HISTORY REVISION QUESTIONS 2024-25

AS PER SYLLABUS- MARCH 2025

1) In this system, all people, from the king to the lowest landowners, were bound by obligations and
defense.
a) Which cause of the Renaissance does this system refer to?
b) Describe the hierarchy of this system.
c) Name and explain two consequences of its decline on the Renaissance.
2) Define the term "Renaissance."
3) What were the Crusades?
4) How did the Capture of Constantinople contribute to the Renaissance?
5) What role did the printing press play in the Renaissance?
6) How did scientific advancements influence the Renaissance?
7) How did geographic explorations contribute to the Renaissance?
8) List three key features of Renaissance art.
9) Name two of Leonardo Da Vinci's masterpieces.
10) How did the Renaissance influence literary language?
11) Name two tragedies and two comedies by Shakespeare.
12) What theory did Copernicus propose? State its four key principles.

REFORMATION
With reference to the Reformation, answer the following:

1. Define the following terms related to the Catholic Church: Letters of Indulgence, Tithe, Simony,
Peter's Pence.
2. Who was Martin Luther, and what were his main criticisms of the Catholic Church?
3. In which European countries did the Reformation movement first take hold?
4. What was the immediate catalyst for the Protestant Reformation?
5. Who summoned Luther to defend his views, and why was he ultimately spared from harm?
6. What actions did the Catholic Church take against Martin Luther?
7. When and by what treaty was Lutheranism officially recognized as a legal form of Christianity?
8. Summarize the key outcomes of the Council of Trent.
9. What was the Counter-Reformation, and what prompted its initiation?
10. Name the Spanish nobleman who studied theology at the Sorbonne and founded a religious
society. What was this society called?
11. Who was a prominent follower of Ignatius Loyola?
12. Where did this follower travel and for what purpose?
13. Where did he die, and where are his remains currently preserved?
The answers to all these questions can be found in the textbook.
 Critical Thinking Questions: SUGGESTED ANSWERS

Renaissance:
1. How might the Renaissance have been different if the feudal system had not declined? Would the
emphasis on individualism and humanism have emerged as strongly?
 Individualism and humanism likely would have emerged less strongly
 Social mobility would have remained limited
 Patronage of the arts may have been more restricted to nobility
 Scientific inquiry could have been more constrained by feudal power structures
2. How did the interplay between art, science, and exploration during the Renaissance shape the
way we understand the world today?
 Promoted empirical observation and experimentation
 Encouraged questioning of established beliefs
 Advanced techniques like perspective in art influenced scientific illustration
 Exploration led to more accurate world maps and understanding of geography
 Cross-pollination of ideas between disciplines fostered innovation
3. What might have been the long-term consequences if the printing press had not been invented
during the Renaissance? How would the spread of ideas have been affected?
 Slower and more limited spread of ideas
 Knowledge would have remained concentrated among elites
 Scientific and cultural revolutions may have been delayed
 Literacy rates would have increased more slowly
 Religious reformations may have been less widespread
4. In what ways did the Renaissance's scientific advancements challenge the authority of the
Church, and how did this tension shape the course of history?
 Heliocentrism contradicted geocentric worldview endorsed by the Church.
 Anatomical studies challenged religious explanations of human body
 Emphasis on observation and experimentation undermined reliance on scripture.
 Church often resisted new scientific theories, leading to conflicts like Galileo's trial.
 Gradually eroded Church's monopoly on knowledge and education
 5. How did the Renaissance's geographic explorations contribute to the globalization of culture and
ideas?
 Established new trade routes, facilitating exchange of goods and ideas
 Exposed Europeans to diverse cultures and worldviews
 Brought new plants, animals, and technologies to Europe
 Sparked interest in studying and categorizing the natural world
 Led to development of new cartographic and navigational techniques

Reformation:
1. To what extent did the printing press contribute to the spread and success of the Reformation?
 Enabled rapid dissemination of Luther's 95 Theses and other reformist ideas15
 Made religious texts, including vernacular Bibles, more accessible and affordable1
 Facilitated production of pamphlets, spreading Reformation ideas widely15
 Ensured consistency of message across different locations5
 Challenged the Church's monopoly on religious interpretation
2. How might the Reformation have been different if the Catholic Church had addressed the
criticisms of Martin Luther and others earlier? Would the Protestant movement have gained as
much traction?
 The Protestant movement might have gained less traction
 Reforms within the Catholic Church could have prevented some schisms
 Luther and other reformers might have remained within the Catholic fold
 The extent of religious conflicts and wars might have been reduced
 The Counter-Reformation might have been unnecessary or less dramatic
3. How did the Reformation's emphasis on individual interpretation of the Bible influence the
development of modern education and literacy?
 Encouraged widespread literacy to enable personal Bible reading
 Promoted vernacular translations of religious texts
 Stimulated the establishment of schools for religious education
 Emphasized critical thinking and personal interpretation of texts
 Contributed to the democratization of knowledge
 4. What might have been the long-term consequences if the Council of Trent had not initiated
reforms within the Catholic Church? How would the Counter-Reformation have been different?
 The Catholic Church might have continued to lose influence and followers
 Corruption and abuses within the clergy might have persisted
 The Counter-Reformation would have been less effective
 The gap between Protestantism and Catholicism might have widened further
 The Catholic Church's ability to address future challenges might have been compromised
5. How did the Reformation's impact on religious and political structures contribute to the
development of modern capitalism and economic systems?
 Promoted individual freedom and responsibility
 Encouraged a work ethic that valued industriousness and frugality
 Reduced the Church's control over economic activities
 Facilitated the rise of nation-states and new forms of governance
 Contributed to the secularization of society, separating religion from economics and
politics

Industrial Revolution:
1. How did the Industrial Revolution change the daily lives of people, both positively and negatively?
Can you think of any similar changes happening in today’s world?
Positively:
 Increased availability and affordability of goods3
 New employment opportunities in factories3
 Improved transportation and communication5
Negatively:
 Harsh working conditions in factories12
 Overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in cities1
 Environmental pollution
Similar changes today:
 Digitalization and automation affecting job markets
 Rapid urbanization in developing countries
 Concerns about technological impact on work-life balance
2. Factories during the Industrial Revolution increased production but also led to poor working
conditions. If you were a factory owner at that time, how would you balance profits with workers'
well-being?
 Implement basic safety measures to reduce accidents
 Provide adequate ventilation and cleanliness in factories
 Offer slightly higher wages to attract and retain workers
 Introduce gradual improvements in working hours
 Invest in worker training to increase productivity

3. Many machines invented during the Industrial Revolution replaced human labor. Do you think
technological advancements today, like artificial intelligence, will have the same effect on jobs?
Why or why not?
 AI and automation likely to replace some jobs, similar to Industrial Revolution5
 New technologies may create new job categories and industries
 Shift towards more skilled and technical roles expected
 Continuous learning and adaptation will be crucial for workers
 Potential for reduced working hours and increased productivity

4. How did the introduction of new machinery and technologies during the Industrial Revolution
change the way goods were produced, and what impact did this have on workers and their daily
lives?
 Increased production speed and output
 Shift from skilled craftwork to machine operation
 Longer working hours in factory settings
 Decreased need for physical strength, enabling employment of women and children
 Workers became more specialized and subject to factory discipline
5. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution lead to urbanization, and what challenges did growing
cities face as more people moved from rural areas to urban centers?
 Mass migration from rural areas to industrial cities
Challenges faced by growing cities
 Overcrowding in tenement houses
 Lack of proper sanitation and fresh water
 Spread of diseases
 Pollution from factories
 Inadequate infrastructure for rapidly growing populations

6. What were some of the environmental consequences of the Industrial Revolution, and how do you
think they influenced the development of future environmental policies and practices?
 Increased air pollution from coal burning and factories
 Water pollution from industrial waste
 Deforestation for fuel and building materials
 Urban sprawl and loss of agricultural land
These issues have likely influenced:
 Development of public health policies
 Early environmental protection laws
 Urban planning and zoning regulations
7. "The Industrial Revolution created both solutions and problems for different social classes." To
what extent do you agree with this statement? Consider the impacts on factory owners, skilled
craftsmen, and agricultural workers in your response.
 Factory owners: Increased wealth and social status
 Skilled craftsmen: Loss of traditional jobs, need to adapt to factory work
 Agricultural workers: Displacement, migration to cities for factory jobs
 Overall, created economic opportunities but also social inequalities
 Led to the emergence of new social classes and labor movements
8. How did the Industrial Revolution change the lives of workers, and what were some of the social
and economic challenges they faced during this period?
Changes in workers' lives and challenges faced:
 Long working hours (12-14 hour shifts)
 Low wages, especially for women and children
 Dangerous and unsanitary working conditions
 Child labor and exploitation
 Lack of worker rights and protections
 Loss of traditional skills and autonomy
 Emergence of labor unions and workers' movements