Part 1: Multiple Choice: Choose the statement that best answers the question.

Write the letter of the answer using a

CAPITAL letter next to the question number

Questions 1 and 2 refer to the excerpt below

“The next matter I shall recommend to you is the providing more effectively for the security of your frontiers against
[American] Indians, who notwithstanding the many parties of Rangers [militia, or local men who volunteered for
colonial defense] have . . . killed and carried off at least twenty of our outward inhabitants and Indian allies; I have
attempted by several ways to oppose those [invasions] but after some trouble and expense have only experienced
that our people are not ready for warlike undertakings. . . . The [condition of our Indian allies has] of late approved
themselves to be ready and faithfully allied, and I am persuaded that setting them along our frontiers without all our
inhabitants . . . would be a better and cheaper safeguard to the country than the old method of Rangers.”

Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood, addressing the members of the House of Burgesses, 1713

1. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 2. The point of view expressed by the Virginia governor in the
excerpt? excerpt is that he

(A) The Virginia governor is seeking support from the colonial (A) as a Virginian, he opposes the expansion of colonial
legislature for his plan to address conflict between settlements into western lands where White settlers could
settlers and American Indians in frontier areas. encounter violent opposition from America Indians
(B) The Virginia governor is warning American Indians that he (B) as a British official, he believes that White Virginians must
will authorize military action if they continue assaults on learn to protect themselves if they are to expand their
settlers. settlements
(C) The Virginia governor is seeking pardon from the House of (C) as a reformer, he values the lives of White Virginians
Burgesses for his inability to protect them from violent equally with those of allied American Indians
conflict with American Indians. (D) as Governor, he feels a responsibility to protect White
(D) The Virginia governor is soliciting the support of allied frontier settlers from violent encounters with American
American Indians for his plan to provide security in the Indians.
West.

Questions 3 and 4 refer to the passage below

“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these
ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government,
laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”

Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776

3. The excerpt was written in response to the 4. The ideas about government expressed in the excerpt are most
consistent with which of
(A) British government’s attempt to assert greater control over the following?
the North American colonies
(B) British government’s failure to protect colonists from attacks (A) The concept of hereditary rights and privileges
by American Indians (B) The belief in Manifest Destiny
 (C) Colonial governments’ failures to implement mercantilist (C) The principle of religious freedom
policies (D) The ideas of the Enlightenment
(D) Colonial governments’ attempts to extend political rights to
new groups

Questions 5 - 7 refer to the excerpt below

“It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one
general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government
each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the
said act as hereafter follows….That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian
trade….That they raise and pay soldiers, and build forts for the defense of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of
force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall not impress men in any
Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and
levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and just…and such as may be
collected with the least inconvenience to the people…”

Albany Plan of Union, 1754

Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, ed.
Charles C. Tansill.
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927) House Document No. 398.

5. The excerpt above is best understood in the context of 7. The excerpt above is indicative of which of the following?

(A) Increasing economic exchanges within the “Atlantic World” (A) The colonists having grown accustomed to a large measure
(B) Anglicization of the British colonies of autonomy
(C) Resistance to imperial control in the British colonies (B) An ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial
(D) Spread of European conflicts to North America system
(C) The colonial production of commodities that were valued in
 Europe
6. The authors of the excerpt above were most likely motivated by (D) Growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic
A. Resistance to imperial control
B. The British government’s relative indifference to colonial
governance
C. The political thought of the Enlightenment
D. Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire

Questions 8 - 10 refer to the excerpt below

“Every British Subject born on the continent of America . . . is by the law of God and nature, by the common law,
and by act of parliament, . . . entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent and inseparable rights of our fellow
subjects in Great-Britain. Among those rights are the following.

“. . . Taxes are not to be laid on the people, but by their consent in person, or by [representatives].

“. . . I can see no reason to doubt, but that the imposition of taxes, whether on trade, or on land, or houses, or ships, .
. . in the colonies is absolutely irreconcilable with the rights of the Colonists, as British subjects. . . .

“The power of parliament is uncontrollable, . . . and we must obey. . . . Therefore let the parliament lay what
burthens they please on us, we must, it is our duty to submit and patiently bear them till they . . . afford us relief by
repealing such acts, as through mistake, or other human infirmities, have been suffered to pass, if they can be
convinced that their proceedings are not constitutional.”

James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, pamphlet, 1764

8. In the excerpt, Otis was responding to which of the following 9. By the 1770s, to which of the following groups would Otis'
developments? argument that the colonies "must obey" Parliament most appeal?

(A) The publication of Thomas Paine's Common Sense (A) Farmers in the New England colonies
(B) The threat of a French invasion of British North America (B) Loyalists in New York
(C) The introduction of widespread boycotts against imported (C) Enslaved people in the southern colonies
British goods (D) Artisans in port cities
(D) The British government's attempts to pay for the costs of the
Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
10. Which of the following was a major purpose of Otis' pamphlet?

(A) To recruit foreign allies to support the claims of the

colonists against Great Britain
(B) To encourage opposition to Parliament's regulation of
colonial commerce
(C) To propose a plan to send colonial delegates to sit in
Parliament
(D) To advocate for colonial independence from Great Britain
Questions 11 - 14 refer to the excerpt below

“To understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider what state all men are
naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and
 persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of
any other man.

“A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another. . . .

"The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it which obliges every one . . . that being all equal and
independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.”

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1689

11. The ideas in the excerpt were most likely interpreted by 13. Interpretations of Locke's assertions regarding a “state of
American colonists in the 1770s as a call to reject which of the freedom” and a “state also of equality” most directly influenced
following? which of the following?

(A) The holding of private property (A) The grievances of American colonists during the Seven
(B) The establishment of representative democracy Years' War (French and Indian War)
(C) The acceptance of the divine right of kings (B) The political rhetoric of Patriots during the American
(D) The creation of political parties Revolution
(C) The end of American involvement in the international slave
trade
12. During the period of the American Revolution, Locke's point of (D) The demands by colonists to settle beyond the current
view in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as frontier boundaries
promoting a form of government based on
14. The excerpt from Locke's Two Treatises of Government could
(A) Natural rights best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the
(B) Military rule following topics?
(C) Hereditary privilege
(D) Religious beliefs (A) The impact of the Enlightenment on Revolutionary political
thought
(B) The use of Revolutionary pamphlets to mobilize colonial
resistance to British policies
(C) The attempts by African Americans to seek freedom during
the American Revolution
(D) The influence of the American Revolution on ideas about
republicanism overseas

Questions 15 - 17 refer to the excerpt below

“Wherefore, security being the true design and end of government, it unanswerably follows that whatever form
thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. . .
. Here too is the design and end of government, Freedom and Security.”
Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That
whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to
abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”

Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776

15. The excerpts were written in response to the 17. The principles expressed by Paine and Jefferson best account
for which of the following features of the United States during
(A) British government's attempt to assert greater control over and immediately after the American Revolution?
the North American colonies
(B) British government's failure to protect colonists from attacks (A) The development of factions and nascent political parties
by American Indians (B) The rapid expansion of frontier settlements
(C) colonial governments' failures to implement mercantilist (C) The relatively limited powers of the Articles of
policies Confederation
(D) colonial governments' attempts to extend political rights to (D) The growth of conflict between wealthy elites and poor
new groups farmers and laborers

16. The ideas about government expressed by Paine and Jefferson

are most consistent with which of the following?

(A) The concept of hereditary rights and privileges

(B) The belief in Manifest Destiny
(C) The principle of religious freedom
(D)The ideas of the Enlightenment

18. The framers of the United States Constitution initially responded 21. To make the new government viable, the first Congress of the
to abuses of executive authority by the British monarch in which United States did all of the following EXCEPT
of the following ways?
(A) Organize a federal court system under the Supreme Court
(A) They granted the Supreme Court the ability to veto treaties (B) Draft a bill of rights and send it to the states for ratification
negotiated by the president. (C) Pass a tariff for the purpose of raising revenue
(B) They established the separation of powers between the (D) Grant subsidies to encourage industrial development
president and Congress. (E) Establish the State Department
(C) They provided for the popular election of the president by
all voters.
(D) They guaranteed that basic rights could not be limited by the 22. The principle of federalism embodied in the United States
president Constitution had most in common with which of the following
earlier aspects of British colonial government?

19. Among other views, The Federalist, written during the (A) The autonomy of colonial legislatures from Great Britain
ratification debate, argued that it was (B) The absence of colonial representation in Parliament
(C) The enforcement of commercial regulations by British
(A) Impossible to safeguard the rights of states from the power officials
of a strong central government. (D) The authority of the king over his colonial governors
(B) Possible to extend a republican form of government over a
large territory.
23. Shays' rebellion, and other examples of civil unrest, primarily
 (C) Inevitable that slavery would be abolished in the new led to which of the following
republic.
(D) Illegal to replace the Articles of Confederation with a new (A) Rumblings of civil war prior to the beginning of the 19th
constitution. century
(E) Best to establish a direct democracy. (B) Harsher taxation and increased standing military presence
(C) Calls for stronger, more centralized government
(D) A desire for the return of British authority over the United
20. During the War for Independence, the principal reason the States
American government sought diplomatic recognition from
foreign powers was to

(A) Rally all the states behind a common cause

(B) Convince the British of the justice of the American cause
(C) Make it easier to levy taxes on the citizens of the several
states
(D) Facilitate the purchase of arms and borrowing of money
from other nations
(E) Allow Von Steuben, Lafayette, and other Europeans to join
the American army

Questions 23 - 25 refer to the maps below

24. The maps most directly illustrate which of the following? 26. The change in Great Britain’s territorial
boundaries directly resulted in which of the
(A) Westward movement of British colonists following?
(B) American Indian resistance to colonization
(C) Declining influence of the Spanish Empire (A) Greater animosity between Great Britain and Spain
(D) Increasing economic value of coastal property (B) A significant decrease in Atlantic coastal populations
(C) Less economic dependency on cotton and tobacco crops
(D) Increased conflict between settlers and American Indian
25. The change in territorial boundaries best tribes
explains the passage of which of the following?
 (A) Treaty of Paris, 1763
(B) Currency Act of 1764
(C) Stamp Act of 1765
(D) Articles of Association, 1774

Questions 27 - 29 refer to the excerpts below

“I have at length the pleasure to enclose you the favorable result of the Convention at Boston. The amendments are a
blemish, but are in the least Offensive form….The Convention of New Hampshire is now sitting. There seems to be
no question that the issue there will add a seventh pillar, as the phrase now is, to the Federal Temple.”

James Madison, letter to George Washington, 1788

“The adjournment of New Hampshire, the small majority of Massachusetts, a certainty of rejection in Rhode Island,
the formidable opposition in the state of New York, the convulsions and committee meetings in Pennsylvania, and
above all the antipathy of Virginia to the system, operating together, I am apprehensive will prevent the noble fabric
from being enacted.”

Cyrus Griffin, letter to James Madison, 1788

27. The “pillar,” “temple,” and “noble fabric” mentioned in the 29. Which of the following political parties expressed the most
excerpts above most closely refer to opposition to the excessive use of federal power?

(A) The rise of sectionalism in the early Republic (A) Federalists

(B) Unity of the states in the ratification of the U.S. Constitution (B) Democratic-Republicans
(C) The proliferation of political parties in the early Republic (C) Whigs
(D) The victory of George Washington in early presidential (D) Populists
elections

28. In 1788, political disagreements typically centered on

(A) Balance of power between the states and federal

government
(B) Abolition of slavery
(C) Westward expansion
(D) The election of George Washington

Questions 30 - 32 refer to the excerpt below

“Whereas it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this
kingdom, and for extending and securing the navigation and commerce between Great Britain and your Majesty’s
 dominions in America, which, by the peace, have been so happily enlarged: and whereas it is just and necessary, that
a revenue be raised, in your Majesty’s said dominions in America, for defraying the expenses of defending,
protecting, and securing the same; we, your Majesty’s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain,
in parliament assembled, being desirous to make some provision, in this present session of parliament, towards
raising the said revenue in America, have resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties
herein after-mentioned.”

English Parliament, Sugar Act, 1764

30. According to the excerpt, the Sugar Act was passed for which of 32. Which historical event prompted the need for the Sugar Act?
the following reasons?
(A) The Seven Years’ War
(A) To promote the interests of colonial manufacturers (B) The Boston Tea Party
(B) To raise money for the kingdom of Great Britain (C) The Boston Massacre
(C) To establish an economic system based on mercantilism (D) The Proclamation of 1763
(D) To promote peace with neighboring European colonies

31. One eventual effect of the Sugar Act was that it

(A) Was never enforced due to widespread colonial smuggling

(B) Contributed to colonial unrest, thus fostering a move toward
independence
(C) Created tensions with France
(D) Led to the Boston Tea Party

Questions 33 - 35 refer to the excerpt below

“‘Today, two hundred and fifty years after the French and Indian War, most Americans are no more familiar with its
events and significance than they are with those of the Peloponnesian War. Few know that George Washington
struck the first spark of a war that set the British North American frontier ablaze from the Carolinas to Nova Scotia,
then spread to Europe, Canada, the Caribbean, West Africa, India, and, finally, the Philippines. Historians call this
immense conflict the Seven Years' War; . . . Winston Churchill described it as 'the first world war.”’

Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War, 2005

33. Which of the following best explains a result of the Seven Years 35. The conclusion of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian
War? War) had which of the following effects on Native American
societies?
(A) France sold the Louisiana Territory to Great Britain
 (B) Great Britain gained a claim to land extending to the (A) Native Americans allied with Great Britain gained the right
mississippi river to become British citizens, angering the colonists
(C) Great Britain and Spain established an alliance. (B) British and French officials agreed to force native
(D) British influence over its North American colonies Americans to move to reservations west of the
decreased. mississippi river
(C) Native Americans gained control of all the western fur trade
with British colonists.
34. Great Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War had which of the (D) The British government attempted to restrict western
following economic consequences for its American colonies? settlement to reduce tensions between colonists and
natives
(A) The British government granted certain American colonists
a monopoly on the fur trade without French competition.
(B) The British government paid for the construction of canals
to encourage trade between the Great Lakes region and
the East Coast.
(C) The British government increased taxation of colonial goods
to help pay off the debt created by the war.
(D) The British government forced American merchants to
supply the British Royal Navy without payment.

Questions 36 - 38 refer to the excerpt below

“The Declaration of Independence, drawn up by the Continental Congress, was actually a declaration by 'thirteen
united States of America' proclaiming that as 'Free and Independent States they have full power to levy war,
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States
may of right do.' And the Articles of Confederation, for all the powers it theoretically gave to the Congress, did not
in fact alter this independence. . . . Congressional resolutions continued to be mere recommendations which the
states were left to enforce. . . . The Confederation was intended to be, and remained, a Confederation of sovereign
states.”

Gordon S. Wood, historian, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, published in 1969

36. Which of the following evidence is used by the author to 38. The failure of the Articles of Confederation resulted in which of
support his argument about state independence? the following changes in the government of the United States?

(A) The ability of state governments to nullify the laws of other (A) The enactment of the Northwest Ordinance, which outlined
states the admission process for new states
(B) The ability of the central government to declare war (B) The ratification of a constitution that established a stronger
(C) The inability of state governments to collect taxes central government
(D) The inability of the central government to carry out many (C) The immediate end to property qualifications for White
laws male suffrage
(D) The ban on women’s political participation under the ideas
of republican motherhood
37. Which of the following evidence is used by the author to
support his argument about the power of the states under the
confederation?

(A) Foundational political documents written during the

American revolution
 (B) Journals written by leaders of the Continental Army
(C) Arguments eventually published as The Federalist papers
(D) Treaties signed with Great Britain and France

Questions 39 - 40 refer to the excerpt below

“On Wednesday, the 14th of December, 1763, fifty-seven men, from some of our frontier townships, who had
projected the destruction of this little Common-wealth [the Native American community], came, all well-mounted,
and armed with firelocks, hangers and hatchets, having travelled through the country in the night, to Conestogoe
Manor. There they surrounded the small village of Indian huts, and just at break of day, broke into them all at once.
Only three men, two women, and a young boy were found at home, the rest being out among the neighboring white
people, some to sell the blankets, brooms and bowls they manufactured, and others on other occasions. These poor
defenseless creatures were immediately fired upon, stabbed and hatcheted to death! . . . All of them were scalped
and otherwise horribly mangled. Then their huts were set on fire, and most of them burnt down. When the troop,
pleased with their own conduct and bravery, but enraged that any of the poor Indians had escaped the massacre, rode
off, and in small parties, by different roads, went home.

The universal concern of the neighbouring white people on hearing of this event, and the lamentations of the
younger Indians, when they returned and saw the desolation, and the butchered half-burnt bodies of their murdered
parents, and other relations, cannot well be expressed. The Magistrates of Lancaster sent out to collect the remaining
Indians, brought them into the town for their better security against any farther attempt; and it is said condoled with
them on the misfortune that had happened, took them by the Hand, comforted and promised them protection.”

Benjamin Franklin, A Narrative of the Late Massacres, in Lancaster County, of a Number of Indians, Friends of this
Province, by Persons Unknown, With some Observations on the Same, 1764

39. Which of the following led most directly to the conflict depicted 40. Which of the following best reflects the goal of the British
in the excerpt above? government in limiting the settlement of western lands?

(A) Attempts by Native Americans to reassert their power in (A) To manage the fear and costs associated with Native
western lands American conflicts
(B) Ineffectual leadership by British-appointed Indian (B) To punish greedy colonial land entrepreneurs
superintendents (C) To protect western and eastern trade markets
(C) Internal conflicts between western settlers and colonial (D) To allow expansion of a military presence in the western
governments territories
(D) Tensions between settlers and natives over fur trade markets

Questions 41 - 44 refer to the excerpt below

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.-- That to secure these rights, Governments
are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to
effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for
light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are
 sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and
usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is
their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient
sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.”

The Declaration of Independence, 1776

41. Based on the excerpt above, which of the following viewpoints 43. Which of the following was the most direct effect of the ideas
most directly influenced the writers of the Declaration of described in the excerpt?
Independence?
(A) Unification of American support for independence
(A) A belief in the right of self-rule through a republican (B) Establishment of constitutions within individual colonies
government (C) American creation of a national government system
(B) A belief in the power of human reason to shape (D) Strengthening of the Loyalist cause against independence
governments
(C) A belief that corrupt governments are still worthy of some
loyalty 44. Which of the following best describes the primary difference
(D) A belief in unconditional submission to government between American and European societies in the 18th century?
authority
(A) American citizens enjoyed complete equal opportunity.
(B) European society was more open and fluid.
42. Evidence in the excerpt most clearly reflects the influence of (C) America was a nation of small freeholders of property.
which of the following movements? (D) Europeans emphasized privilege through birth right.

(A) The Great Awakening

(B) Educational secularization
(C) The Enlightenment
(D) Religious toleration
Questions 45 - 48 refer to the excerpt below

"The United States [under the Articles of Confederation] has an indefinite discretion to make [requests] for men and
money; but they have no authority to raise either, by regulations extending to the individual citizens of America. The
consequence of this is, that though in theory their resolutions concerning those objects are laws, constitutionally
binding on the members of the Union, yet in practice they are mere recommendations which the States observe or
disregard at their option.

"There is nothing absurd or impracticable in the idea of a league or alliance between independent nations for certain
defined purposes . . . depending for its execution on the good faith of the parties. . . . In the early part of the present
century there was an [enthusiasm] in Europe for [leagues or alliances]. . . . They were scarcely formed before they
were broken, giving an instructive but afflicting lesson to mankind, how little dependence is to be placed on treaties
which have no other sanction than the obligations of good faith. . . .

"There was a time when we were told that breaches, by the States, of the regulations of the [Confederation's]
authority were not be expected. . . .

"In our case, the [agreement] of thirteen distinct sovereign wills is requisite, under the Confederation, to the
complete execution of every important measure that proceeds from the Union. . . . The measures of the Union have
not been executed. . . . Each State, yielding to the persuasive voice of immediate interest or convenience, has
successively withdrawn its support."
 Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist paper number 15, published in 1787

45. Which of the following claims did Hamilton make in the excerpt 46. Hamilton claimed in the excerpt that state sovereignty
about the powers of the United States under the Articles of
Confederation? (A) Increased the unity of the United States
(B) Guaranteed Americans the protection of their liberties
(A) The United States could not engage in diplomacy with (C) Encouraged Americans to pursue the common good in
foreign countries politics
(B) The United States was not empowered to raise sufficient (D) Allowed states to ignore the requests of the central
money for the government government
(C) The United States could act without the unanimous consent
of the states
(D) The United States was able to raise military forces sufficient
to defend the country

48. Which of the following was a piece of evidence Hamilton used

to support his argument in the excerpt?
47. Which of the following overall arguments did Hamilton make
about the Articles of Confederation? (A) Earlier attempts to form associations of states in Europe had
failed
(A) The United States should invite other countries to ally with (B) The United States had the authority to mandate funding
it under the terms of the Articles under the Articles of Confederation
(B) Americans should adopt the Articles as the constitution of (C) Some people believed that the states would agree to follow
the United States. the congressional directives
(C) Americans should donate money to Congress because of (D) States sometimes needed to form alliances to achieve shared
flaws in the Articles. goals.
(D) The United States should abandon the Articles to form a
stronger central government.

Questions 49 - 50 refer to the image below

49. Which of the following best explains the depiction of George 50. Which of the following best explains the spread of images of
Washington in the painting George Washington in the United States after the American
Revolution?
(A) The development of a sense of American identity among
Patriots (A) The republican belief that political power should be
(B) The attempts of colonists to gain support for declaring inherited
independence (B) The embrace of political party campaigning by electoral
(C) The desire of colonists to commemorate conquests over candidates
Native Americans (C) The desire of Americans to develop a new national culture
(D) The tensions between northern and southern colonies during (D) The refusal of former Loyalists to accept the outcome of the
the Revolutionary War war