T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed.

, DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

General Procedure – Term -II

Test for functional groups present in organic compounds
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1. Odour: i)Fishy odour i)May be an amine
Note the odour of the organic ii) Bitter almond odour. ii) May be benzaldehyde.
compound. iii) Phenolic odour. iii) May be phenol.
iv) No characteristic iv) Absence of amine,
odour. benzaldehyde, and
phenol.
2. Reaction with litmus paper: i)Blue litmus turns red. i) May be carboxylic acid
Touch with the moist litmus or phenol.
paper with an organic ii)Red litmus turns blue. ii) May be an amine.
compound. iii) No characteristic iii) Absence of carboxylic
colour change. acid, phenol, and amine.
3. Ceric ammonium nitrate i)Wine red colouration. i) Alcohol group is
test: present.
To the given organic ii) No wine red ii) Absence of alcohol
compound add few dropsof colouration is observed. group.
ceric ammonium nitrate
solution.
4. Add a pellet of KOH to 1 ml i)Yellow precipitate is i) Presence of alcohol
of liquid organic compound obtained. group is confirmed.
and warm it to dissolve KOH. ii) No yellow precipitate ii) Absence of alcohol group.
Cool it and add few drops of is obtained
CS2 and shake.
5. Test with Bromine water: i)Orange-yellow colour i)Substance is unsaturated.
To a small amount of organic of bromine water is
compound in a test tube add decolorished.
2 ml of distilled water to ii) No decolouration ii) Substance is saturated.
dissolved it. To this solution takes place.
add few drops of bromine iii) Decolouration with iii) Presence of aromatic
water and shake it well. formation of white amine or phenol.
precipitate.
6. Test with KMnO4 solution:
Take small amount of organic
compound in a test tube add i)Pink colour of KMnO4 i)Substance is unsaturated.
2ml of distilled water to solution is decolourished.
dissolve it. To this solution
add few drops of dil.alkaline ii)No decoluration takes ii)Substance is saturated.
KMnO4 solution and shake it place
well.
7. Test for Phenolic group:
i)Ferric chloride Test: i)Appearance of blue, i)Phenolic group is
Take 1 ml of neutral ferric green or violet colour. present.
chloride (FeCl3) solution in
aclean test tube and add 2 -3 ii) No characteristic ii) Absence of phenolic
drops of organic compound to colour change. group.
it.
ii) Phthalein Dye Test:
Take 0.1 g of organic
compound and add equal i)The solution becomes i)Presence of phenolic
amount of phthalic anhydride. pink colour. group is confirmed.
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

Add 1-2 drops of

conc.H2SO4. Heat the test ii) No Characteristic ii) Absence of phenolic
tube for 1 min and pour the colour change group.
content 50ml of NaOH
solution.

8. Test for Aldehydic (-CHO)

and Ketonic (-CO-) group:
i)Schiff’s Test: i)Presence of aldehyde
To 1 ml of the organic i)A pink colour appears group.
compound add 2-3 drops of ii)No pink colour ii) Presence of ketone
Schiff”s reagent. observed group.
9. ii) Tollen’s Test:
To the given organic i)Shining silver mirror is i)Presence of aldehyde
compound add 1 ml of formed. group.
tollen’s reagent and warm the
mixture on a water bath for ii)Shining silver mirror is ii) Presence of ketone
about 5 minutes. not observed. group.

iii) Fehling’s Test:

To the given organic i)A brick red precipitate i)Presence of aldehyde
compound add 1 ml of each is formed. group.
Fehling’s solution A & B.
Boil the solution for 2 ii)No brick red ii)Presence of ketone
minutes. precipitate is formed. group.

iv)2,4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine Test(2,4-DNP
test): i)An yellowish orange i)May be presence of
To the given organic precipitate is obtained. aldehyde or ketone group.
compound add rectified spirit
and add 2 drops of
dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution. Shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.

10. Test for carboxylic group

(-COOH):
i)Litmus test: i)If the colour changes to i)May be Phenolic or
To the given organic red Carboxylic acid group.
compound dip a blue litmus
paper or add blue litmus ii)No characteristic ii)Absence of Phenolic or
solution. colour change carboxylic acid group.

ii)Sodium-bi-carbonate or
sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) test:
To the given organic i)Brisk effervescence of i)Presence of carboxylic
compound or its aq.solution CO2 is obtained. acid group.
add NaHCO3 solution.
ii)No brisk effervescence ii)Absence of carboxylic
is obtained. acid group.
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

iii) Ester formation Test:

To the given organic
compound add 1 ml of ethyl i)Pleasant fruity odour is i)Presence of carboxylic
alcohol and add few drops of observed. acid group.
conc.H2SO4. Heat the
reaction mixture strongly for
about 5 minutes. Then pour ii)No characteristic odour ii)Absence of carboxylic
the mixture into a beaker is observed. acid group.
containing dil.Na2CO3
solution and note the smell.

Organic Qualitative Analysis

1. Alcohol

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Odour: No characteristic odour. Absence of amine,
Note the odour of the organic benzaldehyde, and
compound. phenol.
2. Reaction with litmus paper:
Touch with the moist litmus No characteristic colour Absence of carboxylic
paper with an organic change. acid, phenol, and amine.
compound.
3. Ceric ammonium nitrate
test:
To the given organic
compound add few dropsof Wine red colouration. Alcohol group is present.
ceric ammonium nitrate
solution. .
4. Add a pellet of KOH to 1 ml
of liquid organic compound
and warm it to dissolve KOH. Yellow precipitate is Presence of alcohol group
Cool it and add few drops of obtained. is confirmed.
CS2 and shake.
5. Test for Phenolic group:
i)Ferric chloride Test:
Take 1 ml of neutral ferric
chloride (FeCl3) solution in No characteristic colour Absence of phenolic
aclean test tube and add 2 -3 change. group.
drops of organic compound to
it.
ii) Phthalein Dye Test:
Take 0.1 g of organic
compound and add equal
amount of phthalic anhydride. No Characteristic colour Absence of phenolic
Add 1-2 drops of change group.
conc.H2SO4. Heat the test
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

tube for 1 min and pour the

content 50ml of NaOH
solution.
6.
2,4-Dinitrophenyl .
hydrazine Test(2,4-DNP
test):
To the given organic
compound add rectified spirit No characteristic Absence of aldehyde or
and add 2 drops of precipitate is obtained. ketone group.
dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution. Shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.

7. Test for carboxylic group

(-COOH):
i)Litmus test:
To the given organic No characteristic colour Absence of Phenolic or
compound dip a blue litmus change carboxylic acid group.
paper or add blue litmus
solution.

ii)Sodium-bi-carbonate or
sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) test: No brisk effervescence is Absence of carboxylic acid
To the given organic obtained. grou
compound or its aq.solution
add NaHCO3 solution.

Report: The given organic compound contains : Alcohol group

2. PHENOL

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic Phenolic odour. May be phenol.
compound.
2. Reaction with litmus paper:
Touch with the moist litmus
paper with an organic Blue litmus turns red. May be carboxylic acid or
compound. phenol.

3. Ceric ammonium nitrate

test:
To the given organic
compound add few drops of No wine red colouration Absence of alcohol group.
ceric ammonium nitrate is observed.
solution.
4. Add a pellet of KOH to 1 ml
of liquid organic compound
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

and warm it to dissolve KOH. No yellow precipitate is

Cool it and add few drops of obtained
CS2 and shake. Absence of alcohol group.
5. Test with Bromine water:
To a small amount of organic
compound in a test tube add Decolouration with Presence of aromatic
2 ml of distilled water to formation of white amine or phenol.
dissolved it. To this solution precipitate.
add few drops of bromine
water and shake it well.

6. Test for Phenolic group:

i)Ferric chloride Test:
Take 1 ml of neutral ferric
chloride (FeCl3) solution in Appearance of blue, Phenolic group is present.
aclean test tube and add 2 -3 green or violet colour.
drops of organic compound to
it.
ii) Phthalein Dye Test:
Take 0.1 g of organic
compound and add equal
amount of phthalic anhydride.
Add 1-2 drops of The solution becomes Presence of phenolic
conc.H2SO4. Heat the test pink colour. group is confirmed.
tube for 1 min and pour the
content 50ml of NaOH
solution.
7.
2,4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine Test(2,4-DNP
test):
To the given organic
compound add rectified spirit No characteristic Absence of aldehyde or
and add 2 drops of precipitate is obtained. ketone group.
dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution. Shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.

Report: The given organic compound contains : Phenolic group

T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

3. ALDEHYDE

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic Bitter almond odour. May be benzaldehyde.
compound.
2. Reaction with litmus paper:
Touch with the moist litmus
paper with an organic No characteristic colour Absence of carboxylic
compound. change. acid, phenol, and amine.
3. Ceric ammonium nitrate
test:
To the given organic No wine red colouration Absence of alcohol group.
compound add few dropsof is observed.
ceric ammonium nitrate
solution.
4. Test for Phenolic group:
Ferric chloride Test:
Take 1 ml of neutral ferric
chloride (FeCl3) solution in No characteristic colour Absence of phenolic
aclean test tube and add 2 -3 change. group.
drops of organic compound to
it.

5. Test for Aldehydic (-CHO)

and Ketonic (-CO-) group:

i)2,4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine Test(2,4-DNP
test): An yellowish orange May be presence of
To the given organic precipitate is obtained. aldehyde or ketone group
compound add rectified spirit
and add 2 drops of
dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution. Shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes
ii)Schiff’s Test:
To 1 ml of the organic A pink colour appears Presence of aldehyde
compound add 2-3 drops of group.
Schiff”s reagent.
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

6. iii) Tollen’s Test:

To the given organic
compound add 1 ml of Shining silver mirror is Presence of aldehyde
tollen’s reagent and warm the formed. group.
mixture on a water bath for
about 5 minutes.
iv) Fehling’s Test: .
To the given organic
compound add 1 ml of each A brick red precipitate is Presence of aldehyde
Fehling’s solution A & B. formed. group.
Boil the solution for 2
minutes.

7. Test for carboxylic group

(-COOH):
i)Litmus test:
To the given organic
compound dip a blue litmus No characteristic colour Absence of Phenolic or
paper or add blue litmus change carboxylic acid group.
solution.

ii)Sodium-bi-carbonate or
sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) test:
To the given organic No brisk effervescence is Absence of carboxylic acid
compound or its aq.solution obtained. group.
add NaHCO3 solution.

Report: The given organic compound contains : Aldehyde group

4. KETONE

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic Absence of amine,
compound. No characteristic odour. benzaldehyde, and phenol.
2. Reaction with litmus paper:
Touch with the moist litmus
paper with an organic No characteristic colour Absence of carboxylic
compound. change. acid, phenol, and amine.
3. Ceric ammonium nitrate
test:
To the given organic No wine red colouration Absence of alcohol group.
compound add few dropsof is observed.
ceric ammonium nitrate
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

solution.
4. Add a pellet of KOH to 1 ml
of liquid organic compound No yellow precipitate is
and warm it to dissolve KOH. obtained Absence of alcohol group.
Cool it and add few drops of
CS2 and shake.
5. Test for Phenolic group:
Ferric chloride Test:
Take 1 ml of neutral ferric No characteristic colour Absence of phenolic
chloride (FeCl3) solution in change. group.
aclean test tube and add 2 -3
drops of organic compound to
it.

6. Test for Aldehydic (-CHO)

and Ketonic (-CO-) group:
i)Schiff’s Test:
To 1 ml of the organic No pink colour observed iPresence of ketone group.
compound add 2-3 drops of
Schiff”s reagent.
. ii) Tollen’s Test:
To the given organic
compound add 1 ml of
tollen’s reagent and warm the Shining silver mirror is Presence of ketone group.
mixture on a water bath for not observed.
about 5 minutes.

iii) Fehling’s Test: Presence of ketone group.

To the given organic No brick red precipitate
compound add 1 ml of each is formed.
Fehling’s solution A & B.
Boil the solution for 2
minutes.

iv)2,4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine Test(2,4-DNP
test):
To the given organic
compound add rectified spirit An yellowish orange May be presence of
and add 2 drops of precipitate is obtained. aldehyde or ketone group.
dinitrophenyl hydrazine
solution. Shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

7. Test for carboxylic group

(-COOH):
i)Litmus test:
To the given organic No characteristic colour Absence of Phenolic or
compound dip a blue litmus change carboxylic acid group.
paper or add blue litmus
solution.

ii)Sodium-bi-carbonate or
sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) test: No brisk effervescence is Absence of carboxylic acid
To the given organic obtained. group.
compound or its aq.solution
add NaHCO3 solution.

Report: The given organic compound contains : Ketone group

5. CARBOXYLIC ACID

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Odour:
Note the odour of the organic No characteristic odour. Absence of amine,
compound. benzaldehyde, and phenol.
2. Reaction with litmus paper:
Touch with the moist litmus Blue litmus turns red. May be carboxylic acid or
paper with an organic phenol.
compound.
3. Ceric ammonium nitrate
test:
To the given organic No wine red colouration Absence of alcohol group.
compound add few dropsof is observed.
ceric ammonium nitrate
solution.
4. Add a pellet of KOH to 1 ml
of liquid organic compound
and warm it to dissolve KOH. No yellow precipitate is Absence of alcohol group.
Cool it and add few drops of obtained
CS2 and shake.
5. Test for Phenolic group:
Ferric chloride Test:
Take 1 ml of neutral ferric No characteristic colour Absence of phenolic
chloride (FeCl3) solution in change. group.
aclean test tube and add 2 -3
drops of organic compound to
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

it.
.

6. 2,4-Dinitrophenyl
hydrazine Test(2,4-DNP
test):
To the given organic
compound add rectified spirit
and add 2 drops of No characteristic Absence of aldehyde or
dinitrophenyl hydrazine precipitate is obtained. ketone group.
solution. Shake the mixture
and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.

7. Test for carboxylic group

(-COOH):
i)Litmus test:
To the given organic
compound dip a blue litmus If the colour changes to May be Phenolic or
paper or add blue litmus red Carboxylic acid group.
solution.

ii)Sodium-bi-carbonate or
sodium hydrogencarbonate
(NaHCO3) test:
To the given organic
compound or its aq.solution Brisk effervescence of Presence of carboxylic
add NaHCO3 solution. CO2 is obtained. acid group.

iii) Ester formation Test: .

To the given organic
compound add 1 ml of ethyl
alcohol and add few drops of
conc.H2SO4. Heat the Pleasant fruity odour is Presence of carboxylic
reaction mixture strongly for observed. acid group.
about 5 minutes. Then pour
the mixture into a beaker
containing dil.Na2CO3
solution and note the smell.

Report: The given organic compound contains : Carboxylic acid group.

Term - II
Content Based Experiment – Preparation of Inorganic compounds:
Preparation of double salt of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FAS) or Mohr’s
Salt.
Aim:
To prepare a pure sample of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt)
[FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O]
T.D.Kishorilal M.Sc.,M.Phil.,B.Ed., DHMS
PGT Assistant / Chemistry
Cell: 9790447297

Theory:
Mohr’s salt is prepared by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulphate
and ammonium sulphate in water containing a little amount of sulphuric acid, and then
subjecting the resulting solution to crystallization when light green crystals of ferrous
ammonium sulphate. FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O separate out.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O
Ferrous sulphate Ammonium sulphate Mohr’s salt
278 132 392

Materials Required:
250 ml beaker or conical flask, glass rod, tripod stand, funnel, burner, wire guaze,
watch glass, china dish, and filter paper.
Ferrous sulphate crystals, ammonium sulphate crystals, dilute sulphuric acid .
Procedure:
1. Weigh 7.0g ferrous sulphate and 3.5 g ammonium sulphate crystals separately.
2. Dissolve them separately in 20 ml of distilled water containing 1 to 2 ml of dilute
sulphuric acid in a beaker. Stir the solution well.
3. Filter the solution with the help of funnel, so as to remove suspended impurities and
transfer the filtrate to a china-dish.
4. Heat the above solution in a china dish till crystallization point is reached.
5. Keep the solution undisturbed for slow cooling.
6. After an hour, crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate will be observed.
7. Decant off the mother liquor quickly. Wash the crystal in the china dish with small
quantity of alcohol to remove any sulphuric acid sticking to the crystals.
8. Dry the crystals between the fold of a filter paper.
9. Observe the colour and shape of the crystals.
10. Weigh the dried crystals and note down the yield.
Precautions:
 Do not allow the solution to cool rapidly because slow cooling gives good crystals.
 During crystallization, solution should not be disturbed and it should be covered with
watch glass.
 Do not heat the solution for a long time as it may oxidize ferrous ions to ferric ions.
 Dry crystal should be kept in a dry and air tight container, otherwise they will get
oxidized.
 Do not forget to add dil.H2SO4 while dissolving ferrous sulphate.
 If the solution becomes yellow in colour. Throw it and start the process again.

Observation:
Colour of crystals - Pale Green.
Shape of the crystals - Crystal powdery
Yield of crystals - -------------g
Note: The crystals of Mohr’s salt are monoclinic in shape

Term- I Content Based Experiments

Identification of Carbohydrates, Proteins or Fats in the given food samples.

Aim: To identify the presence of carbohydrate, protein or fat in the given food sample.