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 Content

Chapters Page no.

Introduction 

Review of Literature -36

Summary 36

Conclusion 

References 





 Introduction
Today we the human beings living with different human biological system mainly, circulatory
system, nervous system, skeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system,
muscular system and reproductive system. The unknowing one more system which is present in
our body functioning many function mainly brain related function that system is called by the
name endocannabinoid system. Endocannabinoid system is the largest biological system in the
body that helps regulate and balance body functions. It regulates not only the central and
peripheral mechanisms of food intake, but also lipids synthesis and turnover in the liver and
adipose tissue as well as glucose metabolism in muscle cells.

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid-based neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid

receptors. Endocannabinoids are naturally produced in the human body. Found throughout the
body, in the brain, organs, connective tissues, glands, and immune cells. Endocannabinoids are
bridge between body and mind.
ECS tunes our physiological functions such as, learning and
memory, emotional processing, sleep, temperature control, pain control, inflammatory and
immune responses.
Montecucco et al., 2012

History of endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids

• 2800BC- For cannabis, Lord Shiva given the title ‘The Lord of Bhang’.

• 129-200 AD- Galen used cannabis for therapeutic use and mood enhancement.

• 1841- William Brooke introduced cannabis to western medicine because cannabis

stopped convulsions in a child.

• 1898- Dunstan and Henry isolated cannabinol (CBN).

• 1937- Use of cannabis for medicinal and recreational purposes were effectively taxed out
in the USA by the Marijuana Tax Act.

• 1940s- Adams and Todd independently isolated cannabidiol (CBD).

• 1964- Mechoulam isolated THC from the cannabis plant.

• 1992- Devane and Mechoulam discovered anandamide.

• 1995- Mechoulam and Sugiura independently discovered 2-AG (Arachidonoyl Glycerol)



 • 1996- California legalised medical cannabis by introducing the Compassionate Use Act.

• 2012- CBD shown to alleviate schizophrenia symptoms

• 2016- Australia legalized medical cannabis and its cultivation for medical purposes.

• 2017- CBD demonstrated to reduce seizures in childhood epilepsy

Components of Endocannabinoid system (ECS)

1. Endocannabinoids
Anandamide- “the bliss molecule”, responsible for blissful states that come from
structured play, yoga and meditation
2-AG- (Arachidonoyl Glycerol) most prevalent endocannabinoid responsible for
managing appetite, pain response and immune system functions
2. Enzymes
Enzymes act within the ECS to recycle used endocannabinoid after the body is through
with them
3. Receptors
CB1 receptors exist in the brain and spinal cord, working to regulate appetite, memory
and to reduce pain
CB2 receptors found within the immune system and many other areas of the body,
working primarily to reduce inflammation throughout the body
Battala et al., 2016

Human Endocannabinoid system

Cannabinoids act as the key within the endocannabinoid system while receptor work like lock

Every time one key fits into one lock, the lock causes an effect to occur in the body

If Endocannabinoid system imbalance occur in the body?.....

What is the ???

Working principle of endocannabinoid system

Endocannabinoids system works in the body with the help endocannabinoids, enzymes and
receptors. Endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2 AG (Arachidonoyl Glycerol) binds
the CB1 and CB2 receptor in the body and light on many functions in the body
mainly brain related functions. Anandamide have more affinity towards binding CB1
receptors than the CB2 receptors. 2AG have greater affinity towards binding CB2 receptor
than CB1 receptors. If the endocannabinoid not work or imbalance occur in the body
phytocannabinoids CBD (Cannabidiol) and THC (Tetra hydrocannbidiol) helps to work in the
body because these phytocannabinoids mimicking the property of endocannabinoids and helps
to manage many brain related diseases specially in autism and parkinson’s diseases.
Nahtigal et al., 2016


Phytocannabinoid

Hemp Marijuna
Species of cannabis legally Species of cannabis smoked
grown for variety of or eaten for medical and

commercial uses recreational purpose

High level of CBD High level of THC
Low level of THC Low level of CBD

THC should not exeed >3 % in the pharmaceutical and food product development

Korus et al., 2017

 Different cannabis genus Cannabis species growing height

Phytocannabinoids other than THC and CBD (Psychoactive and non-psychoactive)

Non
psychoactive Psychoactive

Iftikar et al., 2021

Cannabis different name in different countries
Hemp (Whole plant)

Cannabis (English)

Bhang (Sanskrit)

Bhangi (Hindi)

Ganja (Bengali)

Marijuana (Mexican Spanish)

Canamo (Spanish)

Hashish (Arabic)

Hanf (German)

Bhangi (Kannada)

Cannabis utrition composition

Martinez et al., 2020
Health benefits of cannabis
• Helps in chronic pain

• Useful for treating autism

• Helps to manage parkinson's disease

• Alzheimer's disease

• Helps people with depression

• Helps in gaining lost appetite

• Treats inflammation

ote: Supplementing with 200 mg/day of phytocannabinoids for autism patients helps to
reduce the symptoms
Potrider, 2020

Cannabis effects on brain

When marijuna is smoked, its active ingredient, THC travels throughout the body, including the
brain, to produce its many effects.

THC attaches to sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells in the brain, affecting
many brain related functions i. e., movement, coordination, learning, memory, cognition functions
such as judgment and pleasure



CBD Mechanism of Action

TRPV1- Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily V

GPR55- G protein-coupled receptor 55
COX2 - cyclooxygenase 2
iNOS - Inducible nitric oxide synthase
TNF- Tumor necrosis factor alpha
AKT- type of serine/threonine protein kinase
ERK-extracellular signal-regulated kinases
NF- kB - Nuclear factor kappa B
PPAR -Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma

Cannabinoids reduce peripheral inflammation by acting at TRPV1, CB2, and GPR55 receptors;
these interactions lead to down regulation of enzymes involved in the production of
prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines. MAPK inhibition and NF-kB down
regulation, together with PPARγ-mediated reduction of lipid peroxidation, are also involved
in the anti-inflammatory effects of cannabinoids in the CNS.
Panagoda et al., 2019



Legal issues related to cannabis
x Cannabis is illegal in many places, but because of its proven medicinal usage, it is
legalised inUnited States.
x It is legalized for medical use but remains illegal for abuse.
x Cannabis in Canada is legal for both recreational and medicinal purposes.
x Other countries that have legalized recreational cannabis are Georgia, South Africa,
Uruguay,and Australian Capital Territory.
x Medicinal use of cannabis is legal in many more countries like Argentina, Australia,
Bermuda,Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Jamaica,Lebanon, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand,
the United Kingdom,Uruguay, Vanuatu, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
x In India, it is banned for both but there are campaigns to make it legal for medicinal
purposes.



Myths and facts

Cannabis Utilization

ote: Industrial hemp- paper production. (wood papers can be used 3 times, hemp papers can be
recycled 8 times). Farinon et al., 2020

Cannabis plants are very successful in terms of oxygen production. It produces about 25 times more
oxygen than trees.


Cannabis approved for various food products

Iftikar et al., 2021

Products available in the market



Toxic effects of cannabis
• Dry mouth, diarrhea, drowsiness and fatigue
• Memory loss, Somnolence
• Lung irritation
• High blood pressure with headache
• Seizures, stroke, brain damage

Drugs which shouldn't be taken with CBD

Angiotension II Blockers
Antiarrhythmics


Antibiotics
Antidepressants


Anticonvulsants / Anti-Seizure Medications
Antihistamines


Antipsychotics
Anesthetics
Beta-Blockers


Benzodiazepines
Calcium Channel Blockers


HIV Antivirals
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Immune Modulators
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents


Proton-Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
Prokinetics
Steroids and Corticosteroids


Sulfonylureas Martinez et al., 2020



Research studies

Effect of CBD- Enriched Cannabis sativa Extract (CE) on Autism Spectrum Disorder
Symptoms

Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proof-of-concept randomized trial

Medical cannabis in Parkinson's disease: Real life patients experience

Cannabis treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's

disease

Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) enriched pasta: Physicochemical properties and
quality evaluation

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) flour and protein preparation as natural nutrients and
structure forming agents in starch based gluten free bread

Autism

Delayed
language skills.
Unusual mood Delayed
or emotional movement
reactions. skills.

Unusual eating Delayed

and sleeping cognitive or
habits. learning skills.

Epilepsy or
seizure Hyperactive
disorder.



Study 1

Effect of CBD enriched cannabis sativa extract (CE) on autism spectrum disorder
symptoms

Fleury-Teixeria
et al., 2019
Frontiers in
Neuro.
I.F- 3.55

Objective: To study the amelioration of multiple ASD symptoms in patients with the intervention of
CBD enriched Cannabis extract
Material and Methods

Standardized CE extract
administered orally (6
month)

Dropout
ASD patients- 18, aged 6-- patients-3
3
17 years, 5 females and 13 CBD: THC(75:1)
males (25 mg: 0.68 mg)

1. Attention Results were evaluated Dosage

Deficit/Hyperactivity by using questionnaire adjustment was
Disorder (ADHD) which includes done during first
2. Behavioral Disorders (BD)
30 days
3. Motor Deficits (MD)
4. Autonomy Deficits (AD)
5. Communication and Social
Interaction Deficits (CSID)
6. Cognitive Deficits (CD) Average dose of CBD
7. Sleep Disorders (SD) administration (4.55
8. Seizures (SZ) mg/kg/day)



Table 1. Cohort description and individual dosage of phytocannabinoids prescribed

Table 1 depicts the cohort description and individual dosage of phytocannabinoids prescribed. f
represents female and m represents male. CBD and THC ratio was 75:1. Highest CBD dosage
was 300 mg/day and highest THC dosage was 4.67 mg/day. Average CBD dosage was 175
mg/day and average THC dosage was 2.33 mg/day.

A. Base line B. After treatment

Fig. 1 Improvement of symptoms in patients underwent CE treatment for 6 months



ADHD- Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder BD- Behavioral disorders
MD- motor deficits
AD- Autonomy deficits
CSID- Communication and social interaction deficits
CD- Cognitive deficits
SD- Sleep disorders
SZ- Convulsive seizures

Fig. 1 depicts the improvement of symptoms in patients underwent cannabis extract treatment for
6 months. After the intervention of cannabis extract to the autism patients for a period of 6
months symptoms commonly seen in the autism symptoms such as ADHD, BD, MD, CSID, CD,
SD, SZ were reduced. Greater reduction was seen in AD, MD, CD and SD.

Conclusion: CBD-enriched CE yields positive effects in multiple autistic symptoms, without causing the

typical side effects found in medicated ASD patients



 Study 2

Cannabinoid treatment for autism: a proofǦǦofǦconcept randomized trial

Aran et al., 2021

Molecular Autism
I. F- 6.87

Objective: Assess the efficacy of pure cannabinoids and whole-plant extracts

Material and Methods

Study conducted in a single Children and adolescents Starting- 1 mg/kg/d

referral center-Shaare Zedek (5–21 years old) with an Dose was increased up to
Medical Center, Jerusalem, ASD diagnosis per DSM-5 10 mg/kg/d
Israel. criteria CBD:THC (20:1) divided
into 3 daily doses.

DSM- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

ADOS2- Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition
Vineland-II standardized norm-referenced assessment tool-clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum
disorders
CARS2- Childhood Autism Rating Scale, 2nd Edition
Autism Parenting Stress Index (APSI)- tool is a measure of parental stress as perceived by
parents/guardians of young children with autism
Social Responsiveness Scale–Second Edition (SRS-2)- 65-item rating scale measuring deficits in
social behavior associated with Autism Spectrum   

ϭϵ



 SRS-2 Score
60- 65- mild to moderate deficits in social interaction.
66-75- moderate deficit in social interaction,
>76- severe and strongly associated with the clinical diagnosis
of ASD



Table 1 Common adverse effects reported during treatment period

Adverse effects Whole plant extracts Pure cannabinoids Placebo P value

Table 1 shows the common adverse effects reported during treatment period. After intervention
of whole plant extract and pure cannabinoids to the autism patients, some of the adverse effects
were seen. These adverse effects were came to the mild and moderate level after the treatment
but in the placebo treatment there was no decrease in the adverse effect.

Table 2 Impact of cannabinoid treatment in autism patients

Table 2 depicts the impact of cannabinoid treatment in autism patients. Intervention with the
whole plant extract and pure cannabinoids had reduced the symptoms when assessed though
HSQ-ASD, SRS-2 and APSI. But in the placebo group there was no reduction of symptoms as
per the questionnaire intervention.


Fig. 1 Participants behavioral problems after treatment

Fig. 1 shows that the participants behavioral problems after treatment. Whole plant extract group
had greater positive response when compared to the pure cannabinoid and placebo group after
the intervention period of 6 months.

Fig. 2 Impact of cannabinoid treatment on BMI

Conclusion: Whole-plant extract which contains CBD and THC in a 20:1 ratio, improved
disruptive behaviors on primary outcome and secondary outcome, in ASD patients

Parkinson's disease
Brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking,
stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination.



 Tremor
Slowed
Speech movement
changes (bradykinesi
a)

Loss of
Rigid
automatic
muscles.
movements
Impaired
posture and
balance

Study 3

Medical Cannabis (MC) in Parkinson Disease: Real-Life Patients' Experience

Balash et al.,
2017
Clin Neuropharm
I. F- 2.09

To study the effects of MC on symptoms of Parkinson disease and its adverse effects in patients

Material and Methods

A retrospective Structured questionnaire was

observational designed based on published
telephone survey MC survey
was conducted It consists of 66 questions
The telephone interviews
to collect data from divided into 3 parts:
were conducted at a
patients with PD (1) Demographic data and
prearranged date and time.
comorbidities
(2) Clinical characteristics of
Forty seven men with the patients, including motor
parkinson's disease and nonmotor features
Age- 65-75 years, (3) Details of MC use and
median subjective assessment of its
Duration of MC use- effects on different symptoms,
19.1 ± 17.0 months including adverse effects.
Daily dose- 0.9 ± 0.5 g.
The delivery of MC
Effect of MC on motor
was mainly by smoking
and nonmotor symptoms
evaluated according to The interview lasted around 30
the modified 5-point minutes to collect data
Statistical analysis Clinical Global

Impressions Scale (CGI)

Ϯϱ

 Table 1. Motor and non-motor symptoms at baseline of Parkinson’s disease

Table 1 depicts the motor and non-motor symptoms at baseline of Parkinson’s disease. At the
baseline Parkinson’s symptoms were higher for example tremor, muscle stiffness, depression and
memory impairment.

Table 2. Effects of MC Treatment on Motor and on motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease

Ϯϲ

Table 2 shows the effects of medical cannabis treatment on motor and non-motor symptoms of
Parkinson's disease. Medical cannabis consumed parkinson’s patients had reported higher
improvement in motor symptom such as tremor , muscle stiffness. Non motor symptoms such as
pain, depressed mood, insomnia were improved majorly compared to other symptoms after the
consumption of medical cannabis in parkinson’s disease patients.

Table 3. Adverse effects of parkinsonian patients treated by MC

Table 3 depicts the adverse effects of parkinsonian patients treated by medical cannabis. After
consumption of medical cannabis in patients there was adverse effects were found mainly
psychotropic adverse effects such as vomiting and nausea and cough. But no major adverse
effects observed.

Conclusion: Most of the users had found that medical cannabis (MC) helps to improve
Parkinson’s symptoms, and also they viewed MC treatment was safe, without causing major
adverse effects.

Study 4

Cannabis (Medical Marijuana) Treatment for Motor and on–Motor

Symptoms of Parkinson Disease

Loton et al., 2014

Clin. Neuropharm
I. F- 2.09

Objective: To assess the clinical effect of cannabis on motor and non–motor symptoms of PD


 Material and methods

Rabin Medical Center, had received

Cannabis treatment daily Baseline motor status
permission to smoke cannabis from the
for a period of 2 months was assessed
Israel Ministry of Health to add-on therapy
for 22 patients
because their anti-Parkinson medications
had proved insufficient or to combat severe
PD-related pain and tremor

Thirty minutes later, the motor and Patients were asked to smoke Disease staging
non–motor symptoms was assessed by their regular dose of cannabis was performed
Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) (amount inhaled, 0.5 g). using the Hoehn
and Yahr rating
scale

UPDRS- a rating tool used to gauge 0- Normal or no problems

the course of Parkinson's disease in 1- Minimal problems
patients. 2- Mild problems
3- Moderate problems
4- Severe problems.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with PD

RF-Y-7, N-15 PP- Y-15, N-7
RF-Y-7, N-15 PP- Y-15,

N-7

Table 1 Shows that the clinical characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s diseases. Among the
patients observed, 7 patients had yes to response fluctuation, and 15 patients had no response
fluctuation. Whereas 15 patients had yes to past pain and 7 had no to past pain.



Fig. 1. The effect of cannabis on the motor UPDRS score in the patients with and without response
fluctuations

Fig. 1 depicts the effect of cannabis on the motor UPDRS score in the patients with and without response
fluctuations. After 30 min of cannabis consumption Parkinson’s disease patients decreased UPDRS scores
was observed irrespective of with and without fluctuation.

Table 2. Effect of cannabis on motor UPDRS score

Table 2 shows that the effect of cannabis on motor UPDRS scores. After smoking of cannabis
for 30 min Parkinson’s patients felt reduce in the symptoms such as tremor, rigidity and
bradykinesia.

Conclusion: An amelioration of both motor and non–motor symptoms in patients with PD

treated with cannabis (medical marijuana). It may promote legalization of cannabis in other
countries and should encourage pharmaceutical companies to conduct controlled studies with a
more purified substance.



Study 5

Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) enriched pasta: Physicochemical properties

and quality evaluation

Teterycz et
al., 2021
PLoS ONE

Objective: To determine the effect of hemp addition on the durum wheat pasta.

Material and methods

odel of experiment
Table 1. Model

ϯϬ

Table 1 represents the model of experiment. It shows the how much semolina, hemp flour and
water addition to pasta preparation.

Table 2. Chemical composition of pasta samples.

Table 2 depicts the chemical composition of pasta samples. Addition of hemp flour to the pasta
had increased protein, fat, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and total dietary fiber
content in the pasta. Whereas carbohydrate and energy levels were decreased with increased
addition of hemp flour.

Table 3. The content of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in pasta

samples

Table 3 shows the content of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in pasta
samples. As the per centage of hemp flour increases the THC and CBD content increased in the
pasta samples.


Table 4. Cooking quality of pasta samples.

Table 4 shows that the cooking quality of pasta samples. As the per centage of hemp flour increases the
cooking time and cooking losses were increased in the pasta sample.

Table 5. Texture parameters of cooked pasta samples.

Table 5 depicts the texture parameters of cooked pasta samples. Addition of 25 per cent hemp
flour to the pasta had better textural properties such as hardness, springiness, chewiness and
cohesiveness. With addition of 30-40 per cent hemp flour reduced scores as per the texture
analyzer.



Table 6. Sensory analysis of uncooked and cooked pasta samples

Table 6 depicts the sensory analysis of uncooked and cooked pasta samples. Uncooked and
cooked pasta supplemented with 25 per cent of hemp flour had better sensory scores in terms of
appearance, color, taste, smell, hardness, adhesiveness, and springiness.

Conclusion: Addition of hemp flour (HF) is a better solution for fortification. Pasta with 25%
addition of hemp flour can be described as a high-protein and high-fiber with satisfactory
organoleptic properties and good cooking qualities. THC and CBD content in all enriched pasta
was on a safe level.

Study 6

Hemp flour as a valuable component for enriching physicochemical and

antioxidant properties of wheat bread

Mikulec et al., 2019

LWT- Food Scie.
Tech.
I. F 4.95

Objective: To analyze and compare selected organoleptic, physical properties and antioxidant
activity of the crumb, in breads



Material and methods

A - Wheat bread

B - Bread with 15 % addition of hempseed flour

C - Bread with 30 % addition of hempseed flour

D - Bread with 50 % addition of hempseed flour.



 Fig. 1. Transversal cut of bread

Fig. 2. Texture properties of the crumb on a baking day and changes in the crumb during
storage

Addition of 30% and 50% hemp flour, a significant decrease in cohesiveness, gumminess,
chewiness and resilience of the crumb was observed, as compared to wheat bread with 15%. The
hemp flour content significantly in-hibited the changes in the texture of bread crumb

WS- Wheat bread

WH15- 15 % HF

WH30- 30 % HF

WH50- 50 % HF

Fig. 3 Organoleptic evaluation of bread

Fig. 3 depicts the organoleptic evaluation of bread. Addition of 15 per cent hemp flour
incorporation in the bread had a better sensory scores compared to other treatments. As the
per centage of hemp flour increases the sensory score values decreased because of the color
and THC components present in the hemp flour.



Table 4. Antioxidant properties, polyphenol profile and furan derivatives content of wheat-
hemp bread

Samples

WF

HF

WS

WH15

WH30

WH50

Table 4 shows that the antioxidant, polyphenols
profile and furan derivatives content of wheat-
hemp bread. Hemp flour had higher polyphenols, antioxidant activity compared to wheat. Hence
the addition of hemp flour to the bread preparation increased the polyphenols and antioxidant
activity in bread.

Conclusion: Hemp flour influenced the color of the crumb by increasing its browning index
from 29.69 to 46.26. Hemp flour influenced the polyphenols content by increasing from 256.43
to 673.59 mg GAE/kg. For industrial production, the share of hemp flour should not exceed
30%.

Summary

Endocannabinoid system is a largest biological system in the body, it helps to regulate and
balance body functions. Endocannabinoids naturally produced in human body. Cannabis is a
natural herb having good amount of protein, fat, antioxidants and phytocannabinoids-
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis largely grown in Canada, China
and the European Union. Cannabis had many health benefits such as reducing chronic pain,
depression and inflammation. It also useful for treating neurological problems i. e., autism,
Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer's disease.

x CBD-enriched CE yields positive effects in multiple autistic symptoms, without causing

the typical side effects found in medicated ASD patients



 x Whole-plant extract which contains CBD and THC in a 20:1 ratio, improved disruptive
behaviors on primary outcome and secondary outcome, in ASD patients
x Most of the users had found that medical cannabis (MC) helps to improve Parkinson’s
symptoms, and also they viewed MC treatment was safe, without causing major adverse
effects.
x An amelioration of both motor and non–motor symptoms in patients with PD treated with
cannabis (medical marijuana).
x Addition of hemp flour (HF) is a better solution for fortification.
x Pasta with 25% addition of hemp flour can be described as a high-protein and high-fiber
with satisfactory organoleptic properties and good cooking qualities.
x Hemp flour influenced the polyphenols content by increasing from 256.43 to 673.59 mg
GAE/kg.
x For industrial production, the share of hemp flour should not exceed 30%.

Conclusion

Cannabis (medical marijuna) an important herb having many phytocannabinoids which are
mimic the properties of endocannabinoids present in our body. Patients such as autism,
Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease they are suffering from imbalance in the
endocannabinoid system majorly in the brain. The mimicking properties of phytocannabinoids
help to reduce symptoms in some extent in patients. Addiction of cannabis not found any major
side effects compared to other commercially available drugs and alcohol hence cannabis for
medical purpose is beneficial to the patients who are suffering specially from neurological
diseases to reduce their symptoms in some extent.



 ABSTRACT

“
 

 


  
 ”

Endocannabinoid system is a largest biological system in the body, it helps to regulate and balance
body functions.
Endocannabinoids naturally produced in human body. Cannabis is a natural herb having
good amount of protein, fat, antioxidants and phytocannabinoids- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and
Cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis largely grown in Canada, China and the European Union. Cannabis had many
health benefits such as reducing chronic pain, depression and inflammation. It also useful for treating
neurological problems i. e., autism, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Therapeutic effect

Study on effects of CBD-enriched cannabis extract (CE) on autism spectrum disorder symptoms was
carried out by (Fleury-Teixeira et al., 2019).
Eighteen autistic patients undergoing treatment with
compassionate use of standardized CBD-enriched CE were selected for the study.
After 6 months of
treatment, most patients, including epileptic and non-epileptic, showed some level of improvement in more
than one of the eight symptom categories evaluated such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder;
Behavioral Disorders; Motor Deficits; Autonomy Deficits; Communication and Social Interaction Deficits;
Cognitive Deficits; Sleep Disorders and Seizures, with very infrequent and mild adverse effects.

Aran et al. (2021) conducted study on cannabinoid treatment for autism.
Participants (N = 150) divided
into three group whole plant extract (50), pure cannabinoids (50) and placebo group (50). Intervention
carried out for 12-weeks followed by a 4-week washout and predetermined cross-over for another 12 weeks
to further assess tolerability.
Results showed that changes in total scores of HSQ-ASD (Home Situation
Questionnaire) and APSI (Autism Parenting Stress Index) did not differ among groups. Disruptive behavior
on the CGI-I (Clinical Global Impression) was improved in 49 per cent on whole-plant extract versus 21 per
cent on placebo. Median SRS (Social Responsiveness Scale) score improved by 14.9 on whole-plant extract
versus 3.6 points after placebo.
Common adverse events included somnolence and decreased appetite was
reported.

Balash et al. (2017) carried out research on medical cannabis (MC) in Parkinson disease. Forty seven
men with Parkinson’s disease aged 65-75 were selected for the study. Telephonic interview was done to
collect demographic data, clinical characteristics and adverse effects of MC consumption. Results found that
MC effect improvement for falls, pain relief, depression, tremor, muscle stiffness and sleep. The most
frequently reported adverse effects from MC were psychotropic (38.3 %) cough (34.9 %) in those who used
MC by smoking. Major adverse effects were not found in the patients.

Study on cannabis treatment for motor and non–motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) was
conducted by (Loton et al., 2014). Twenty-two patients with PD attending the motor disorder clinic were
selected for the study.
Cannabis treatment daily for a period of two months was given to patients. Standard
scales were used to know the effect of medical cannabis. Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
score improved significantly from 33.1 at baseline to 23.2 after cannabis consumption. Analysis of specific
motor symptoms revealed significant improvement after treatment in tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia.



utrition supplementation
Effect of hemp (cannabis) addition on the physicochemical properties, cooking quality, texture
parameters and sensory properties of durum wheat pasta was carried out by (Teterycz et al., 2021). Pasta
was fortified with 5–40 per cent of commercially available hemp flour. Results showed that the addition of
hemp flour lead to an increase in the protein, total dietary fiber (TDF), ash and fat content in the pasta
samples. Pasta enriched with hemp flour at the level of 30–40 per cent contains (19.53–28.87 %) of protein
and (17.02–21.49 %) of TDF. All enriched pasta samples were also characterized by safe
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) content. Addition of hemp flour up to 25 per cent to
pasta had good sensory properties and these were accepted by consumers.

Mikuleca et al. (2019) investigated a study on hemp flour as a valuable component for enriching
physicochemical and antioxidant properties of wheat bread. Bread was supplemented with 15, 30 and 50 per
cent of hemp flour. Subjected for chemical, texture, organoleptic characteristics, color of the crumb,
changes in the crumb texture, polyphenol profile, total polyphenol and furan derivatives content. Results
revealed that
hemp flour influenced the color of the crumb by increasing its browning index from 29.69 to
46.26, polyphenols content by increasing from 256.43 to 673.59 mg GAE/kg. For industrial production,
addition of hemp flour up to 30 per cent is best.

Conclusion: Cannabis (medical marijuna) an important herb having many phytocannabinoids which are
mimic the properties of endocannabinoids present in our body. Patients such as autism, Parkinson’s disease
and Alzheimer’s disease they are suffering from imbalance in the endocannabinoid system majorly in the
brain. The mimicking properties of phytocannabinoids help to reduce symptoms in some extent in patients.
Addiction of cannabis not found any major side effects compared to other commercially available drugs and
alcohol hence cannabis for medical purpose is beneficial to the patients who are suffering specially from
neurological diseases to reduce their symptoms in some extent.

References
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TETERYCZ, D., SOBOTA, A., PRZYGODZKA, D. AND LYSAKOWSKA, P., 2021, Hemp seed
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