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Cours5 - Properties of Determinant.

The document outlines key properties of determinants, including conditions under which the determinant is zero and how it changes with row operations. It also defines the inverse of a matrix and provides methods for calculating it, such as using cofactors and adjoint matrices. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate these concepts.

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tulinbeauty98
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23 views7 pages

Cours5 - Properties of Determinant.

The document outlines key properties of determinants, including conditions under which the determinant is zero and how it changes with row operations. It also defines the inverse of a matrix and provides methods for calculating it, such as using cofactors and adjoint matrices. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

tulinbeauty98
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROPERTIES OF A DETERMINANT

PROPERTY 1.
If all the elements of a row or column are, null then the
determinant is null.

0 2 1
|0 −1 3 | = a1,1A1,1 + a2,1 A2,1 + a3,1 A3,1
0 −5 −1
= 0.A1,1 + 0.A2,1 + 0.A3,1 = 0
PROPERTY 2.
If the elements in one row (or column) are combined k
times with the corresponding elements in another row
(or column), the value of the determinant remains
unchanged.
This property is used to display zeros.
1 2 1 1 2 1
|𝐴| = |−1 −3 2| = 16 L2 + L1 |𝐵| = |0 −1 3|
L3 – 3L1
3 1 2 0 −5 −1

|𝐵| = 1|−1 3
| =1 + 15 = 16
−5 −1
PROPERTY 3.
If two rows (or 2 columns) are proportional or identical,
the determinant is zero.
2 2 1 0 2 1
|6 −1 3| C1 - 2C3 |0 −1 3|=0
−2 −5 −1 0 −5 −1

PROPERTY 4.
If we permute two rows or two columns, the
determinant changes sign.

1 2 1
|𝐴| = |−1 −3 2| = 16 L1 L3
3 1 2
3 1 2 0 −8 8
|𝐵| = |−1 −3 2| = L1 +3L2 |−1 −3 2|
L3 + 12
1 2 1 0 −1 3
−8 8
1| | = -24 + 8 = - 16
−1 3
PROPERTY 5.

AT =|𝐴|
1 −1 3 1 −1 3
AT = |2 −3 1|= L2 – 2L1
|0 −1 −5|
1 2 2 L3 - L1 0 3 −1

−1 −5
1| | = 1 + 15 = 16
3 −1
PROPERTY 6.
If each element of row (or column) is multiplied by a
scalar k, the determinant is multiplied by the scalar k.
1 2 1 1 2 1
|𝐴| = |−1 −3 2| = 16 2L2 |𝐵| = |−2 −6 4|
3 1 2 3 1 2
L2 + 2L1
L3 – 3L1

1 2 1
|𝐵| = |0 −2 6
−2 6 | = 1| | = =2+30 = 32 = 2.16
−5 −1
0 −5 −1

PROPERTY 7.
If A and B are two square matrices:

|𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵 | = |𝐵||𝐴|


Example.
1 1 1 0 1 0
A= (2 −1 0 ) and B= (2 0 3)
0 1 −1 1 1 −1
Let's calculate the product AB.
0 1 0
(2 0 3)
1 1 −1
1 1 1 3 2 2
AB = (2 −1 0 ) (−2 2 −3)
0 1 −1 1 −1 4
3 2 2 3 2 2
|𝐴𝐵| =|−2 2 −3| |0 0 5| =-5(-5)= 25
L2 + 2L3
1 −1 4 1 −1 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
|𝐴|= |2 −1 0| L3 + L1 = |2 −1 0| = 4+1=5
0 1 −1 1 2 0
0 1 0
|𝐵|= |2 0 3 | = -1(-5) = 5.
1 1 −1
INVERSE OF MATRIX.
Definition: Inverse of a Matrix

Let 𝐴 be a 𝑛×𝑛 matrix. The inverse of 𝐴 (denoted by A-1) is a 𝑛×𝑛 matrix that
satisfies 𝐴 A-1=𝐼n, A-1𝐴=𝐼n, where 𝐼n is the 𝑛×𝑛 identity matrix. If such a matrix
exists, we say that matrix 𝐴 is invertible.

Remark:

Let A and A-1 be the inverse matrix.


1 −1 𝑎 𝑏
A=( ) A-1 = ( )
1 2 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑑 1 0
A A-1 = ( ) =( )
𝑎 + 2𝑐 𝑏 + 2𝑑 0 1

Four equations with 4 unknowns.

How to find the inverse matrix.


1) Cofactor method
a) Definition: Cofactor Matrix
The cofactor matrix of a square matrix 𝐴= (𝑎i,j) is defined by:

𝐶of(A)= (Ai,j),where each Ai,j is the cofactor of entry 𝑎i,j of 𝐴.

b) Definition: Adjoint Matrices

The adjoint of 𝐴 is the transpose of the cofactor matrix 𝐶of(A): that


is, adj(𝐴)=(𝐶of(A))T.

c) Formula: Inverse of a Matrix

If 𝐴 is an invertible matrix, then its inverse is:

1
A-1= adj(A) where adj(𝐴) is the adjoint of 𝐴 and |𝑨| is the determinant
|𝐴|
of 𝐴.
Remark:

If |𝑨| = 0 then A is non invertible (A-1 does not exist)


Example 1: Finding the inverse Matrix of a 2 × 2 Matrix

2 −4
Find the cofactor matrix of 𝐴 = ( )
−3 1
A1,1 = 1 A1,2 = 3 A2,1 = 4 A2,2 = 2

1 3 1 4
Cof(𝐴) = ( ) adj(A)= ( )
4 2 3 2

|𝐴|= 2 – 12 = -10
1 𝟏 1 4
A-1= adj(A) = ( )
|𝐴| −𝟏𝟎 3 2

Verification: 𝐴 A-1= I
2 −4 𝟏 1 4 𝟏 2 −4 1 4 𝟏 −10 0 1 0
( ). . ( ) = ( )( ) = ( )=( ) = I2
−3 1 −𝟏𝟎 3 2 −𝟏𝟎 −3 1 3 2 −𝟏𝟎 0 −10 0 1

Example 2: Finding the inverse Matrix of a 3 × 3 Matrix

1 2 1
Find the inverse matrix of 𝐴 = (0 1 2 )
1 0 −1
1 2 1 1 2 1
|𝑨| = |0 1 2| |0 1 2 | = 2 = 0 A is invertible.
L3 - L1
1 0 −1 0 −2 −2

−1 2 −1
Cof(𝐴) = ( 2 −2 2 )
3 −2 1

Three Properties of the Inverse

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