtain the percentage of values in
the interval.

Relative frequencies are useful for


comparing sets of data that contain
unequal numbers of observations
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

Is the percentage of the total


number of observations that have
a value less than or equal to the
upper limit of the interval

It is calculated by summing the


relative frequencies for the
specified interval and all previous
ones.
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
GRAPH PRESENTATION

¡ Graphs simplify complex information


by using images and emphasizing
data patterns or trends, and are
useful for summarizing, explaining,
or exploring quantitative data.
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
A. BAR GRAPHS

Popular type of graph used to display a frequency distribution for nominal or


ordinal data.

In a bar chart, the various categories into which the observations fall are
presented along a horizontal axis.

A vertical bar is drawn above each category such that the height of the bar
represents either the frequency or the relative frequency of observations within
that class.
B. HISTOGRAMS

A histogram depicts a frequency distribution for discrete or continuous


data.
It is a bar graph in which the horizontal scale represent classes and
the vertical scale represents frequencies.
The horizontal axis displays the true limits of the various intervals.
The true limits of an interval are the points that separate it from the
intervals on either side.
C. PARETO CHART
D. PIE CHART

¡ Useful for comparing


individual categories with
the total.
E. FREQUENCY POLYGONS

It is constructed by placing a point at the center of each


interval such that the height of the point is equal to the
frequency or relative frequency associated with that interval.
Points are also placed on the horizontal axis at the midpoints of
the intervals immediately preceding and immediately following
the intervals that contain observations.
The points are then connected by straight lines.
Rating
(Midpoint) Frequency
0 - 2 (1) 20
3 – 5 (4) 14
6 – 8 (7) 15
9 – 11 (10) 2
12 - 14 (13) 1
Another type of graph that can be
F. SCATTER used to summarize a set of discrete or
PLOTS continuous observations.
(ONE-WAY Uses a single horizontal axis to
display the relative position of each
SCATTER data point in the group.
PLOTS)
Box plots are similar to one-way
scatter plots in that they require a
single axis; instead of plotting every
observation, however, they display
F. SCATTER only a summary of the data
PLOTS
(BOX PLOTS)
Each point on the graph
represents a pair of values;
The scale for one quantity is marked
F. SCATTER on the horizontal axis, or x-axis, and
PLOTS the scale for the other on the vertical
axis, or y-axis.
(TWO-WAY
SCATTER
PLOTS)
G. LINE GRAPS

Similar to a two-way scatter plot in that it can be used to illustrate the


relationship between continuous quantities.
Each point on the graph represents a pair of values.
Adjacent points are connected by straight lines
Useful for representing time-series data
Useful for studying patterns and trends across data
Also appropriate for representing not only time-series data, but also data
measured over the progression of a continuous variable such as distance.
OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
DOT PLOT
OTHER PICTURES OF DATA
STEM AND LEAF PLOT

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