13/02/2025

Design Aspects of tunnels

Lecture # 6
Spiral Casing Lecture # 7

Determination of Overburden Depth

Where N or Ns =speed of turbine in rpm

m = meter
Pressure head of
water in terms of
depth

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Spiral Casing Lecture # 7

Numerical Lecture # 7

 Consider a discharge Qϴ in a section of spiral case Problem # 1

 A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diameters of 0.8m and 1.2m
defined by an angle ϴ, thus: Qϴ =Qϴ/2π; respectively discharges water at the outlet with a velocity of 3 m/s. The
total length of the draft tube is 8m and 2m of it is immersed in water. If the
 where Q = total discharge from the penstock; atmospheric pressure 10.3m of water and head loss due to friction is 0.25
times the velocity head at the outlet of the tube, find the pressure head at
 ϴ is guiding blade angle the inlet and efficiency of the draft tube.

 The velocity at any point within the spiral case is Diameter at the inlet Di =0.8m.
diameter at the outlet Do = 1.2m.
divided as (i) Radial velocity, vr and
Velocity at the outlet = V2 = 3 m/s.
(ii) Tangential velocity, vt total length = Hs+y = 8m, y=2m
Hs =8-2 = 6m.
V22 pa
vt = k/r; Where k is the vortex strength h f  0.25  10.3
2g w
Where w = ρg = Specific weight of water
k = 30ɳgh/(Nπ) Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 2/13/2025 2 2 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 5127

Spiral Casing Lecture # 7

Numerical Lecture # 7

 Velocity at the entrance of the runner or exit of the  Discharge at the outlet is

penstock:  
Q  A2V2  Do2V2  (1.2) 2 (3)  3.393m 3 / sec
4 4
 To retain the velocity vp throughout the scroll case  Velocity at inlet is

and when Qϴ =Qϴ/2π, the x-sectional area of the Q 3.393

V1    6.75m / sec
A1  4 (0.8) 2
scroll case at angle ϴ can be determined using
 Then writing the energy equation between inlet and outlet points
the following relation

 V 
2
p1  pa V2
  H s    1  2  h f 
w  w   2 g 2g 
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Numerical Lecture # 7
Numerical Lecture # 7

p1  6.752 32 32 
 10.3  6      0.25 
w  2 (9 . 81) 2 (9 . 81) 2 (9 .81) 
Pressure head  2.3219 m of water

d 
V
1
2
2 g  V22 2 g  h f 
Efficiency = Output / Input
V12 2 g
 6.752 32  32
 2(9.81)  2(9.81)   0.25 2(9.81)
   0.7530
6.752
2(9.81)
efficiency  75.3%

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 7129 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 10129

Numerical Lecture # 7
Turbines Lecture # 8

Problem # 2. A runoff river plant uses a mean head of 15 m

Discharge equation Important
and generates approximately 60 MW. The load factor of the Va1 and Va2 are the axial

installation is 55%. Take the overall efficiency of 94%

Q  DBVaf  D1 B1V f
1
flow at inlet and outlet
respectively. Also written as
a2 Vf and Vf1 respectively.

• Determine the number type and specific speed of the B and B1 are the widths of runner at inlet and outlet
turbine to be selected If t is the thickness of the vanes and there are n
number of vanes then
• Design the scroll case for one of the turbines

Q  D  nt BVaf 1

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 8129 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 11 52

Numerical Lecture # 7
Turbines Lecture # 8

Q # 1. An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters

as 1.2m and 0.6m respectively. The velocity of flow through the runner is
constant and is equal to 1.8m/s. determine the discharge through the runner
and the width at the outlet if the width at the inlet is 20 cm.

D = 1.2m, D1 = 0.6m.

Vf1 =Vf =1.8 m/s.

Q  DBVf   (1.2)0.2(1.8)  1.357168

DBV f  D1 B1V f

Vf  Vf1
DB  D1 B1  B1  DB / D1  1.2(0.2) / 0.6
 0.4 m  40cm.

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 9129 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 2/13/2025 12 12

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Turbines Lecture # 8
Turbines Lecture # 8

Q # 2 . A reaction turbine works at 500 rpm under a head of 100m. The

diameter of the turbine at the inlet is 100cm and the flow area is 0.35
sq.m. The angle made by the absolute and relative velocities at the inlet
are 15 and 60 degrees respectively with the tangential velocity direction.
Determine discharge, power developed, efficiency assuming that the
velocity of whirl (Vw)at outlet is zero.

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Turbines Lecture # 8
Turbines Lecture # 8

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Turbines Lecture # 8
Turbines Lecture # 9

 Classification of Turbines Based on

Head and Discharge:
Head:
 Low head, 1.5-15m, reaction-Propeller

 Medium head, 16-70m, reaction-Kaplan

 High head, 71-500m, reaction- Francis

 Very high head, >500m, Impulse-Pelton

Discharge:
 Low discharge, Impulse- Pelton

 Intermediate discharge, Reaction-Francis

 High discharge, Reaction-Kaplan

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Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 The synchronous speed of a generator is given  Specific Speed

 It is defined as the speed of turbine which develops a
by
unit power when working under a unit head.

 Where: N is the speed in rpm;

 It is used to compare different types of turbines which are
 f = frequency of the generator (usually 50 hz or identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade angles
60 hz), and gate opening etc. H 5/ 2
P  N s2
N2
 p- number of pair of poles of the generator.
N P
Where P = Power, N is the N s  5/ 4
 As f and p are constants thus N is constant. turbine rotation and H is the
H
Head of water
Ns is the Specific Speed of Turbine
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 1919 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 2222

Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 Speed factor, .

v = peripheral speed of the bucket or vanes.

D= at the nominal diameter.
V= the theoretical velocity of water =√2gH H 5/ 2
P  N s2
H = effective head acting on the turbine N2 H
H

N = Speed in rpm. N P
N s  5/ 4 H
H H
 = angular velocity.
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 2020 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 2323

Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 In most hydropower design problems, one would

typically know beforehand the available head H
and the total available flow-rate Q.

 Then the power P produced by the turbine,

assuming an efficiency of 100% and no head
losses, could be estimated from above equation

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Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 Procedure in preliminary selection of Turbines

γ = specific weight N P 300 2648.7

Ns    219.9rpm
H 5/ 4 305 / 4
,  = speed factor

 Since the range of specific speed for Francis

reaction turbine is from 51 to 255, therefore this
is a Francis reaction turbine.

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Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

Example Problem . A proposed hydro development is to have four

horizontal-shafted 5-MW turbines that will be operating under a rated
net head of 16 ft. The turbine runners have been preliminarily sized at a
diameter of d= 217 in., with a speed, n, of 54.5 rpm. The atmospheric
pressure head, ha is 33.7 ft of water; the vapor pressure head, hv is 0.6 ft of
water; and the minimum tailwater elevation is 416 ft MSL. Figure shows
the results of a model test for a unit of the proper specific speed for the
given site conditions. Using the model test curves, find

 Required turbine centerline elevation allowing for a safety margin of 10 ft

 Safety margin if the turbine is operated under a head of 13 ft

 Turbine horsepower output at the rated head

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 2626 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 29

Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 Example 1 : A turbine operates under a head of 30m at Solution:

300 rpm. The discharge is 10 cumecs. If the overall
efficiency is 90%, determine the specific speed, power  The following definition of speed coefficient, ɸ
generated and the type of turbine. and unit power, p1, were used

Solution:
H  30m; N  300rpm; Q  10m 3 / s;o  90%  0.9

P g 0.9(1000)9.81(10)30
o   P  o QH 
wQH 1000 1000
1000
P  2648.7 kW .

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Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 Calculating ɸ
b) For operating head h=13 ft

 from the test curves, for ɸ =1.61,

 The 0.91 is just inside the operating range indicated by the boundary
marking the physical limit of the operating region of the unit as tested.
This is where the power output indicated by the unit power, p1 , is a
maximum for that value of speed coefficient, ɸ

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Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 The safety margin SM will be  This is less than the specified value of 10 ft, so the setting may need to
be modified and be governed by the minimum operating head, hmin

 At rated head hd -16 ft,

 Also

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 32 Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 35

Turbines Lecture # 9
Turbines Lecture # 9

 Assuming a generator efficiency of 0.97 at maximum

output, the kilowatt power output should be

 Based on rated output of 5 MW, this indicates

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