AEC 114

(Economic Development)
Leonora F. Gio, EdD
Comparative Economic Development

2
 The most striking feature of the global economy is its extreme
contrasts.
Countr Output / Worker Real Life Undernourishe Women
y Income/Capita Expectancy d Literacy
U.S.A. 10x > India; $41,950 78 < 2.5 % Almost
10x > DRC all
India $3,460 64 20 % 48 %
DRC $ 720 44 74 % 54 %

How did such disparities occur? In today’s world, with so much

knowledge and with the movement of people, information, and
goods and services so rapid and comparatively inexpensive, how
have such large gaps managed to persist in closing these gaps
while others have made so little?
3
•Philippines Life expectancy
is 72.19 years (2022)

4
Developing World
• It is defined commonly by per capita income.
• Several international agencies including the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United
Nations (UN) classified countries by their economic status, but the
best system is that of the World Bank.
• World Bank classified the 208 countries (with a population of at
least 30,000) by their levels of Gross National Income (GNI) per
capita:

Classification of Countries:
ØLow-income countries (LICs)
ØLower-middle-income countries (LMCs)
ØUpper-middle-income countries (UMCs)
ØHigh-income OECD countries. and other high-income countries.

5
• Developing Countries are those with low-, lower-middle, or upper-
middle incomes. These countries are grouped by their geographic
region.

Classification Type Per Capita Income

Low-income countries Developing $875 or less
Countries (2005)
Lower-middle income Developing $876 –
countries Countries 3,465
Upper-middle income Developing $3,466 - 10,725
countries Countries $10,726 or more
High-income countries Sometimes
classified as
developing
6
countries
• Developing countries are, in
general, countries that have not achieved a
significant degree of industrialization
relative to their populations, and have, in
most cases, a medium to low standard of
living.
• There is an association between low income
and high population growth.

7
A few of the countries grouped as “other high-
income” economies are sometimes/still classified
as ‘developing countries’.
> High-income countries that have one or two
highly developed export but significant parts of
the population remain uneducated or in poor
health - the country’s income level may be
viewed as still developing (ex. Kuwait, Qatar,
and United Arab Emirates.

8
Some Basic Indicators of Development:
• Income – an important indicator of development,
but it is also important to go beyond income.
Overall, the average real income per capita of
those in high-income countries is more than 13
times than that of those in low-income countries.
• Health – refers to life expectancy, rate of
undernourishment, under-5 mortality rate, and
crude birth rate (indicates the number of live births occurring
during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear.)
• Education – male and female adult literacy
9
• CRUDE BIRTH RATE is the number of
resident live births for a specified
geographic area (nation, state, county,
etc.) during a specified period (usually a
calendar year) divided by the total
population (usually mid-year) for that
area and multiplied by 1,000

10
Commonality and Diversity: Some Basic Indicators
Prevalence Under-5 Adult Literacy
2005 Life of Under- Mortality
Country Income Expectanc nourishme per Crude Male Female
/ Per y (years) nt (%) 1,000 Birth
Group Capita
Income Group live Rate
(US$) Births
Low 585 59 24 114 29 71 50
Lower 1,923 70 11 39 16 93 85
Middle
Upper 5,634 71 4 27 16 96 93
Middle
High 35,264 79 3 7 10 99 98

11
Commonality and Diversity: Some Basic Indicators
Country/ 2005 Life Prevalenc Under-5 Crude Adult Literacy
Group Income Expectan e of Mortality Birth
Per cy (years) Under- per Rate
Male
Capita nourishme 1,000
Female
nt (%) Live
Births
Country
DRC 120 44 74 205 50 81 54
(LIC)
India 730 64 20 74 24 73 48
(LIC)
Egypt 1,260 71 4 33 26 83 59
(LMC)
12
Brazil 3,550 71 7 33 20 88 89
Commonality and Diversity: Some Basic Indicators
Country / 2005 Life Prevalenc Under-5 Crude Adult Literacy
Group Income Expectan e of Mortality Birth
Per cy Under- per 1,000 Rate
Male
Capita (years) nourishm Live Births
Female
ent (%)
Region
East Asia & 1,630 71 12 33 15 95 87
the Pacific
Latin 4,045 72 10 31 20 91 89
America
and the
Caribbean
Middle East 2,198 70 7 53 24 81 61
and North
Africa
13
South Asia 692 63 21 83 25 70 45
 REGION COUNTRIES
East Asia & the Japan; Micronesia; Indonesia; and Philippines
Pacific
Latin America and Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica;
the Caribbean Cuba; Ecuador; El Salvador; and Guatemala
Middle East and Algeria; Bahrain; Comoros; Djibouti; Egypt; Iraq;
North Africa Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Libya; Mauritania;
Morocco; Oman; Palestine; Qatar; Saudi Arabia;
Somalia; Sudan; Syria; Tunisia; United Arab
Emirates; and Yemen
South Asia Afghanistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India;
MLDIVES;; Nepal; Pakistan; and Sr Lanka
Sub- Saharan Africa Ethiopia; Erithea; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi; Mali;
Mauritius; Mozambique; and Namibia 14
A Holistic Measure of Living Levels:
Human Development Index (HDI)
• United Nations Development Program (UNDP) – took the ambitious
attempt to analyze the comparative status of socioeconomic
development systematically and comprehensively in its annual series
of Human Development Reports, which constructed the Human
Development Index (HDI) in 1990.
• Human Development Index (HDI) – attempts to rank all countries in
a rank of 0 (lowest human development) to 1 (highest HD), based
on three (3) goals of development:
1. Longevity – as measured by life expectancy at birth
2. Knowledge – measured by a weighted average of adult
literacy (2/3) and mean years of schooling (1/3)
3. Standard of Living – measured by real per capita gross
domestic product adjusted for the differing purchasing power parity 15
of each country’s currency to reflect cost of living
HDI ranks countries into three (3)
groups:
• Low Human Development (0.0 to 0.499)
• Medium Human Development (0.50 to
0.799)
• High Human Development (0.80 to 1.0)

16
Human Development Index for Selected Countries
(2004 Data)
Country Ranking (lowest to HDI Real GDP per
Highest) Capita (US $)
Low Human Dev. (0.0 – 0.499)
Niger 177 0.311 779

Ethiopia 170 0.371 756

Malawi 166 0.400 646
Tanzania 162 0.430 674
Nigeria 159 0.448 1,154

17
Human Development Index for Selected Countries
(2004 Data)
Country Ranking (lowest to HDI Real GDP per
Highest) Capita (US $)
Medium HD (0.50 – 0.799)
Bangladesh 137 0.53 1,870
0
Pakistan 134 0.53 2,225
9
China 81 0.76 5,896
8
Saudi 76 0.77 13,825
Arabia 7
Brazil 69 0.79 8,195 18
 Human Development Index for Selected Countries
(2004 Data)
Country Ranking HDI Real GDP per Capita
(lowest to Highest) (US $)
High HD (0.80 – 1.00)
Chile 38 0.859 10,874
United 18 0.940 30,821
Kingdom
United 8 0.948 39,676
States
Canada 6 0.950 31,263
Norway 1 0.965 38,454
19
• The Philippines ranked 113th out of
193 countries in the UNDP's index,
which measures a country's health,
education and standard of living. The
Philippines' score improved to 0.71 in
2022 from 0.692 in 2021. (Mar 15,
2024)

20
The PHILIPPINES jumped five spots in the latest Human Development
Index, but remained one of the laggards in Southeast Asia, the United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) said.

The Philippines ranked 113th out of 193 countries in the UNDP’s index,
which measures a country’s health, education and standard of living.

The Philippines’ score improved to 0.71 in 2022 from 0.692 in 2021. This
also marked the country’s highest score since 0.714 in 2019.

The Philippines’ score was below East Asia and the Pacific’s average of
0.766 and the global average of 0.739.

In Southeast Asia, human development levels were “very high” in Hong

Kong (fourth), Singapore (ninth), Brunei Darussalam (55th), Malaysia (63rd),
and Thailand (66th).
Source: https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2024/03/15/581942/philippines-slightly-improves-in-human-development-
index/#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20ranked%20113th,2022%20from%200.692%20in%202021.
21
HDI = 1/3 (Income Index) + 1/3 (Life Expectancy Index) + 1/3 (Education Index)

• One major advantage of HDI, it does reveal that a country

can do much better at a low level of income and that
substantial income gains can still accomplish relatively little
in human development.
• HDI points up that disparities in income are greater than
disparities in other indicators of development, at least
health and education measures.
• HDI reminds us that by development we clearly mean
broad human development, not just higher income (some
of the higher-income oil producers have been said to have
experienced “growth without development”).
For the case of Bangladesh (2004),
HDI = 1/3 (0.49) + 1/3 (0.64) + 22
1/3 (0.46) = 0.53
Common Characteristics of the Developing Countries
1. Lower levels of living and productivity
2. Lower levels of human capital
3. Higher levels of inequality an absolute poverty
4. Higher population growth rates
5. Greater social fractionalization (division)
6. Larger rural populations but rapid rural-to-urban migration
7. Lower levels of industrialization and manufacture exports
8. Adverse geography – tropical zone
9. Underdeveloped financial and other markets
10. Lingering colonial impacts such as poor institutions and varying
degrees of external dependence (economic, political, cultural, and
environmental
23
Thank you…

24
THEORIES OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
 INTRODUCTION
3

BUILDING CONFIDENCE
4
ENGAGING THE
agenda AUDIENCE
5

VISUAL AIDS
6
FINAL TIPS &
TAKEAWAYS
11
the power of
communication
overcoming
nervousness
CONFIDENCE-BUILDING
STRATEGIES
engaging the audience
• Make eye contact with your audience to create a
sense of intimacy and involvement
• Weave relatable stories into your presentation using
narratives that make your message memorable and
impactful
• Encourage questions and provide thoughtful
responses to enhance audience participation
• Use live polls or surveys to gather audience opinions,
promoting engagement and making sure the
audience feel involved

29
 selecting visual aids
ENHANCING YOUR PRESENTATION
effective delivery techniques
Effective body language enhances This is a powerful tool in public
your message, making it more speaking. It involves varying pitch,
impactful and memorable: tone, and volume to convey
o Meaningful eye contact emotion, emphasize points, and
maintain interest:
o Purposeful gestures
o Pitch variation
o Maintain good posture
o Tone inflection
o Control your expressions
o Volume control

31
navigating q&a sessions
1.Know your material Maintaining composure during the Q&A session
in advance is essential for projecting confidence and
2.Anticipate common authority. Consider the following tips for staying
questions composed:

3.Rehearse your o Stay calm

responses o Actively listen
o Pause and reflect
o Maintain eye contact

32
speaking impact
Your ability to communicate effectively
will leave a lasting impact on your
audience
Effectively communicating involves not
only delivering a message but also
resonating with the experiences, values,
and emotions of those listening
speaking impact
Learn to infuse MEASUREME
energy into your METRIC TARGET ACTUAL
NT
delivery to leave a
lasting impression Audience
# of attendees 150 120
attendance
One of the goals of
effective Engagement
Minutes 60 75
communication is to duration
motivate your
audience Q&A interaction # of questions 10 15
Percentage
Positive feedback 90 95
(%)
Rate of
Percentage
information 80 85
(%)
retention 34
final tips & takeaways
o CONSISTENT REHEARSAL Seek feedback
o Strengthen your familiarity Reflect on
o REFINE DELIVERY STYLE performance

o Pacing, tone, and emphasis Explore new

techniques
o TIMING AND TRANSITIONS
Set personal goals
o Aim for seamless, professional delivery
Iterate and adapt
o PRACTICE AUDIENCE
o Enlist colleagues to listen & provide feedback

35
speaking engagement metrics

IMPACT FACTOR MEASUREMENT TARGET ACHIEVED

Audience interaction Percentage (%) 85 88

Knowledge retention Percentage (%) 75 80

Post-presentation surveys Average rating 4.2 4.5

Referral rate Percentage (%) 10 12

Collaboration
# of opportunities 8 10
opportunities

36
 BRITA TAMM
502-555-0152
brita@firstupconsultants.co
thank you m
www.firstupconsultants.com