TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP METHODS

1. Singleton Membership Function

A singleton membership function assigns a value of either 0 or 1 to each element, indicating absolute non-
membership or full membership. It is the simplest form and represents crisp sets in fuzzy logic systems, often used
when the input is certain and well-defined.

 Only values are 0 (not included) or 1 (fully included).

 Represents crisp decision boundaries.

 Common in rule-based expert systems.

 Easy to implement and compute.

2. Triangular Membership Function

This function forms a triangle with a peak at the most representative value and linear slopes on either side. It is
defined by three points (a, b, c), where 'b' is the peak and 'a' and 'c' are the base ends. It is simple, efficient, and
widely used in control applications.

 Defined by 3 points: a (start), b (peak), c (end).

 Linear increase from a to b, linear decrease from b to c.

 Used in simple and fast fuzzy systems.

 Suitable for low-complexity control systems.

3. Trapezoidal Membership Function

The trapezoidal membership function has a flat top, making it better than triangular for representing values that are
equally typical across a range. Defined by four points (a, b, c, d), it increases, maintains a constant value, then
decreases, making it ideal for modeling ranges.

 Defined by 4 points: a, b, c, d.

 Flat top between b and c indicates full membership.

 Used when a range of values is equally valid.

 Common in industrial and environmental systems.

4. Gaussian Membership Function

Gaussian functions form a smooth, bell-shaped curve. Defined by a center (mean) and width (standard deviation), it
models uncertainty naturally and handles noisy data effectively. It is highly used in pattern recognition and soft
computing.

 Smooth, symmetric bell-shaped curve.

 Defined by mean (center) and standard deviation (spread).

 Ideal for modeling natural variation and noise.

 Used in medical diagnosis, AI, and adaptive systems.

5. Sigmoidal Membership Function
This function represents a smooth S-shaped curve and is used to capture gradual transitions. It starts slowly, then
rises rapidly, and slows again—mimicking many natural systems. It is especially useful in adaptive fuzzy systems.

 S-shaped curve for gradual change.

 Defined by parameters controlling slope and center.

 Useful for non-linear systems.

 Common in neural-fuzzy models.

6. Bell-Shaped Membership Function

A generalized form of the Gaussian curve, the bell-shaped function provides flexibility to control width, slope, and
center. This makes it suitable for complex fuzzy systems where fine-tuning is necessary.

 Controlled by parameters: width, slope, and center.

 Offers more control than Gaussian.

 Smooth and symmetric.

 Applied in complex control and classification systems.

Applications of Fuzzy Logic

1. Home Appliances

Used in air conditioners, washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and microwave ovens.

How it's applied:

 Air Conditioners: Adjust fan speed and cooling based on room temperature, humidity, and human presence
using fuzzy rules like “IF temperature is high AND humidity is medium THEN set cooling to high.”

 Washing Machines: Determine wash cycle time, water level, and detergent usage based on load weight, dirt
level, and fabric type.

Benefit:
Improves comfort, energy efficiency, and adaptability without precise user input.

2. General Fuzzy Logic Controllers

Used in control systems where traditional mathematical models are hard to apply.
How it's applied:

 Used in elevators, automotive transmission systems, cruise control, and robotics.

 Example: Cruise Control — fuzzy controller adjusts throttle based on fuzzy inputs like "IF speed is slightly
below desired AND slope is steep THEN increase throttle moderately."

Benefit:
Allows systems to make decisions based on uncertain or imprecise data, ensuring smoother and more human-like
control.

3. Basic Medical Diagnostic Systems

Used in preliminary diagnosis, patient monitoring, and decision support systems.

How it's applied:

 Fuzzy systems assess symptoms that aren't binary (e.g., "slightly feverish" or "moderate pain").

 Example: A fuzzy rule might say, “IF fever is high AND cough is mild THEN probability of flu is moderate.”

Benefit:
Handles uncertainty in patient symptoms, improving the quality of early diagnosis.

4. Weather Forecasting
Used to predict weather conditions such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind patterns.

How it's applied:

 Uses fuzzy inputs like “temperature is hot,” “humidity is high,” and “cloud cover is dense” to predict
outcomes like “chance of rain is high.”

 Fuzzy models are applied where exact data isn’t available or is too complex to model.

Benefit:
Improves prediction accuracy under uncertain or rapidly changing conditions.

Maxima Methods of Defuzzification

Maxima methods are used to convert fuzzy output sets into a single crisp value by identifying the point(s) of
maximum membership from the fuzzy set.

Types of Maxima Methods:

1. Mean of Maxima (MoM):

 Takes the average of all input values that have the maximum membership degree.

 Formula:

MoM = (x₁ + x₂ + ... + xₙ) / n

where xi are the points where the membership function is maximum.

  Use case: When you want a balanced crisp value.

2. Smallest of Maxima (SoM):

 Selects the smallest value among all points with maximum membership.

 Use case: Preferable in conservative decision-making systems.

SoM = min(x₁, x₂, ..., xₙ)

3. Largest of Maxima (LoM):

 Selects the largest value among all points with maximum membership.

 Use case: Used in aggressive or optimistic decision-making systems.

LoM = max(x₁, x₂, ..., xₙ)

Applications:

 Fuzzy control systems

 Decision-making in uncertain environments

 Automated system

Zadeh's Max-Min Rule (Fuzzy Composition)

Definition:

Zadeh's Max-Min Rule is a method in fuzzy logic used to compose two fuzzy relations. It helps infer a relationship
between an input and an output variable through an intermediate variable. This rule is fundamental in fuzzy
inference systems, especially for decision-making under uncertainty.

R(x, z) = max_y [ min( R1(x, y), R2(y, z) ) ]

Where:

 R1(x, y) is the fuzzy relation between input x and intermediate variable y

 R2(y, z) is the fuzzy relation between y and output z

 R(x, z) is the resulting fuzzy relation between input x and output z

 min(R1(x, y), R2(y, z)) calculates the intersection (minimum) of the two relations

 max_y is taken over all possible values of y

Function and Working:

1. For each pair (x, z), identify all possible intermediate values y.

2. For each y, compute the minimum of R1(x, y) and R2(y, z).

3. From all these minimum values, select the maximum. This value becomes R(x, z).
This process builds a new fuzzy relation between input x and output z by aggregating all paths through y.

Key Properties:

 Associativity: Fuzzy relations can be composed in a chain using the rule, i.e.,
(R1 ○ R2) ○ R3 = R1 ○ (R2 ○ R3)

 Non-commutativity: The order of composition matters, i.e.,

R1 ○ R2 ≠ R2 ○ R1

 Preservation of fuzziness: The result R(x, z) is also a fuzzy relation

Applications:

 Fuzzy Control Systems: To infer output actions based on fuzzy rules

 Expert Systems: For decision-making with vague or incomplete data

 Industrial Automation: To model control based on fuzzy sensor input

 Medical Diagnosis Systems: Mapping symptoms to diagnoses through intermediate conditions

 Decision Support Systems: Establishing indirect relationships among multiple criteria