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CIVE 202 Lab Manual 2022 - Copy

The CIVE 202 Construction Materials Laboratory Manual outlines the objectives and procedures for laboratory sessions focused on civil engineering materials such as metals, polymers, concrete, wood, and aggregates. It includes safety guidelines, evaluation criteria, and detailed instructions for conducting experiments and preparing reports. The manual is structured into chapters that cover specific materials and their testing methods, along with appendices for additional resources.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views61 pages

CIVE 202 Lab Manual 2022 - Copy

The CIVE 202 Construction Materials Laboratory Manual outlines the objectives and procedures for laboratory sessions focused on civil engineering materials such as metals, polymers, concrete, wood, and aggregates. It includes safety guidelines, evaluation criteria, and detailed instructions for conducting experiments and preparing reports. The manual is structured into chapters that cover specific materials and their testing methods, along with appendices for additional resources.

Uploaded by

kvzdggfggf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 61

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVE 202
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

LABORATORY MANUAL
Winter Session 2022

Instructor:
Dr. Sherif Kamel

Chief Laboratory Technician:


John Bartczak

Laboratory Instructors:
1 – Xinran Gao (xinran.gao@mail.mcgill.ca)
2 – Rami Ghanem (rami.ghanem@mail.mcgill.ca)
3 – Meysam Naghizadeh (meysam.naghizadeh@mail.mcgill.ca)
4 – Cang Xiong (cang.xiong@mail.mcgill.ca)

Teaching Assistant (Tutorial):


Rami Ghanem (rami.ghanem@mail.mcgill.ca)
I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................I


LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... IV
NOTATIONS ................................................................................................................. V

CHAPTER 1: DETAILS OF LABORATORY SESSIONS ...............................................1


1. Introduction .......................................................................................................1
2. Safety .................................................................................................................1
3. What to Bring .....................................................................................................3
4. Evaluation ..........................................................................................................3
4.1. Attendance .................................................................................................3
4.2. Mark Distribution ......................................................................................3
5. Organization of Laboratory Program ...............................................................4
5.1. Laboratory Schedule .................................................................................4
5.2. Laboratory Groups ....................................................................................4
5.3. Laboratory Report .....................................................................................4
5.3.1. Laboratory Report Write-Up .................................................................5
5.3.2. Laboratory Report Submission.............................................................8
6. Notices ...............................................................................................................9

CHAPTER 2: LABORATORY SESSION 1: METALS AND POLYMERS ...................10


1. Introduction .....................................................................................................10
2. Testing Procedure for Tensile Strength Properties.....................................11
3. Results & Discussion ......................................................................................11

CHAPTER 3: LABORATORY SESSION 2: CONCRETE .............................................12


1. Introduction .....................................................................................................12
2. Testing Procedure for Fresh Concrete Properties.......................................13
2.1. Concrete Mixing ......................................................................................13
2.2. Slump Test ...............................................................................................14
2.3. Unit Weight and Air Content Tests ........................................................15
2.4. Moisture Content of Fine Aggregate .....................................................16
2.5. Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate.................................................16

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


II

3. Testing Procedures for Hardened Concrete Properties ..............................17


3.1. Splitting Tensile Strength .......................................................................17
3.2. Compressive Strength ............................................................................17
4. Results & Discussion ......................................................................................18

CHAPTER 4: LABORATORY SESSION 3: WOOD .....................................................19


1. Introduction .....................................................................................................19
2. Test Procedure for Uniaxial Compression Testing ......................................19
2.1. Strength Parallel to Grain .......................................................................19
2.2. Strength Perpendicular to Grain ............................................................20
3. Results & Discussion ......................................................................................20

CHAPTER 5: LABORATORY SESSION 4: FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES ......21


1. Introduction .....................................................................................................21
2. Testing Procedures on Fine Aggregate ........................................................22
2.1. Sieve Analysis ..........................................................................................22
2.2. Specific Gravity and Absorption ............................................................23
3. Testing Procedures on Coarse Aggregate ....................................................24
3.1. Sieve Analysis ..........................................................................................24
3.2. Specific Gravity and Absorption ............................................................26
3.3. Dry Rodded Unit Weight .........................................................................26
4. Results & Discussion ......................................................................................27

CHAPTER 6: LABORATORY SESSION 5: MICROSCOPY ........................................28


1. Introduction .....................................................................................................28
2. Microscopic Analysis ......................................................................................28
3. Results & Discussion ......................................................................................29

REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 30

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


III

APPENDICES
Appendix A: Laboratory Session Schedule ..............................................................32
Appendix B: My Group ...............................................................................................33
Appendix C: Polymer & Metal Properties.................................................................34
Appendix D: Fresh Concrete Properties...................................................................36
Appendix E: Moisture Content of Fine Aggregate ...................................................37
Appendix F: Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate ..............................................38
Appendix G: Hardened Concrete Properties............................................................39
Appendix H: Wood Properties ...................................................................................41
Appendix I: Fine Aggregate Sieve Analysis ..............................................................44
Appendix J: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate............................46
Appendix K: Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis ........................................................47
Appendix L: Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate ......................48
Appendix M: Dry Rodded Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate ..................................50
Appendix N: Concrete Mix Design ............................................................................51
Appendix O: Microscopy Laboratory Assignment ...................................................54

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


IV

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Grading limits for fine aggregate used in concrete ...................................................... 23

Figure 2: Grading limits for coarse aggregate used in concrete ................................................. 26

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Laboratory session summary .............................................................................................. 2


Table 2: Laboratory report mark distribution ................................................................................... 4
Table 3: Specimens to be tested under tensile uniaxial loading ................................................. 10

Table 4: Standard tests to perform on fine and coarse aggregates ........................................... 21


Table 5: Sample size requirements for determining coarse aggregate gradation.......................

24

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


V

NOTATIONS

E = Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete (MPa)


G = Shear Modulus (MPa)

L = Span, centre-to-centre of supports (mm)

P = Load (N)
Ps = Service Load (N)

Pult = Ultimate load (N)


Py = Yield load (N)

Є = Strain (mm/mm)
Єult = Ultimate strain (mm/mm)
Єy = Yield strain (mm/mm)

ƒc’ = Ultimate compressive strength of concrete (MPa)


ƒc’EXP = Ultimate compressive strength of concrete determined

experimentally by the unconfined compressive strength test (MPa)

ƒct’ = Average splitting tensile strength of concrete (MPa)


ƒct’EXP = Average splitting tensile strength of concrete determined
experimentally by the splitting tensile strength test (MPa)

σ = Stress (MPa)
σult = Ultimate stress (MPa)

σy = Yield stress (MPa)

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
1

CHAPTER 1

DETAILS OF LABORATORY SESSIONS

1. Introduction

The objectives of the Construction Materials course laboratory exercises are as follows:

• Investigate and observe the physical behaviour and significant mechanical properties
of typical civil engineering materials such as metals, polymers, concrete, wood and
aggregates.
• Gain experience in the operation of various laboratory test equipment.
• Develop an appreciation of materials testing methods and procedures, and of the
accuracy required in test measurements.
• Gain experience in the preparation of technical reports.
• Develop the interactive skills required for working as a member of a team.

Six laboratory sessions constitute the experimental work for the course requirements. Each
laboratory session concentrates on one of the five aforementioned materials (Table 1).

2. Safety

Please note that a high standard of behaviour is expected of students in the laboratory. The
equipment used in these experiments could cause serious injury if instructions are not
carefully followed. A member of the Civil Engineering technical staff and/or the laboratory
instructor will supervise each experiment. No apparatus is to be used outside of the scheduled
laboratory hours. Eye protection will be mandatory for some experiments. The department will
provide safety glasses for use during these laboratory sessions.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
2

Table 1: Laboratory session summary

Laboratory Session Experimental Program


Metals & Polymers Ultimate Tensile Strength
Making Fresh Concrete
Specimen Preparation – ASTM C 192
Slump Test for Concrete -ASTM C 143
Unit Weight Test for Concrete - ASTM C 138
Concrete
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete - ASTM C 231
Moisture Content of Aggregate - ASTM C 566
Splitting Tensile Strength - ASTM C 496
Uniaxial Compressive Strength - ASTM C 39
Uniaxial Compressive Strength – ASTM D 198
Timber • Parallel to wood fibre orientation
• Perpendicular to wood fibre orientation
Sieve Analysis – CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate:
Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) - ASTM C 127
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - ASTM C 127
Apparent Specific Gravity - ASTM C 127
Absorption - ASTM C 127
Coarse & Fine Aggregates
Dry Rodded Unit Weight - ASTM C 29
Fine Aggregate:
Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) - ASTM C 128
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - ASTM C 128
Apparent Specific Gravity - ASTM C 128
Absorption - ASTM C 128
Examining the microstructure of materials:
• Polymers
Microscopy • Metals
• Concrete
• Timber

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
3

3. What to Bring

For safety reasons, students are asked to bring only those items and materials required for
the experiment to the laboratory sessions This includes the Laboratory Manual, a notebook in
which to record results, pencils, and a calculator.

Students are strongly encouraged to use only one lab notebook per group, which can be used
to record all measurements and observations, and for making relevant notes during the lab
sessions. A simple notebook of about 20 pages should suffice. A camera may also be useful
for taking pictures of materials, specimens, testing equipment, etc.

During the concrete casting lab session, there is a risk of getting fresh concrete on shoes or
clothes. Be prepared; wear appropriate shoes and clothing.

4. Evaluation

4.1. Attendance

Attendance is mandatory. Students are expected to arrive promptly at the scheduled time.
Late arrivals will receive penalties against their participation mark (5 min. = 25%, 10 min. =
50%, 15 min. = 75%, 20 min. = 100%). After 20 minutes, the student will not be allowed to
participate and will need to make up the lab at a later date. No unexcused absence will be
permitted. Permission to miss a lab session for non-medical reasons must be obtained from
the professor or the lab instructor prior to the laboratory session.

If a group is unable to finish the required experimental work within the scheduled time frame
because of member tardiness, marks will be deducted accordingly from the incomplete
laboratory report.

4.2. Mark Distribution

The grade breakdown for each laboratory report is detailed in Table 2.

Please note that if a student is absent from a laboratory session, he/she will be required to
complete the laboratory at another time. Participation marks are individual, not group, marks.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
4

Table 2: Laboratory report mark distribution

Distribution of marks Mark (%)


Participation and involvement in laboratory session 10
Report presentation (section 5.3.1), spelling and grammar 10
Summary 5
Introduction 5
Description of materials, equipment and experimental procedures 15
Presentation of experimental results 20
Discussion 25
Conclusion 10

1. Organization of Laboratory Program

1.1. Laboratory Schedule

Each laboratory group will take approximately two hours to carry out their assigned Laboratory
Session at their scheduled time (Monday 8:35-10:25 or Monday 12:35-2:25).

A schedule detailing the dates of the various sessions is included in Appendix A.

1.2. Laboratory Groups

Each student will be assigned to a laboratory group consisting of five to six students. A list of
the groups will be posted on MyCourses prior to the first laboratory session. Students with
conflicts for the laboratory sessions are required to report these conflicts to the Instructor for
resolution. It is recommended that you record your assigned group number and members in
the table provided in Appendix B.

1.3. Laboratory Report

A group report must be prepared for each of the laboratory sessions performed, for a total of
five lab reports: Metals & Polymers, Timber, Concrete, and Aggregates. Note that the concrete
laboratory is divided across two sessions but requires only one report. For the microscopy
session, each group will complete a lab exercise during the lab period.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
5

Though only one report is required per group, it is strongly recommended that the division of
work involved in performing the exercise and preparing the report be continually modified to
provide each member with a balance of experience.

The reports should be short though formal in nature. They should contain sufficient detail
such that a competent person could replicate the exercise using only the report itself, along
with any referenced material, and obtain similar results.

1.3.1. Laboratory Report Write-Up

The laboratory write-up for each lab must be prepared using a computer, on standard 8½ x 11
inch white paper with appropriate margins (i.e. 35mm left margin, 15mm right margin, and
20mm top and bottom margins) and page numbering. Using single line spacing with a single
space between paragraphs is recommended. Doubled sided printing is also encouraged in
order to reduce the number of pages. However, neatness and clarity is important and
expected. The text must be broken into appropriate sections using the headings described
below.

A. Title Page

Include the course title, number, the name of the department and university; the title of
the laboratory experiment; the group number, group members and student numbers; the
date the lab experiment was performed and, finally, the date of submission of the report.

B. Summary

Include a direct, straightforward presentation of the test and final test results along with
a summary of the main findings and conclusions in the summary. (150 words maximum)

C. Table of Contents

Present a detailed list of the report contents. This includes section and sub-section titles
and page numbers. The References and Appendices sections must also be included in the
Table of Contents.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
6

D. List of Figures & List of Tables

Present a list of all figures and tables. Although separate, both lists may be presented on
the same page. Figures and tables must be numbered sequentially but independently
throughout the report (e.g. Table 1, Figure 1, Table 2, Figure 2 … and so on). Each should
have a short title, which briefly summarizes the information presented. Each title must be
unique (i.e. two tables can not have the same title).

E. Introduction

Briefly present a general statement concerning the tests or experiments performed and
the objectives to be achieved by performing them. (1/2 page maximum)

F. Materials

Describe in detail all materials and specimens. Include such information as the type,
source and nature of the materials and the type, dimensions and condition of specimens
(e.g. temperature, moisture content). Any other information which might affect the
behaviour of the materials under the given test conditions should also be included. Tabular
form is encouraged. (1/2 to 1 page)

G. Equipment

List all major pieces of equipment (not to include small tools, containers, scoops, shovels,
pans, etc.) used in the laboratory exercise. Include the type, manufacturer, model and
serial number (where possible) of all testing apparatus as well as the capacity and
accuracy of any measuring instrument. Tabular or point form is encouraged. (1/2 page
maximum)

H. Experimental Procedure

Describe, or cite, actual procedures used in the laboratory exercise. It is not necessary to
describe these procedures in detail if they are so described elsewhere. It is sufficient to
refer to the Laboratory Manual and/or relevant standard, though such references must be

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
7

properly cited. It is vital, however, that any departures from the cited procedures be fully
detailed in the report. (1/2 page maximum)

Use the past tense when describing a past event. For example, "the sample was placed in
the testing frame" (not: "the sample is placed in the testing frame"). Also, use third person
narrative when describing actions. For example, "the sample was tested" (not: "I tested
the sample").

I. Experimental Results

Include results of all experimental tests performed in the laboratory, along with samples
of any calculations required to obtain these results. For example, when including raw data
of load vs. extension, show sample calculations for determining the stresses, strains,
Young’s modulus, etc. This information should be presented in suitable tables and/or
graphs where applicable. Any qualitative observations made during the exercise should
also be included. (1 to 2 pages)

Include appropriate units everywhere necessary, including column headings in tables, axis
labels on graphs and values presented in the text. A numerical value with no unit
indicated is wrong! The only exception to this rule is a measurement that has no units
(e.g. strain).

J. Discussion

Discuss the significance and usefulness of the results, including comparisons with
anticipated values where possible (e.g. typical material strengths/grades are readily
available in many reference books). Include the probable accuracy of the results along
with any sources of error or limitations of the experiment itself or the theory on which it is
based. (1 to 2 pages)

K. Conclusions

Explain the core idea or concept that you learned from the exercise. Do not confuse the
conclusion with the results. A conclusion is a generality about the problem that can be
deduced from the test results. Be concise; what do the results tell you about the material
you tested? (1/2 page maximum)

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
8

L. References

List in an appropriate format any previously published material that is referred to in the
body of the report (see Appendix A for further details on referencing). This includes the
laboratory manual itself if referred to in the Experimental Procedure section.

M. Appendices

Provide any information that is relevant to the laboratory exercise but not essential to the
sequential development of the report. This may include such items as raw data, derivation
of equations, peripheral results, etc. The report itself should be complete and readable
without the appendices, although the appendices must be included should further details
be required. Any values, test results and/or notes taken in the laboratory should be
included here and should appear in their original form, not rewritten (photocopies are
acceptable). The scanned data sheets provided by the TAs (see Section 1.3.2.) should also
be included. Appendices must be divided by type or relevance, titled and lettered
sequentially (e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B, etc).

1.3.2. Laboratory Report Submission

Due to the unavoidable misalignment between subject matter included in individual laboratory
experiments and its coverage in the lecture portion of the course, laboratory reports are to be
submitted in two parts:

The majority of each report, with the exception of the discussion of results and conclusions,
can be prepared immediately after performing the lab. This portion of the report is due one
week after performing the respective laboratory session. Note: the data sheets included in the
appendices must be used to record any measured values during the lab and are to be handed
in to the TA before leaving. The TA will then scan these sheets and forward an electronic
version to each group for inclusion in the lab report.

The due date for complete laboratory reports (original first part plus discussion of results and
conclusions) and the microscopy questionnaire is the Sunday after the last day of classes,
April 17th. Laboratory reports (both versions) are to be submitted no later than 4:00 pm on
their due date. All submissions must be made electronically via MyCourses (1 submission per

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Details of Laboratory Sessions
9

group). Late submission of reports will not be permitted. A mark of zero will be assigned to
any reports not received by the appropriate date and time.

WARNING: Groups should not wait until the due date to begin writing up all lab reports. They
are encouraged to submit their reports prior to the due date to avoid conflict with multiple
assignments and projects due at the same time. Typically, submissions should be made
immediately after the point at which the material covered in the lab session is discussed in
the lectures.

2. Notices

Laboratory groups, schedules, details, and notices will be posted on MyCourses for the CIVE
202 course. Students are responsible for regularly checking these schedules and notices
regarding the conduct of the laboratory.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 1: Metals and Polymers
10

CHAPTER 2

LABORATORY SESSION 1:

METALS AND POLYMERS

1. Introduction

Metals and polymers are commonly used for structural applications in the construction
industry because of their desirable properties; strength and practicality being two of
them. Both created from industrial processes, these materials are designed to meet
specific construction needs. For example, steel is a favoured material for building
construction because of its tensile properties. Fibre reinforced polymers are often
used as retrofitting materials for the same reason.

In this laboratory session, different types of metals, a polymer, and a composite (see
Table 3) will be examined for their behaviour under direct uniaxial tension using
standard ASTM coupons. The objectives of this investigation are:

• to determine the ultimate tensile strength for each specimen,


• to determine the tensile stress-strain behaviour for each specimen,
• to examine the failure mode of each specimen in tension, and,
• to compare the tensile strengths and the behaviours of different materials in
tension.

Table 3: Type of specimens to be tested under tensile uniaxial loading

Metals Polymers
Mild steel Lucite at room temperature
High strength steel Lucite subjected to heat (150ºC)
Aluminum Fibre-reinforced polymer

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 1: Metals and Polymers
11

2. Testing Procedure for Tensile Strength Properties

To evaluate behaviour under tensile loading, the following setup and testing procedure
will be used. Record all values in the data sheet provided in Appendix C.

1) Measure and record the width and thickness of the middle cross-section of the
specimen using a vernier calliper and/or micrometer.
2) Place and secure each coupon tightly in the jaws of the Senitech testing
machine.
3) Attach the extensometer to the specimen over the central portion of the
coupon.
4) Apply tensile load at selected strain rates and load increments specified by
ASTM standards. (Note: load-strain rate curves for each specimen are
generated by the testing machine)
5) Observe and note the behaviour of the specimen under loading and at failure.
6) Repeat the above steps for all specimens listed in Table 3 except for Lucite
tested at 150 ºC. For this specimen, omit Step 3 - extension data provided by
the crosshead movement will be used.

3. Results & Discussion

The following must be included in the laboratory report:

• Stress, σ, (MPa) versus strain, Є, (mm/mm) curve on a graph with all of the
important and significant regions of the curve labelled, using the appropriate
engineering terminology (refer to lecture notes). One graph per coupon.
• Ultimate tensile strength, σult (MPa),
• Ultimate strain, Єult (mm/mm),
• Modulus of elasticity, E (MPa),
• Modulus of resilience,
• Modulus of toughness,
• Sketches or photos illustrating the failure modes of each coupon.
• Analysis on the mechanical properties relative to the materials’ physical
properties.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
12

CHAPTER 3

LABORATORY SESSION 2:

CONCRETE

1. Introduction

In order to evaluate a portland cement concrete, a mixture is tested at different stages


in its development. First, different tests are performed during the mixing stage while
the concrete is still in the plastic state (i.e. fresh concrete). Consistency of the mixture
is verified through the measurement of slump, which is primarily a function of the total
water content. Also, the proportion of entrained/entrapped air in the concrete is
determined along with the unit weight of the mixture to compare with the theoretical
mixture design requirements. These values help the batcher to mix concrete that will
later meet specific long-term design requirements such as strength and durability. To
assess these properties, more tests are performed once the concrete has cured (i.e.
hardened concrete). The ultimate strength of properly cured concrete is primarily a
function of the water to cement ratio (w/c) since it directly affects the degree of
porosity in the concrete. In turn, durability is strongly affected by the latter since it
contributes to aggressive agents entering the porous medium.

Thus, the objective of this laboratory exercise is to introduce the student to proper
concrete mixing procedures and to the evaluation of fresh concrete properties along
with the determination of hardened concrete properties. These properties are to be
compared for three mixtures of increasing w/c (0.40, 0.55 and 0.70).

To accomplish this, the laboratory exercise is broken into two laboratory sessions. The
first session involves concrete mixing and the evaluation of fresh concrete physical
properties; slump, air content and unit weight. The second session examines hardened
concrete mechanical properties under uniaxial compression and splitting tensile
loading.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
13

2. Testing Procedure for Fresh Concrete Properties

Please note: after the test specimens have been prepared, make sure all floor areas
and equipment are cleaned. Place all excess concrete in the appropriate containers.
Properly store all excess material according to TA instructions.

2.1. Concrete Mixing

1) Prepare 12 – 4 in x 8 in cylinder moulds by applying a light coating of form oil.


2) Starting with Mixture 1 (0.40 w/c), weigh out the following quantities of
materials:

Mixture 1 2 3
W/C 0.40 0.55 0.70
Water (kg) 6.75 6.75 6.75

Cement (kg) 16.88 12.27 9.64


¼“ coarse aggregate
19.80 19.80 19.80
(kg)
½“ coarse aggregate
7.26 7.26 7.26
(kg)
Fine aggregate (kg) 19.59 23.31 25.44

3) Place all of the aggregates and cement in the mixer and run for 30 seconds.
Stop the mixer and add the water. Turn the mixer on and allow it to run for 3
minutes, followed by a 3-minute rest period. Turn the mixer back on for a final
2-minute mixing period.
4) After mixing is complete, shut the mixer off. Measure the slump, unit weight
and air content of the fresh concrete as per the instructions provided hereafter.
5) Cast 4 cylindrical specimens by filling the moulds in 3 equal height layers,
consolidating each layer by rodding it 25 times. After rodding the final layer, the
top surface of each specimen should be finished by striking off with the rod or
trowel to produce a flat surface. Note: the fresh concrete used in the slump
test can be reused for casting specimens but the concrete used in the air
content test must be discarded.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
14

6) Mark all cylinder moulds so that the hardened concrete specimens can be
identified and numbered after removal from the moulds.
7) Repeat Steps 2 through 6 for Mixtures 2 (0.55 w/c) and 3 (0.70 w/c).
8) Place a lid on each mould and cover the moulds with a polyethylene sheet to
prevent water evaporation.
9) Note: This operation must be scheduled with the concrete mixing TA. After
at least 20 hours, remove the hardened concrete cylinders from the moulds.
10) Mark the concrete cylinders so that your group number and the respective w/c
can later be identified. Note that the ends of the cylinders will later be ground
so all markings must be place on the sides.
11) Place the cylinders in the curing bin containing lime saturated water for a curing
period of 14 days.

2.2. Slump Test

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix D to record all values.

1) Dampen the slump cone and place it on a flat, moist, non-absorbent surface. A
special base plate will be made available in the lab.
2) Starting with Mixture 1, fill the slump cone in three equal layers, with each layer
being approximately 1/3 of the volume (not the height) of the cone.
3) Rod each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod uniformly distributed over
the cross section of the layer. Rod the bottom layer throughout its full depth.
Rod the second and the top layer throughout their depth so that the strokes
just penetrate into the underlying layer.
4) Strike off the surface of the concrete using the tamping rod. Remove any excess
concrete from the side of the cone and near the base.
5) Lift the slump cone slowly in a vertical direction such that complete removal
takes approximately 5 seconds. Measure the slump by determining the vertical
difference between the height of the inverted cone and the height of the
displaced concrete, measured with respect to the center of its top surface.
6) If the concrete topples sideways during cone removal, this indicates that the
materials were not uniformly distributed in the cone. The test should be redone.
7) Discard the concrete and clean all equipment used.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
15

8) Repeat Steps 1 through 7 for Mixtures 2 and 3.

2.3. Unit Weight and Air Content Tests

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix D to record all values.

1) Dampen the inside surface of the measure. Weigh the empty measure.
2) Starting with Mixture 1, place the fresh concrete in the measure in layers of
approximately equal volume. Rod each layer with 25 strokes of the tamping rod
evenly distributed over the cross section of the measure. Rod the bottom layer
throughout its full depth. For the top two layers, the strokes should penetrate
about 1 inch into the underlying layer. After each layer is rodded, tap the sides
of the measure 10 to 15 times with the rubber mallet to close any voids left by
the tamping rod and to release any large air bubbles that may have been
trapped.
3) Strike off the top surface of the concrete and finish it as smooth and level as
possible with a flat plate or the tamping rod.
4) Wipe the flange of the bowl clean.
5) Clean all excess concrete from the exterior of the measure and weigh the
container filled with concrete.
6) Determine the unit weight as per the directions on the data sheet.
7) Place the top section of the meter onto the bowl and clamp it in place.
8) Insert the funnel into the open valve and add water until it comes out the
opposite valve.
9) Repeat step 8 for the opposite valve and stop adding water when the water
appears clear as it pours out of the valve.
10) Pump the air meters’ pump until the needle of the gage coincides with the
calibrated starting point (provided by lab TA).
11) Close both valves.
12) Release the air pressure by pressing on the flange beside the pump.
13) Determine the air content by reading the position of the gauge needle to the
nearest 0.1%.
14) Discard the concrete and clean all equipment used.
15) Repeat Steps 1 through 14 for Mixtures 2 and 3.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
16

2.4. Moisture Content of Fine Aggregate

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix E to record all values.

1) Obtain approximately 500 g of fine aggregate.


2) Weigh an empty metal pan to the nearest 0.1 g.
3) Place sample in pan and weigh both together.
4) Place pan in oven and leave overnight to dry.
5) Note: This operation must be scheduled with the concrete mixing TA. Once
sample has been allowed to fully dry, remove pan from oven, let it cool to room
temperature (approximately 1 hour) then weigh pan including sample.
6) Remove sample and wipe pan clean of any remaining sample with a dry cloth.
Weigh empty pan.
7) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.

2.5. Moisture Content of Coarse Aggregate

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix F to record all values.

1) Obtain approximately 3000 g of ½“ coarse aggregate.


2) Weigh an empty metal pan to the nearest 0.1 g.
3) Place sample in pan and weigh both together.
4) Repeat Steps 1 through 3 for ¼“ coarse aggregate.
5) Place both pans in oven and leave overnight to dry.
6) Note: This operation must be scheduled with the concrete mixing TA. Once
samples have been allowed to fully dry, remove pans from oven, let them cool
to room temperature (approximately 1 hour) then weigh each pan including
sample.
7) Remove samples and wipe pans clean of any remaining sample with a dry cloth.
Weigh empty pans.
8) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
17

3. Testing Procedures for Hardened Concrete Properties

Strength tests on moist cured concrete must be performed while the specimen is in a
fully saturated condition. All specimens can be removed from the curing bin at the
beginning of the lab period but should be covered with damp burlap or plastic to
prevent excessive drying prior to testing.

3.1. Splitting Tensile Strength

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix G to record all values.

1) Select 1 specimen from the 0.40 w/c group and measure its dimensions (length
and diameter).
2) Place the test specimen in the loading frame as indicated in Figure 2.1. Make
sure the specimen is accurately centered under the loading head.
3) Slowly load the specimen until failure.
4) Record the ultimate load attained.
5) Remove specimen and observe failure patterns before discarding.
6) Repeat Steps 1 through 5 for the 0.55 w/c and 0.70 w/c specimens.

3.2. Compressive Strength

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix G to record all values.

1) Using the appropriate grinding machine, grind both end surfaces of all
cylindrical specimens until they are level and free of imperfections.
2) Number each specimen and measure its dimensions (length and diameter).
3) Place a specimen in the loading machine. Make sure the specimen is accurately
centered under the loading head.
4) Slowly load the specimen until failure.
5) Record the ultimate load attained.
6) Remove specimen and observe failure patterns before discarding.
7) Repeat Steps 3 - 6 for each of the remaining specimens.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 2: Concrete
18

4. Results & Discussion

The following must be included in the laboratory report:

• Moisture content of aggregates and calculations of true w/c for each mixture
• Plot of slump vs. true w/c
• Plot of unit weight vs. true w/c
• Plot of air content vs. true w/c
• Plot of splitting tensile strength vs. true w/c
• Plot of mean compressive strength vs. true w/c
• Sketch of failure modes and notes on any irregularities
• Analysis on the relationships between true w/c and fresh and hardened
concrete properties

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 3: Wood
19

CHAPTER 4

LABORATORY SESSION 3:

WOOD

1. Introduction

Timber is commonly used in low-rise (one to six story) commercial and residential
structures. Unlike the other materials seen in previous chapters, the mechanical
properties of wood vary relative to the orientation of its fibres, making it an anisotropic
material. Moreover, the presence of defects such as knots or splits, the orientation of
the grain of the wood (i.e. longitudinal, radial or tangential) and the moisture content
also affect the structural behaviour of this natural material. Therefore, when designing
a wood structure, one must carefully select and orient members to effectively resist
applied loads.

The objective of this laboratory session is to observe the behaviour and measure the
mechanical properties of lumber specimens of different types (softwood vs. hardwood)
and fibre orientation (parallel vs. perpendicular to the grain). These specimens will be
subjected to uniaxial compression loading, since timber is often used under these
conditions (e.g. studs and columns).

2. Test Procedure for Uniaxial Compression Testing

2.1. Strength Parallel to Fibre Orientation

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix H to record all values.

1) Number each specimen (5 for each type of wood).


2) Select one specimen and measure its dimensions.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 3: Wood
20

3) Place the specimen on the platen of the testing machine with its longitudinal
axis parallel to the direction of applied load.
4) Slowly load the specimen. Increase the load at a constant rate until failure.
5) Record the failure load.
6) Remove specimen and observe failure patterns before discarding.
7) Repeat Steps 2 through 6 for each of the remaining specimens.

2.2. Strength Perpendicular to Wood Grain

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix H to record all values.

1) Number each specimen (5 for each type of wood).


2) Select one specimen and measure its dimensions.
3) Place the specimen on the platen of the testing machine with its longitudinal
axis perpendicular to the direction of applied load.
4) Slowly load the specimen. Increase the load at a constant rate until failure.
5) Record the failure load.
6) Remove specimen and observe failure patterns before discarding.
7) Repeat Steps 2 through 6 for each of the remaining specimens.

3. Results & Discussion

The following must be included in the laboratory report:

• Mean compressive strength and coefficient of variation for each set of


specimens
• Identification of which set specimens were hardwood and which were softwood
• Sketch of failure modes for each set of specimens
• Plot of mean compressive strength vs. lumber type
• Analysis of compressive strength and orientation of the applied load relative to
the orientation of the wood fibre
• Analysis on variability in measured strength values (as indicated by the
coefficient of variation values) between the different types of wood tested

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
21

CHAPTER 5

LABORATORY SESSION 4:

FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES

1. Introduction

Aggregates typically make up 70-80% of the volume of Portland cement concretes and
over 90% of asphalt concretes. Moreover, they are heavily used in the construction of
transportation infrastructure and building foundations. Thus, knowledge of their
properties (such as gradation, size, shape, pore characteristics, surface traits, and
strength) is necessary for the proper design of these materials and structures.

The primary objective of this laboratory exercise is to introduce the student to some
of the most important qualitative properties of aggregates and the standard test
procedures for determining these properties. Table 4 lists the tests to be performed
during the laboratory sessions. The secondary objective is to familiarize the student
with the application of the measured properties by designing a concrete mixture for a
given structural element.

Table 4: Standard tests to perform on fine and coarse aggregates

Fine Coarse
Sieve Analysis – CSA A23.1 Sieve Analysis – CSA A23.1
Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) - ASTM C 128 Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) - ASTM C 127
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - ASTM C 128 Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) - ASTM C 127
Apparent Specific Gravity - ASTM C 128 Apparent Specific Gravity - ASTM C 127
Absorption - ASTM C 128 Absorption - ASTM C 127
Dry Rodded Unit Weight - ASTM C 29

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
22

2. Testing Procedures on Fine Aggregate

2.1. Sieve Analysis

To produce the gradation curve of a fine aggregate, the following testing procedure
will be used. Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix I to record all values.

1) Obtain approximately 500 g of fine aggregate from the stockpile. Weigh and
record the actual sample size used.
2) Obtain the relevant sieves (10 mm, 5 mm, 2.5 mm, 1.25 mm, 630 µm, 315 µm,
160 µm, 80 µm). Clean the sieves of lodged aggregate as much as possible but
be careful not to damage the screens. Weigh each of the sieves and the pan
individually to the nearest 0.1 g.
3) Nest the sieves in order of descending opening size, placing the pan on the
bottom.
4) Place the fine aggregate sample in the top sieve, place lid on top of sieve stack,
and agitate for 10 minutes using the mechanical sieve shaker.
5) Carefully remove the sieves one at a time and weigh each sieve with its retained
aggregate. Calculate the mass of material retained on each sieve. As a check,
compare the total of the retained masses against the original sample mass.
The difference should be less than 1.0 g.
6) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.
7) Calculate the percent retained (based on the total mass from Step 5, not the
original sample size), the cumulative percent retained, and the percent passing
values for each sieve.
8) Calculate the Fineness Modulus.
9) Plot the percent passing values on the Gradation Chart provided, drawing
straight lines between the points. Also plot the gradation limits (maximum and
minimum) from CSA A23.1, included in Figure 1.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
23

Figure 1: Grading limits for fine aggregate used in concrete.


(CAN/CSA-A23.1-04.)

2.2. Specific Gravity and Absorption

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix J to record all values.

1) Obtain 700 - 800 g of soaked fine aggregate.


2) Spread on flat surface and dry slowly with heat gun dryer.
3) Test sample to see if SSD condition has been reached: Overfill mould slightly
and tamp surface lightly 25 times. Remove mould. SSD condition has been
attained when sample slumps slightly. If sample has not yet reached SSD,
return to Step 2.
4) Weigh empty pycnometer. Place approximately 500 g of SSD sample into
pycnometer. Weigh pycnometer with sample inside.
5) Fill pycnometer with water to approximately 90% capacity. Roll to remove
entrapped air. Fill with water to calibration mark. Weigh pycnometer containing
sample and water.
6) Remove sample from flask and place in metal pan. Place pan in oven and leave
overnight to dry.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
24

7) Clean pycnometer and fill with water to calibration mark. Weigh pycnometer
filled with water.
8) Note: This operation must be scheduled with the aggregate TA. Once
sample has been allowed to fully dry, remove pan from oven and let cool until
room temperature is reached (approximately 1 hour). Weigh pan including
sample.
9) Remove sample, wipe pan clean of any remaining sample with a dry cloth.
Weigh empty pan.
10) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.

3. Testing Procedures on Coarse Aggregate

3.1. Sieve Analysis

To produce the gradation curve of a coarse aggregate, the following testing procedure
will be used. Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix K to record all values.

1) Determine the sample size required. For coarse aggregate, this is dependent
upon the nominal maximum aggregate size, as indicated in Table 5.

Table 5: Sample size requirements for determining coarse aggregate


gradation.

(CAN/CSA-A23.2-09.)

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
25

2) Obtain at least double the required amount of coarse aggregate from the
stockpile. Using the quartering technique, reduce the quantity aggregate to the
required sample size. Record the sample size used.
3) Obtain the relevant sieves (28 mm, 20 mm, 14 mm, 10 mm, 5, mm and 2.5 mm).
Clean them of lodged aggregate as much as possible, being careful not to
damage the screens. Weigh each sieve and the pan to the nearest 0.5 g.
4) Insert the sieves into the mechanical sieve shaker in order of descending
opening size. Place the pan on the bottom. Important: Make sure to lock the
sieves in place.
5) Place the coarse aggregate sample on the top sieve, position cover in front of
sieve shaker, and agitate for 10 minutes.
6) Carefully remove the sieves one at a time and weigh each sieve with its retained
aggregate. Calculate the mass of material retained on each sieve. As a check,
compare the total of the retained masses against the original sample mass.
The difference should be less than 20 g.
7) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.
8) Calculate the percent retained (based on the total mass from Step 6, not the
original sample size), the cumulative percent retained and the percent passing
values for each sieve.
9) Plot the percent passing values on the Gradation Chart provided, drawing
straight lines between the points. Also plot the gradation limits (maximum and
minimum) from CSA A23.1, included in Figure 2.
10) Comment on whether the sample meets specifications.

Figure 2: Grading limits for coarse aggregate used in concrete


(CAN/CSA-A23.1-09.)

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
26

3.2. Specific Gravity and Absorption

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix L to record all values.

1) Obtain 3500 g of soaked coarse aggregate.


2) Place sample in basket and attach basket to bottom of balance. Make sure that
basket is completely submerged and does not come into contact with the sides
of the water bin. Weigh the basket and sample suspended in water.
3) Dump sample carefully onto drying towels and weigh empty basket suspended
in water.
4) Use drying towels to remove all visible water from aggregate surfaces.
5) Weigh empty metal pan. Place SSD aggregate in pan and weigh both together.
6) Place pan in oven and leave overnight to dry.
7) Note: This operation must be scheduled with the aggregate TA. Once
sample has been allowed to fully dry, remove pan from oven and let pan
including sample cool until room temperature is reached (approximately 1
hour). Weigh pan including sample.
8) Remove sample, wipe pan clean of any remaining sample with a dry cloth.
Weigh empty pan.
9) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.

3.3. Dry Rodded Unit Weight

Please use the data sheet provided in Appendix M to record all values.

1) Weigh the empty bucket to the nearest 0.1 kg. Note the volume of the bucket
being (either 0.50 or 1.00 ft3).
2) Fill the bucket one-third full and level the surface with your fingers.
3) Rod the layer with 25 evenly distributed strokes of the tamping rod. Do not
allow the rod to strike the bottom of the bucket.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 4: Fine and Coarse Aggregates
27

4) Fill the bucket two-thirds full, level the surface, and rod as in Step 3. On each
stroke, the rod should penetrate the entire layer of aggregate and just into the
previous layer.
5) Fill the bucket to overflowing and rod as in Step 4. Level the surface of the
aggregate such that the material projecting beyond the top plane of the bucket
is approximately equivalent to the voids in the surface.
6) Weigh the bucket and aggregate.
7) Discard sample aggregates and clean all equipment used.

4. Results & Discussion

The following must be included in the laboratory report:

• Gradation Chart: graph of the percent passing values, drawing straight lines
between the points. Also plot the gradation limits (maximum and minimum) for
all suitable aggregate classes (one class per graph).
• Comment on whether the samples meet specifications in accordance with the
chosen classes.
• Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry), Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD), Apparent Specific
Gravity and Absorption of the fine and coarse aggregate as per the directions
on the data sheets in Appendices.
• Moisture Content of the fine and coarse aggregate as per the directions on the
data sheet in Appendices.
• Dry Rodded Unit Weight of the coarse aggregate as per the directions on the
data sheet in Appendices.
• Design a concrete mixture with the measured results as per the directions given
in Appendix N.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 5: Microscopy
28

CHAPTER 6

LABORATORY SESSION 5:

MICROSCOPY

1. Introduction

In order to truly understand the mechanical behaviour demonstrated by different


construction materials, one must examine their internal microstructure.

The internal structure of a material can be studied at different levels of observation.


The macrostructural properties of an element such as size, shape, and flaws visible to
the naked eye will influence its loading capabilities. However, the microstructure of a
material will strongly influence its engineering properties such as strength, toughness,
ductility, durability and many more. Much of the compositional configuration can be
observed using an optical microscope.

Therefore, to predict and control the behaviour of a material, the primary objective of
this laboratory session is to evaluate the basic structure-property relationships and
the factors that influence them for various construction materials (steel, fibre
reinforced polymer, concrete and wood) by observing several samples under optical
microscopy.

2. Microscopic Analysis

With the help of the teaching assistant the student must observe and analyse the
microstructure of the following samples.

• Hypo eutectoid steel

• Eutectoid steel
• Hyper-eutectoid steel

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Laboratory Session 5: Microscopy
29

• Fibre reinforced polymer

• Concrete
• Softwood

• Hardwood

3. Results & Discussion

The lab report for this session is in the form of a questionnaire available in Appendix
O. It is recommended that the assignment be completed during the laboratory session.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


References
30

REFERENCES

ASTM Standard C 29, “Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and
Voids in Aggregate,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA .
ASTM Standard C 33, “Specification for Concrete Aggregates,” ASTM International,

West Conshohocken, PA .
ASTM Standard C 39, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical

Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.


ASTM Standard C 127, “Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate,” ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM Standard C 128, “Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific

Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggregate,” ASTM International, West


Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM Standard C 136, “Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse

Aggregates,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.


ASTM Standard C138, “Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air
Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken,

PA.
ASTM Standard C 143, “Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete,” ASTM

International, West Conshohocken, PA.


ASTM Standard C 172, “Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete,” ASTM

International, West Conshohocken, PA .

ASTM Standard C 192, “Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM Standard C 231, “Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed

Concrete by the Pressure Method,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken,


PA.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


References
31

ASTM Standard C 496, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical

Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.


ASTM Standard C 566, “Standard Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Content

of Aggregate by Drying,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.


ASTM Standard D 198, “Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural

Sizes,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA


CAN/CSA-A23.1-04. Concrete materials and methods of concrete construction.
Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, On.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix A
32

APPENDIX A
LABORATORY SESSIONS’ SCHEDULE

Schedule Laboratory Sessions

Date Groups 1 2 3 4 5

17-Jan Monday A

24-Jan 8:35 B Concrete Metals & Coarse & Fine


Wood -
17-Jan C Making Polymers Aggregates
Monday
24-Jan 12:35 D

31-Jan Monday A

07-Feb 8:35 B Concrete Concrete Metals & Coarse & Fine


Wood
31-Jan C Testing Making Polymers Aggregates
Monday
07-Feb 12:35 D

14-Feb Monday A

21-Feb 8:35 B Concrete Concrete Metals &


- Wood
14-Feb C Testing Making Polymers
Monday
21-Feb 12:35 D

07-Mar Monday A

14-Mar 8:35 B Coarse & Fine Concrete Concrete Metals &


-
07-Mar Monday C Aggregates Testing Making Polymers

14-Mar 12:35 D

21-Mar Monday A

28-Mar 8:35 B Coarse & Fine Concrete Concrete


Wood -
21-Mar C Aggregates Testing Making
Monday
28-Mar 12:35 D

04-Apr Monday A

11-Apr 8:35 B Metals & Coarse & Fine Concrete


Wood -
04-Apr C Polymers Aggregates Testing
Monday
11-Apr 12:35 D

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix B
33

APPENDIX B
MY GROUP

Group Number

Student Name Student Number

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix C
34

APPENDIX C
POLYMER & METAL PROPERTIES

Tensile Strength
Initial Final Ultimate Tensile Strain
Width Depth Area
Length Length Load Strength (mm/mm
(mm) (mm) (mm²)
(mm) (mm) (kN) (MPa) )
ε = l-L
[W] [D] [A] [L] [l] [P] σ = P/A
/L

Specimen ID

Specimen ID

Specimen ID

Specimen ID

Specimen ID

Specimen ID

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix C
35

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix D
36

APPENDIX D
FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES

Slump (ASTM C 143) and air content (ASTM C 231)

Slump Percent Air Content


w/c
(mm) (%)

0.40

0.50

0.60

Volume of Unit Weight bucket [V] m³

Mass of Unit Weight bucket [M] kg

Unit Weight (ASTM C 138)

Mass Mass Unit Weight


Concrete & Bucket Concrete Concrete
w/c
(kg) (kg) (kg/m³)
[B] Z=B-M W = Z/V

0.40

0.50

0.60

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix E
37

APPENDIX E
MOISTURE CONTENT OF FINE CONCRETE AGGREGATE

Determine mass of sample in original condition:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of original sample [W] g

Determine mass of oven-dry sample:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of oven-dry sample [D] g

Calculate final results:


W −D
Moisture content  100% = %
D

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix F
38

APPENDIX F
MOISTURE CONTENT OF COARSE CONCRETE AGGREGATE

Determine mass of sample in original condition:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of original sample [W] g

Determine mass of oven-dry sample:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of oven-dry sample [D] g

Calculate final results:


W −D
Moisture content  100% = %
D

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix G
39

APPENDIX G
HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES

Splitting Tensile Strength (ASTM C 496)

Length Diameter Ultimate Load Tensile Strength


(mm) (mm) (kN) (MPa)
w/c
[L] [D] [P] 2P/πLD

0.40

0.50

0.60

Compressive Strength 0.40 w/c (ASTM C 39)

Length Diameter Ultimate Load Tensile Strength


Specimen (mm) (mm) (kN) (MPa)
ID
[L] [D] [P] σ = P/A

Mean Compressive Strength (MPa)

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix G
40

Compressive Strength 0.50 w/c (ASTM C 39)

Length Diameter Ultimate Load Tensile Strength


Specimen (mm) (mm) (kN) (MPa)
ID
[L] [D] [P] σ = P/A

Mean Compressive Strength (MPa)

Compressive Strength 0.60 w/c (ASTM C 39)

Length Diameter Ultimate Load Tensile Strength


Specimen (mm) (mm) (kN) (MPa)
ID
[L] [D] [P] σ = P/A

Mean Compressive Strength (MPa)

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix H
41

APPENDIX H
WOOD PROPERTIES

Compressive Strength (ASTM D 198)

Ultimate Compressive
Length Width Depth Area
Load Strength
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm²)
(kN) (MPa)
[L] [W] [D] [A] [P] σ = P/A

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix H
42

Ultimate Compressive
Length Width Depth Area
Load Strength
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm²)
(kN) (MPa)
[L] [W] [D] [A] [P] σ = P/A

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix H
43

Ultimate Compressive
Length Width Depth Area
Load Strength
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm²)
(kN) (MPa)
[L] [W] [D] [A] [P] σ = P/A

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

Specimen Description

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix I 44

APPENDIX I
FINE AGGREGATE SIEVE ANALYSIS

Aggregate ID

Cumulativ
Mass Mass Mass Percent Percent
e
Sieve Sieve Sieve + Retained Retained Passing
Percent
Size Retained
Retained
(g) (g) (g) (%) (%)
(%)

5.00 mm

2.50 mm

1.25 mm

630 μm

315 μm

160 μm

080 μm

Pan

Total

Mass of original sample before


sieving: g

Total mass of sample after sieving: g

Difference: g

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix I 45

Fineness Modulus:

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix J 46

APPENDIX J
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATE

Determine mass of sample:

Mass of pycnometer and sample g



Mass of pycnometer g

Mass of sample [D] g

Mass of pycnometer filled with sample and


water to calibration mark [C]: g

Mass of pycnometer filled with water to


calibration mark [B]: g

Determine mass of oven-dry sample:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of oven-dry sample [A] g


Calculate final results:
A
Bulk SG Dry =
B+ D−C
D
Bulk SG SSD =
B+ D−C
A
Apparent SG =
B+ A−C
D− A
Absorption  100% =
A %

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix K
47

APPENDIX K
COARSE AGGREGATE SIEVE ANALYSIS

Aggregate ID

Cumulativ
Mass Mass Mass Percent Percent
e
Sieve Sieve Sieve + Retained Retained Passing
Percent
Size Retained
Retained
(g) (g) (g) (%) (%)
(%)

28 mm

20 mm

14 mm

10 mm

5 mm

2.5 mm

Pan

Total

Mass of original sample before


sieving: g

Total mass of sample after sieving: g

Difference: g

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix L
48

APPENDIX L
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Determine mass of saturated sample in water:

Mass of basket and sample g



Mass of basket g

Mass of saturated sample in water [C] g

Determine mass of saturated surface dry


sample:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of SSD sample [B] g

Determine mass of oven-dry sample:

Mass of pan and sample g



Mass of pan g

Mass of oven-dry sample [A] g

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix L
49

Calculate final results:


A
Bulk SG Dry =
B−C
B
Bulk SG SSD =
B−C
A
Apparent SG =
A−C
B− A
Absorption  100% =
A %

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix M
50

APPENDIX M
DRY RODDED UNIT WEIGHT OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Volume of bucket [A] m³

Determine mass of dry rodded aggregate:

Mass of bucket and sample kg



Mass of bucket kg

Mass of dry rodded aggregate [B] kg

Calculate final results:


B
Unit Weight = kg/ m³
A

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix N
51

APPENDIX N
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Following are step-by-step instructions for designing a basic concrete mixture


according to desired specifications. Record all values on the attached data sheet.
Refer to Chapter 9 (Designing and Proportioning Normal Concrete Mixtures) of the
Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures1 handbook for all stated tables and figures.
1. Determine class of exposure for a given structural element (Tables 9.1 and 9.2
and section entitled Air Content, p.155-156).
2. Record maximum water-to-cement ratio, minimum specified compressive
strength and air content category.
3. Determine bulk volume fraction of coarse aggregates to concrete volume using
measured fineness modulus and nominal coarse aggregate size. (Extrapolate
value from Fig. 9.3 and Table 9.4).
4. Calculate coarse aggregate content using bulk volume fraction obtained in Step
3 multiplied by measured dry rodded unit weight.
5. Determine slump value for construction type (Table 9.6)
6. Determine approximate mixing water and air content from Table 9.5 and Fig.
9.4.
7. Calculate cement content using water requirement from Step 6 and w/c from
Step 2.
8. Check if minimal requirement for cementing material is met (Table 9.7). If not,
recalculate new water content.
9. Calculate absolute volume per cubic meter of concrete for water, cement, air
and coarse aggregate using measured specific gravity of aggregate (use 3.15
for cement).
10. Calculate required volume of fine aggregate, and calculate content of dry fine
aggregate using measured specific gravity.
11. Using measured absorption percentages for both coarse and fine aggregates,
calculate additional water content required if dry aggregates are used in the
mixture. Calculate mixing water content.

1
Kosmatka, Steven et al. (2002). Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures , EB101, 7th ed.,

Cement Association of Canada, Ottawa, pp 368.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix N
52

Description of Construction Type and Environmental Conditions:

Exposure Class:

Water-to-Cement Ratio [A] w/c

Air Content Category:

Minimal Compressive Strength MPa

Coarse Aggregate Mass Computations:

Nominal aggregate Size: mm

Fineness Modulus:

Bulk Volume Fraction of Coarse Aggregate [B]

Dry Rodded Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate [C] kg/m3

Specific Gravity of Dry Coarse Aggregate [D]

Coarse Aggregate Content [E] BC = kg/m3

Cement Mass Computations:

Slump mm

Air Content [F] %

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix N
53

Water Content [G] kg/m3


G
=
Cement Content [H] A kg/m3

Volume Computations:

F
=
Air [I] 100 m3

G
=
Water [J] 1 1000 m3

H
=
Cement [K] 3.15 1000 m3

E
=
Coarse Aggregate [L] D 1000 m3

Fine Aggregate [M] 1 − (I + J + K + L ) = m3

Fine Aggregate Mass Computations:

Specific Gravity of Dry Fine Aggregate [N]


Fine Aggregate Content
[O] M  N  1000 = kg/m3

Mixing Water Mass Computation:

Fine Aggregate Absorption [P] %

Coarse Aggregate Absorption [Q] %


Water compensation  O   Q 
  P +   E =
[R]  100   100  kg/m3
Mixing Water Content
[S] R+G = kg/m3

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix O
54

APPENDIX O
MICROSCOPY LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT

Part 1 – General

1. Name and described the three observable levels of material structure. What
level of structure is being observed in this lab?

2. List the equipment used in this lab and their characteristics.

Part 2 – Metals

1. Illustrate the three different samples observed and indicate the components
which could be viewed with the optical microscope.

2. Define the following microstructural components of equilibrium cooled steel:


ferrite, cementite and pearlite.

3. How does the grain size affect the mechanical properties of steel?

4. Explain two ways in which the mechanical properties of steel can be improved.

Part 3 – Fiber Reinforced Polymer

1. Illustrate and indicate what basic components of the fibre reinforced polymer
could be viewed using the optical microscope. Also indicate all types of flaws
observed.

2. What is the definition of a composite material? Was the composite material


examined under the microscope isotropic or anisotropic? Explain your answer.

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials


Appendix O
55

3. Explain the need for examining fibre reinforced composites using optical
microscopy in the industry.

Part 4 – Concrete

1. Sketch and indicate what basic components of hydrated cement paste could
be viewed using the optical microscope.

2. What are the different types of voids present in a hydrated cement paste? What
are their characteristics? Discuss the significance of each on the properties of
concrete.

3. On the observed specimen, where do microcracks appear and why?

4. What types of crystals or voids could not be viewed using the optical
microscope?

5. Explain why concrete is considered to be a composite material.

Part 5 – Wood

1. Sketch and name the different features of both observed tree cross sections.

2. What are the differences between softwoods and hardwoods?

3. Why are latewood cells smaller then earlywood cells within one growth ring?

4. Why does hardwood typically have higher mechanical strength than softwood?

CIVE 202 – Construction Materials

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