WACHEMOUNI

VERSI
TY

WACHEMOUNI
VERSI
TY
COLLEGEOFENGI
NEERI
NGANDTECHN
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG
PROJECET1:
VERTI
CALPRESSURVESSELDESI
GNPROJECT

NO NAME I
DNO

1: GADI
SADUGO………………………………………………………….
1403735

2: MEGERSAMOHAMMED………………………………………………1404317

SUMM
 Pr
essur
evessel
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Wewoul
dli
ket
oexpr
essourgr
ati
tudedeepestappr
eci
ati
ont
oDR.
ISAYASLATENOWi
thouthi
s
assi
stanceandgui
dance,wewoul
dbel
ostt
hrought
hispr
oject
.Al
lthef
eedbackandsuppor
t
f
rom hi
miswhathel
pedusgett
hought
hispr
oject
.

Wear
eal
sot
hankf
ult
oourseni
orst
udent
sfort
hei
rnon-
stopencour
agementandadv
ice
t
hroughoutourwor
k.I
naddi
ti
on,wewantt
otaket
hisoppor
tuni
tyt
oexpr
essusi
ndept
hfor
t
hei
rcont
inuoussuppor
tthr
oughmor
all
ybypr
ovi
dingdi
ff
erenti
nfor
mat
ionandmat
eri
als
t
hrought
hewhol
epr
ocessoft
hewor
k.Ourt
hanksal
sogot
oourf
ri
ends,cl
assmat
esand
col
l
eagueswhohav
eal
way
srender
edmat
eri
alandmor
alsuppor
tint
hecour
seoft
hewor
kon
t
hispr
ojectdesi
gn.

ABSTRACT

Themai
ntopi
coft
hepr
ojecti
sdesi
gnofpr
essur
evessel
s,dev
elopi
ngmat
eri
alsel
ect
ionand
speci
fyi
ng t
he basi
c desi
gn i
nfor
mat
ion f
ora par
ti
cul
arv
essel
,and t
o hav
e a gener
al
appr
eci
ati
onofpr
essur
evesseldesi
gnt
owor
kef
fect
ivel
y.Adet
ail
edst
udyofv
ari
ouspar
tsof
pr
essur
evessell
i
keshel
l
,cl
osur
e,r
einf
orcement
,fl
ange,andnozzl
e.Thet
hickness,di
ff
erent
st
ressandpr
essur
e,l
oad,wei
ghtofv
ari
ouspar
t,desi
gnpr
essur
eandt
emper
atur
ewi
tht
hei
r
ef
fect
sal
so ment
ioned gener
all
y,t
hepr
ojectconsi
der
ed wi
th pr
essur
evesselofv
ert
ical
or
ient
ati
on.I
nthedesi
gnofpr
essur
e,v
esselsaf
etyi
sthepr
imar
yconsi
der
ati
ons,duet
he
pot
ent
ial
impactofpossi
bleacci
dent
.Ther
ear
eaf
ewmai
nfact
orst
odesi
gnt
hesaf
epr
essur
e
v
essel
.
Thef
act
orst
obeconsi
der
edi
nthesel
ect
ionofsui
tabl
emat
eri
alsf
orpr
essur
evesselar
e
di
scussed.Thesef
act
orsi
ncl
udest
rengt
h,t
oughnessand env
ironment
alf
act
ors.A br
ief
r
evi
ewoft
hemat
eri
alscur
rent
lyav
ail
abl
eisal
soi
ncl
uded.

2|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

LI
STSOFNOTATI
ONANDNOMENCLATURES

Td….
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Desi
gnt
emper
atur
e
t
…..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
thi
ckness

W….
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Wei
ght
Wv
…..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.wei
ghtofv
essel
C.A.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
cor
rosi
onal
l
owance
D. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Nor
mal
str
ess
g….
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Grav
itat
ional
accel
erat
ion
A….
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Ar
ea
Di
…..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.I
nter
nal
diamet
er
Dm.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Meandi
amet
er

L.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Lengt
h

m….
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
met
er

mm.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
…..
.mi
l
li
met
er

MPa.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.…MegaPascal

NB.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.….Remember
Pi
…..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Int
ernal
pressur
e
R.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
radi
us
………………………….shel
lvol
ume

H …………………….
…..
. Hemi
spher
ical
headv
olume
3|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
n……………………….
……f
act
orofsaf
ety

UTS……………………….
..Ul
ti
mat
etensi
l
est
rengt
h

ℎ……………………….
..
.Hei
ghtofHemi
spher
ical

ℎ ……………………….
…Hei
ghtofshel
l

……………………….
…..
.Desi
gnst
ress

………………….
………Tot
aldeadwei
ghtl
oads
…………………….
..
……Yi
eldst
ress

……………………………Di
amet
erofl
ug
………………….
..
…….
..
..
.l
ugt
hickness

LISTOFSYMBOLS
P:desi gnpr essur eoranal lowabl
ewor ki
ngPressur
e
PO:operat i
ngpr essur e
Ri:insi
der adi usoft hev essel
Ro: outsider adi usoft hev essel
S:maxi mum al lowabl est ress
E:Joi ntef ficiencyt: requiredthethi
ckness
tn: mini mum t hicknesspr ov i
dedforthenozzl
e
tn:s
r electedt hi cknessf ort henozzl
e
W :wei ghtoft hev essel
Dm :meandi amet er
T: designt emper atur e, °
C
TO:oper ati
ngt emper atur e
C: corrosional lowance
Di: i
nsidedi amet eroft hev essel
D: outsidedi amet eroft hev essel
L: l
engthoft heshel l

4|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

TABELOFCONTENTS PAGE

Chapt
erone………………………………………………………………………………….
..
7

1.Desi
gnofpr
essur
evessel
…………………………………………………………….
..
7

1.
1Int
roduct
ionScopes………………………………………………………………………….
.……7

1.
2 Obj
ect
ives…………………………………………………………………………….
8

1.
2.1 Gener
alobj
ect
ive………………………………………………………………….
8

1.
2.2 Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ive………………………………………………………….
…..
..
..
..
8

1.
3 Component
sofpr
essur
evessel
……………………………………………………….
8

1.
4 Appl
i
cat
ionofpr
essur
evessel
………………………………………………….
..
..
..
..
.14

Chapt
erTwo………………………………………………………………………….
…..
..
..
.15

2.Sel
ect
ionofmat
eri
als……………………………………………………….
…….
..
..
..
15

2.
1 Mat
eri
alsel
ect
ionf
act
ors…………………………………………………….
………15

2.
2 Concl
usi
onaboutmat
eri
alsel
ect
ion……………………………………….
…….
.….
18

2.
3 Wel
dingt
ypes…………………………………………………………………….
….19

Chapt
ert
hree………………………………………………………………………….
..
..
..
..
.22

3.Desi
gnanal
ysi
sofpr
essur
evessel
.
………………………………………….
..
…..
….22

3.
1 Desi
gnspeci
fi
cat
ion……….
……………………………………………………….
..
22

3.
1.2.Desi
gnpr
essur
e…………………………………………………………………….
..
23

3.
1.1 Desi
gnoft
emper
atur
e…………………………………………………………….
.23

3.
1.2 Desi
gnmat
eri
als………………………………………………………………….
24

3.
1.4 Desi
gnst
ress………………………………………………………………….
…..
.24

3.
1.5 Desi
gnofl
oad……………………………………………………………….
….…24

3.
2 Desi
gnf
act
orsaf
fect
ing………………………………………………………….
..
.…25

3.
3 No3.
3 N0zl
e,openi
ng&r
einf
orcement
……………………………………………….
..
.…25
5|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
3.
4 Vessel
suppor
ts…………………………………………………………………….
..
.26

3.
4.1Lugsuppor
t………………………………………………………………………….
26

3.
5 Si
zeofpr
essur
evessel
……………………………………………………………….
27

Desi
gnofheadandshel
l
…………………………………………………………….
29

3.
5.1 Desi
gnofshel
lthi
ckness…………………………………………………………29

3.
5.2 Desi
gnofcl
oserhead…………………………………………………….
…….
..
.31

3.
6.2.
1Hemi
spher
ical
head…….
.…………………………………………………….
….31

3.
6 Desi
gnofnozzl
eandr
einf
orcement
…………………………………………….
..
…32

3.
6.1 Desi
gnofnozzl
e………………………………………………………………….
32

3.
6.2 Desi
gnofopeni
ngr
einf
orcement
……………………………………………….
..
33

3.
7 Desi
gnofmanhol
e………………………………………………………………….
..
36

3.
8 Desi
gnofsuppor
t…………………………………………………………………….
37

3.
9 Desi
gnofwel
dedj
oint
.…………………………………………………………….
..
39

3.
10Desi
gnoff
act
orofsaf
ety
………………………………………………………….
..
39

Chapt
erf
our
…………………………………………………………………………….
42

4.
1Det
ail
andassembl
ydr
awi
ngofpr
essur
evessel
……………………………….
……42

4.
1.1Assembl
yDr
awi
ng………………………………………………………….
……42

4.
1.2Det
ail
drawi
ng…………………………………………………………………….
43

4.
2Concl
usi
on……………………………………………………………………………45

4.
3Ref
erences…………………………………………………………………………47

6|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

CHAPTERONE

DESI
GNOFPRESSUREVESSEL

1.
1INTRODUCTI
ON
Pr
essur
evessel
isacl
osedcont
ainerdesi
gnt
ohol
dgasesorl
i
qui
dsatpr
essur
e
subst
ant
ial
l
ydi
ff
erentf
rom t
heambi
entpr
essur
e,whi
chi
scommonl
yusedi
noi
landgas,
or
pet
rol
chemi
cal
indust
ryi
npr
oduci
ngf
uel
oil
andot
heror
gani
cpr
oduct
s.I
tal
soi
mpor
tantf
or
ot
heri
ndust
ri
esl
i
kef
oodandmedi
cal
product
spr
ocessi
ng,
aer
ospaceandai
rcr
aftf
uel
tank
andot
herpot
ent
ial
appl
i
cat
ion.Thei
nsi
depr
essur
eisusual
l
yhi
ghert
hant
heout
side,
except
f
orsomei
sol
atedsi
tuat
ions.Pr
essur
evessel
sof
tenhav
eacombi
nat
ionofhi
ghpr
essur
es
t
oget
herwi
thhi
ght
emper
atur
es,
andi
nsomecasesf
lammabl
efl
uidsorhi
ghl
yradi
oact
ive
mat
eri
als.Becauseofsuchhazar
dsi
tisi
mper
ati
vet
hatt
hedesi
gnbesucht
hatnol
eakage
canoccur
.
Themat
eri
alofpr
essur
evesselmaybebr
it
tl
esuchascasti
ron,
orduct
il
esuchasmi
l
d
st
eel
.The pr
imar
ytask ofMechani
calengi
neer
ing i
sto appl
ysci
ences t
othe pr
ocess
i
ndust
ri
es,whi
char
epr
imar
il
yconcer
ned,wi
tht
heconv
ersi
onofr
aw mat
eri
ali
ntof
ini
shed
pr
oductbyphy
sical
means.

Thedesi
gnr
ulei
nthecodesandl
i
mit
edt
ovessel
sofhemi
spher
ical
shapesunder
i
nter
nal
orext
ernal
pressur
eandt
oheadandnozzl
esat
tachmentf
orsuchv
essel
’
srul
esf
or
mor
ecompl
i
cat
edt
ypesofconst
ruct
ion.Thecoder
ecei
vest
hatt
heshel
lpr
ovi
deddet
ail
sof
const
ruct
iont
hatwi
l
lbeassaf
east
hosepr
ovi
dedbyt
her
ulesoft
hecode.Somepr
obl
em of
desi
gner
sofel
l
ipsoi
dal
pressur
evessel
sthathav
ethei
raxi
sver
ti
cal
andsubj
ect
edt
oappl
i
ed
f
orcesi
naddi
ti
ont
oint
ernal
andext
ernal
pressur
ethev
ert
ical
for
cesconsi
der
edar
ethe
wei
ghtofanyat
tachment
stov
essel
s.Pr
essur
evessel
sar
einaccor
dancewi
thASMEcode.
Thecodegi
vesf
ort
hicknessandst
ressofbasi
ccomponent
s,i
tisupt
othedesi
gnert
osel
ect
appr
opr
iat
eanal
yti
cal
aspr
ocedur
efordet
ermi
ningst
ressduet
oot
herl
oadi
ngs.

2S
1. COPEOFPROJECT
I
nthi
spr
ojectpr
essent
sthemechani
cal
desi
gnanddi
mensi
oni
ngofapr
essur
evessel
7|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
whi
chusedf
oranyappl
l
icat
ion.
Themai
ntopi
cconsi
der
edi
sthedesi
gnofpr
essur
e
v
essel
s.Dev
elopi
ngmat
eri
alsel
ect
ionandspeci
fyi
ngt
het
hebasi
cdesi
gni
nfor
mat
ionf
ora
par
ti
cul
arv
essel
,andt
ohav
eagener
alappr
eci
ati
onofpr
essur
evessel
desi
gnt
owor
k
ef
fect
ivel
y.

1.
3Obj
ect
ives

1.
3.1Gener
alobj
ect
ives

✓ Todesi
gnpr
essur
evessel
sandabl
etocal
cul
ate,
anal
yti
cst
ressandst
rengt
hin
pr
essur
evessel
.

✓ Gai
nknowl
edgeofpr
opermat
eri
alsel
ect
ionf
orpr
essur
evessel
sappl
i
cat
ionand
gai
nknowl
edgeofwel
dingcodest
andar
d.

✓ Topr
ovi
det
hebasi
candt
hemaj
orconcept
sofpr
essur
evessel
desi
gnand
under
standi
ngofpr
essur
evessel
s.

✓ Tobui
l
doursel
f-
compet
entengi
neer
sindesi
gn,
costest
imat
ion,
andpr
oject
managementf
orv
ari
oust
ypeofpr
essur
evessel
s.

1.
3.2Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives

✓ Todesi
gn,
dev
elop,
andbui
l
dashemi
spher
ical
pressur
evessel
wit
hver
ti
cal
or
ient
ati
on.

✓ Toext
remepr
essur
eequal
l
ydi
str
ibut
edont
hewal
lsur
faceofel
l
ipt
ical
-el
l
ipt
ical
pr
essur
evessel
s.

✓ Tospeci
fi
cat
ionv
essel
desi
gnbyf
oll
owi
ngpl
atecol
umn:
-

 Det
ermi
necol
umnwal
lthi
ckness.

 Sel
ect
ionandsi
zi
ngofv
essel
heads.

 Rei
nfor
cement
s(necessar
ymanhol
esandopeni
ng)
.

 Dev
elopnozzl
eandf
langes.

 Desi
gni
ngsuppor
ti
ngl
ugandbaser
ing(
fl
ange)
8|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
1.
4COMPONTSOFPRESSUREVESSEL
Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethemai
ncomponent
sofpr
essur
eVessel
singener
al:
-

 Vessel
Shel
lHead

 Nozzl
e

 Suppor
t

 Fl
ange

 Manhol
e

VESSELSHELL
Theshel
li
sthepr
imar
ycomponentt
hatcont
ainst
hepr
essur
e.Pr
essur
evessel
shel
l
sar
e
wel
dedt
oget
hert
ofor
m ast
ruct
uret
hathasacommonr
otat
ional
axi
s.Mostpr
essur
evessel
shel
l
sar
ecy
li
ndr
ical
,spher
ical
,orconi
cal
inshape.

HEAD
Al
lpr
essur
evessel
shel
l
smustbecl
osedatt
heendsbyheads(
oranot
hershel
lsect
ion)
.
Headsar
ety
pical
l
ycur
vedr
athert
hanf
lat
.Cur
vedconf
igur
ati
onsar
est
rongerandal
l
owt
he
headst
obet
hinner
,li
ght
er,
andl
essexpensi
vet
hanf
latheads.Theheadsar
enor
mal
l
ymade
f
rom t
hesamemat
eri
alast
heshel
landmaybewel
dedt
otheshel
li
tsel
f.Theyal
somaybe
i
ntegr
alwi
tht
heshel
li
nfor
gedorcastconst
ruct
ion.Theheadgeomet
ri
cal
desi
gni
s
dependentont
hegeomet
ryoft
heshel
laswel
lasot
herdesi
gnpar
amet
erssuchasoper
ati
ng
t
emper
atur
eandpr
essur
e.
I
nourpr
ojectt
heheadweusei
npr
essur
evessel
isHemi
spher
i head.
cal

(
a)Hemi
spher
ical
head

NOZZLE
9|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
Nozzl
esandOpeni
ngsi
npr
essur
evessel
sint
her
egi
onsofshel
l
sorheadsar
erequi
redt
o
ser
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngpur
poses:
-
 Manway
sforl
ett
ingper
sonnel
inandoutoft
hev
essel
toper
for
mrout
inemai
ntenance
andr
epai
r
 Hol
esf
ordr
aini
ngorcl
eani
ngt
hev
essel
 Handhol
eopeni
ngsf
ori
nspect
ingt
hev
essel
from out
side
 Nozzl
esat
tachedt
opi
pest
oconv
eyt
hewor
kingf
lui
dinsi
deandout
sideoft
hev
essel
If
t
heopeni
ngi
nacl
osur
eofcy
li
ndr
ical
vessel
exceedone-
hal
fthei
nsi
dedi
amet
erofshel
l
,
t
heopeni
ngandcl
osur
eshoul
dbef
abr
icat
edandot
her
srequi
rer
einf
orcement
.Smal
l
si
zesofopeni
ngswel
dedorbr
azedt
oav
essel
donotr
equi
rer
einf
orcement
.Int
hecase
ofshel
l
,openi
ngr
equi
ri
ngr
einf
orcementi
nvessel
underi
nter
nal
pressur
ethemet
al
r
emov
edmustber
epl
acedbyt
hemet
alofr
einf
orcement
.Inaddi
ti
ont
o pr
ovi
dingt
he
ar
eaofr
einf
orcement
,adequat
ewel
dsmustbepr
ovi
dedt
oat
tacht
hemet
alof
r
einf
orcementandt
hei
nducedst
ressesmustbeev
aluat
ed. Mat
eri
alsusedf
or
r
einf
orcementshal
lhav
eanal
l
owabl
est
ressv
alueequal
toorgr
eat
ert
hanoft
he
mat
eri
ali
nthi
svessel
wal
lexceptt
hat
,whensuchmat
eri
ali
snotav
ail
abl
e,l
ower
st
rengt
hmat
eri
almaybeused;
prov
ided,
ther
einf
orcementi
sincr
easedi
ninv
erse
pr
opor
ti
ont
other
ati
ooft
heal
l
owabl
est
ressv
aluesoft
het
womat
eri
alst
other
ati
oof
t
het
womat
eri
alst
ocompensat
efort
hel
oweral
l
owabl
est
ressv
alueofany
r
einf
orcementhav
ingahi
gheral
l
owabl
est
ressv
aluet
hant
hatoft
hev
essel
wal
l
.

Fi
g.2.
6Nozzl
es

BOTTOM SUPPORT
Thev
essel
suppor
tisi
ntendedt
osuppor
tthepr
essur
evessel
ont
hesuppor
tbase.The
suppor
thast
obedesi
gnedt
owi
thst
andt
hedeadwei
ghtandsei
smi
cloadi
ngsf
rom t
he
10|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
pr
essur
evessel
andt
oli
mitt
heheatf
lowf
rom t
hev
essel
wal
ltot
hebase.Thepr
essur
evessel
suppor
tst
ruct
ureshoul
dbeabl
etowi
thst
andt
hedeadwei
ghtoft
hev
essel
andi
nter
nal
sand
t
hecont
ainedf
lui
dwi
thoutexper
ienci
ngper
manentdef
ormat
ion.Theonesuppor
tsofpr
essur
e
v
essel
inwhi
chweusei
nourpr
ojecti
scal
l
edl
ugsuppor
t.

Lugsuppor
tLugst
hatar
ewel
dedt
othepr
essur
evessel
shel
l
,mayal
sobeusedt
o
suppor
tver
ti
cal
pressur
evessel
s.Theuseofl
ugsi
sty
pical
l
yli
mit
edt
ovessel
sofsmal
lto
medi
um di
amet
er(
1to10f
t.
)andmoder
atehei
ght
-t
o-di
amet
err
ati
osi
nther
angeof2:
1to5:
1.
Lugsuppor
tsar
eof
tenusedf
orv
essel
soft
hissi
zet
hatar
elocat
edabov
egr
adewi
thi
n
st
ruct
ural
steel
.Thel
ugsar
ety
pical
l
ybol
tedt
ohor
izont
alst
ruct
ural
member
stopr
ovi
de
st
abi
l
ityagai
nstov
ert
urni
ngl
oads;
howev
er,
thebol
thol
esar
eof
tensl
ott
edt
oper
mitf
ree
r
adi
alt
her
mal
expansi
onoft
hedr
um.

Fi
g.2.
2Lugsuppor
t

FLANGE
Usedt
ocoupl
i
ngt
hepi
pewhi
cht
hef
lui
dent
ersorl
i
vet
hepi
pet
othepr
essur
evessel
.Fl
anged
j
oint
sar
eusedf
orconnect
ingpi
pesandi
nst
rument
stov
essel
s,f
ormanhol
ecov
ers,
andf
or
r
emov
abl
evessel
headswheneaseofaccessi
srequi
red.Thegr
eatpopul
ari
tyoff
langesused

11|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
asconnect
orsbet
weenpr
essur
evessel
sandt
ubesnot
wit
hst
andi
ng.Bol
tedf
lange
connect
ionsper
for
m av
eryi
mpor
tantst
ruct
ural
rol
eint
hecl
osur
eoff
langesi
napr
essur
e
v
essel
.Thei
rimpor
tance
st
emsf
rom t
woi
mpor
tantf
unct
ions:
-
(
a)mai
ntenanceoft
hest
ruct
ural
int
egr
it
yoft
heconnect
ioni
tsel
f,and(
b)pr
event
ionof
l
eakaget
hrought
hegasket
spr
eloadedbybol
ts.

Fi
g.2.
5Fl
anges

MANHOLE
I
dent
ical
toanozzl
eexcepti
tdoesnotbol
ttopi
pingandi
thasacov
erpl
ate(
orbl
i
ndf
lange)
,
whi
chi
sbol
tedt
othef
lange.Whenunbol
tedi
tal
l
owsaccesst
othei
nsi
deoft
hev
essel
.
Gener
all
ylar
gei
nsi
ze.

12|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

Fi
g.2.
7Manhol
e

1.
5APPLI
CATI
ONOFPRESSUREVESSELS

Pressur
evessel
sar
eusedt
ost
oreandt
ransmi
tli
qui
ds,
vapor
,andgasesunderpr
essur
ein
general
.
Maj
orusesofpr
essur
ear
easf
oll
ows:

• Usei
nst
eam boi
l
er

• usedi
nst
orageofchemi
cal
inchemi
cal
plant
s

• Usei
nst
orageofpet
rol
eum pr
oduct
s(i
.e.pet
rol
,di
esel
etc.
)

• Al
sousedi
nengi
necy
li
nder
s.

13|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

CHAPTERTWO
2.SELECTI
ONOFMATERI
ALS
2.
1MATERI
ALSELECTI
ON
Sel
ect
ionofmat
eri
alsi
simpor
tantact
ivi
tyt
hati
sessent
ial
forst
ruct
ural
desi
gn.Mat
eri
als
ar
egener
all
ysel
ect
edbyt
heuserf
orwhol
eoft
hepl
antandspeci
fi
cal
l
y,bypr
essur
evessel
desi
gner
/suppl
i
eraccor
dingt
othef
oll
owi
ngcr
it
eri
a.
 Cor
rosi
ve
 phy
sical
eff
ect
s
 Desi
gncondi
ti
on(
temper
atur
e)
 Desi
gnl
i
feandf
ati
gueaf
fect
edev
ent
sdur
ingt
hepl
antl
i
fe
 Ref
erencedcodesandst
andar
ds
 hi
ght
emper
atur
eser
vice
 Wearandabr
asi
onr
esi
stance
 Wel
dingandot
herf
abr
icat
ionpr
ocesses

2.
2MATERI
ALSELECTI
ONFACTOR
Thef
oll
owi
ngmechani
cal
andphy
sical
proper
ti
esar
ever
yimpor
tantf
ort
hesel
ect
ionoft
he
mar
ti
albyusi
ngdi
ff
erentki
ndst
andar Amer
dsuchasASMS( icanSoci
etyf
orMass
spect
romet
ry)
.

 STRENGTH

14|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
 CORROSI
ONRESI
STANCE
 FRACTURETOUGHNESS
 FABRI
CABI
LITY
 TEMPERATURE
 ENVI
RONMENTALACCEPTANCE
2.
2.1BASEDONSTRANGTH
Thest
rengt
hoft
hemar
ti
alar
ebasedont
hemechani
cal
propr
iet
yoft
hemat
eri
alt
hat
usedf
ort
hemosteasy
,fast
,st
rongandl
owcostofpr
oduct
ion.someoft
hemechani
cal
pr
oper
ti
esar
e(y
iel
dst
rengt
h,ul
ti
mat
etensi
lest
rengt
h,cr
eepst
rengt
handr
upt
urest
rengt
h).

• Yi
eldst
rengt
h:-
iti
sther
egi
onwhi
chamat
eri
alchangesf
rom pl
ast
ict
oel
ast
ic
def
ormat
ion.Someoft
hemat
eri
alwef
orourpr
essur
evessel
areshownbel
owand
t
hei
ryi
eldst
rengt
h.Thest
ressl
evel
atwhi
cht
hepl
ast
icdef
ormat
ionbegi
ns.

Met
alal
l
oys Al
umi
num Copper Ni
ckel Casti
ron Car
bonst
eel

Yi
eld 35 69 138 197 250
st
rengt
h
(
Mpa)

Tabl
e2.
1Yi
eldst
rengt
hofal
l
oysR[
5]

• Ul
ti
mat
etensi
lest
rengt
h(UTS)
:-i
tisameasur
eoft
hebasi
cst
rengt
hoft
hemat
eri
al.
it
i
sthemaxi
mum st
resst
hatt
hemat
eri
alwi
l
lst
andandmeasur
ebyast
andar
dtensi
l
e
t
est
.

Tabl
e2.2Ul
ti
mat etensi
l
estr
engt
h R[5]
Mat
eri
al Al
umi
num SA36structur
alst
eel Casti
ron Copper Ni
ckel
Car
bonst
eel

UTS(
Mpa) 90 400 414 200 520

• Cr
eepst
rengt
h:-
Mat
eri
alar
eof
tenpl
easedi
naser
viceatel
evat
edt
emper
atur
eand
exposedt
ost
ati
cmechani
cal
str
esst
hedef
ormat
ionundersuchci
rcumst
ancei
s
t
ermedcr
eep.Thet
imedependentandper
manentdef
ormat
ionofmat
eri
alwhen
subj
ect
edt
oaconst
antl
odeandst
ress.
15|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
Rupt
urest
rengt
h:-I
sthemat
eri
alr
esi
stancet
othef
ract
urecausedbyt
hei
nter
nal
pressur
eof
t
hef
lui
dthatwaspr
esenti
nsi
det
het
ank.andi
tispr
opor
ti
onal
tot
ensi
l
est
rengt
h(UTS)whi
ch
meanst
hemar
ti
alhav
ehi
gh UTSandi
thav
egoodRupt
ure st
rengt
h.
2.
2.2BASEDONCORROSI
ONRESI
STANCE
Cor
rosi
onr
esi
stancei
spar
ti
alorcompl
etewear
ingaway
,di
ssol
vi
ng,
orsof
teni
ngofany
subst
ancebychemi
cal
orel
ect
rochemi
cal
react
ionwi
thi
tsenv
ironment
.Thet
erm cor
rosi
on
speci
fi
cal
l
yappl
i
est
othegr
adual
act
ionofnat
ural
agent
s,suchasai
rorsal
twat
er,
onmet
als.

Themostf
ami
l
iarexampl
eofcor
rosi
oni
sther
ust
ingofi
ron,
acompl
exchemi
cal
r
eact
ioni
nwhi
cht
hei
roncombi
neswi
thbot
hoxy
genandwat
ert
ofor
m hy
drat
edi
ronoxi
de.
Theoxi
dei
sasol
i
dthatr
etai
nst
hesamegener
alf
orm ast
hemet
alf
rom whi
chi
tisf
ormed
but
,por
ousandsomewhatbul
ki
er,
isr
elat
ivel
yweakandbr
it
tl
e.

Chemi
cal Casti
ron Al
umi
num Ni
ckel Copper Car
bonst
eel
SA36

Oi
l G G C C G

Tabl
e2.
3cor
rosi
onpr
oper
ty R[
3]

Wher
e,G-
good

C-
caut
ion-
dependi
ngont
hemar
ti
al

2.
2.3BASEDONFRACTURETOUGHNESS

Theabi
l
ityoft
hemat
eri
alt
hatabsor
bener
gyupt
ofr
act
ure.br
it
tl
efr
act
urewi
thout
appl
i
cabl
edef
ormat
ionandbyr
api
dcr
ankpr
opagat
ion.Thedi
rect
iont
hecr
ackmot
ioni
sver
y
near
lyper
pendi
cul
art
othedi
rect
iont
heappl
i
edt
ensi
l
est
ressandy
iel
dst
ressr
elat
edwi
th
f
ract
uresur
face.Br
it
tl
efr
act
urei
sdependedont
hest
ressconst
ernat
ion(
K).Andst
ress
const
ernat
ionf
aceri
sshownbel
ow.

16|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
Fr
act
uret
oughness(
K),
Map 50 44 Low Low Low

Tabl
e2.
4fr
act
uret
oughnessR[
5]

2.
2.4BASEDONFABRI
CABI
LITY

Basedonhowi
tmadeandcostofpr
oduct
ion.Agui
det
othef
abr
icat
ionpr
oper
ti
esof
commonmet
alsandal
l
oysar
eshownbl
ow.

17|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
Casti
ron S U U S U/
D _

Car
bonst
eel S S(
low S D S(
with 800
car
bon) pr
ecauti
o
n)
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Al
uminum S S D S S 550

Copper
(di
oxi
des) D S S S D 700

Tabl
e2.
5fabr
icabi
l
ityR[
5]

Wher
e S-sat
isf
act
ory

D-
Dif
fi
cul
t,speci
alt
echni
quesneeded.

U-Unsat
isf
act
ory
.
2.
2.5BASEDONTEMPERATURE

Formostv
essel
s,i
fthet
emper
atur
eoft
hemat
eri
ali
ncr
easesst
rengt
hoft
hemat
eri
al
(
ther
mal
str
ess)decr
ease.Thet
emper
atur
eforpr
essur
evessel
sunderext
ernal
pressur
eshal
l
notexceedt
hemaxi
mum t
emper
atur
es.

2.
3 CONCLUSI
ONABOUTTHEMATERI
ALSELECTI
ON

Basedont
hest
rengt
hoft
hemar
ti
alandmechani
cal
propr
iet
yoft
hemat
eri
alwesel
ect
Car
bonst SA/(
eel 36)becausei
thasgoody
iel
dst
rengt
h(250MPa)
,tensi
l
e(UTS)st
rengt
h(400
MPa)
,goodf
ract
uret
oughness,
goodr
esi
stanceoft
emper
atur
e,goodcor
rosi
onr
esi
stance
andi
tcanf
abr
icat
ei

2.
4WELDI
NGR[
2]

Wel
ding,
inengi
neer
ing,
anypr
ocessi
nwhi
cht
woormor
epi
ecesofmet
alar
ejoi
ned
t
oget
herbyt
heappl
i
cat
ionofheat
,pr
essur
e,oracombi
nat
ionofbot
h.Ther
ear
esev
eral
met
hodst
omakewel
dedj
oint
s.I
napar
ti
cul
arcaset
hechoi
ceofat
ypef
rom t
henumer
ous
al
ter
nat
ivesdependson:

18|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

1.
Theci
rcumst
ancesofwel
ding.
2.
Ther
equi
rement
soft
hecode.
3.
Theaspectofeconomy

THECI
RCUMSTANCESOFWELDI
NG:
I
nmanycasest heaccessi
bili
tyoft hejointdet erminesthetypeofweldi
ng.Inasmal
l
di
amet ervessel(under18-24inches)from t hei nsi
de, nomanual weldi
ngcanbeappli
ed.
Usingbackingstrip,i
tmustr emaininplat e.I
nl argerdi amet
ervesselsi
famanwayi snot
used,t
hel ast(cl
osing)joi
ntcanbewel dedf rom out sideonl
y.Thet y
peofweldingmaybe
deter
mi nedalsobyt heequipmentoft hemanuf acturer.

CODEREQUI
REMENTS:
Regar
dingt
het
ypeofj
ointt
heCodeest
abl
i
shesr
equi
rement
sbasedonser
vice,
mat
eri
alandl
ocat
ionoft
hewel
ding.Thewel
dingpr
ocessest
hatmaybeusedi
nthe
const
ruct
ionofv
essel
sar
eal
sor
est
ri
ctedbyt
heCode.

THEECONOMYOFWELDI
NG:
I
fthet
wopr
ecedi
ngf
act
orsal
l
owf
reechoi
ce,
thent
heaspectofeconomymustbet
he
deci
dingf
act
or.Someconsi
der
ati
onconcer
ningt
heeconomyofwel
ding:

✓ V-
edgepr
epar
ati
on,
whi
chcanbemadebyt
orchcut
ti
ng,
isal
way
smor
e
economi
cal
thant
heuseofJorUpr
epar
ati
onandDoubl
eVpr
epar
ati
onr
equi
res
onl
yhal
fthedeposi
tedwel
dmet
alr
equi
redf
orsi
ngl
eVpr
epar
ati
on.

✓ I
ncr
easi
ngt
hesi
zeofaf
il
letwel
d,i
tsst
rengt
hincr
easesi
ndi
rectpr
opor
ti
on,
whi
l
ethedeposi
tedwel
dmet
ali
ncr
easeswi
tht
hesquar
eofi
tssi
ze.

Lowerqual
i
tywel
dingmakesnecessar
ytheuseoft
hickerpl
atef
ort
heVessel
.Whet
her
usi
ngst
rongerwel
dingandt
hinnerpl
ateort
heopposi
tei
smor
eeconomi
cal
,dependsont
he
si
zeofv
essel
,wel
dingequi
pment
,et
c.t
hismustbedeci
dedi
neachpar
ti
cul
arcase.

2.
4.1TYPESOFWELDEDJOI
NTS:

Avari
etyofwel
dedj
oint
sareusedinthefabr
icat
ionofv
essels.Thesel
ect
ionofthet
ypeof
j
ointdependsupontheservi
ce,t
hethicknessofthemetalfabri
cati
onprocedur
eandcode
19|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
r
equi
rement
s

Thet
erm cat
egor
yspeci
fi
est
hel
ocat
ionoft
hej
ointi
nav
essel
,butnott
heTy
peof
j
oint
.Thesecat
egor
iesar
eint
endedf
orspeci
fyi
ngt
hespeci
alr
equi
rement
sRegar
dingt
hej
oint
t
ypeanddegr
eeofi
nspect
ion.I
S-2825speci
fi
es4cat
egor
iesofwel
ds.

Fi
gur
e2.
8Wel
dedj
oint
s–Ty
pical
locat
ionsandCat
egor
iesofwel
ds

a) Cat
egor
yA:
longi
tudi
nal
wel
dedj
oint
swi
thi
nthemai
nsheet
,communi
cat
ingChamber
s,

20|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
noz
zlesandanywel
dedj
oini
t’
swi
thi
naf
ormedorf
lathead.

b) Cat
egor
yB:
cir
cumf
erent
ial
wel
dedj
oint
swi
thi
nthemai
nshel
l
,communi
cat
ing
Chamber
s,nozzl
esandt
ransi
ti
onsi
ndi
amet
eri
ncl
udi
ngj
oint
sbet
weent
heTr
ansl
ati
onsanda
cy
li
nderatei
thert
hel
argeofsmal
lend,
cir
cumf
erent
ial
wel
dedJoi
ntsconnect
ingf
rom heads
t
omai
nshel
l
stonozzl
esandt
ocommuni
cat
ingChamber
s.

c) Cat
egor
yC:
wel
dedj
oint
sconnect
ingf
langes,
tubessheet
sandf
latheadst
omai
n
Shel
l
s,t
ofor
medheads,
tonozzl
esort
ocommuni
cat
ingchamber
sandanyWel
dedj
oint
s
connect
ingonesi
depl
atet
oanot
hersi
depl
ateofaf
latsi
dedv
essel
.

d) Cat
egor
yD:wel
dedj
oint
sconnect
ingcommuni
cat
ingchamber
sornozzl
est
oMai
n
shel
l
s,t
oheadsandt
ofl
atsi
dedv
essel
sandt
hosej
oint
sconnect
ingnozzl
est
o
communi
cat
ingchamber
s.

✓ Wesel
ectCat
egor
ya(
type1)andbut
tjoi
ntf
ort
heshel
landhead.Andi
ts
r
adi
ogr
aphi
cexami
nat
ion(
ful
l
),j
ointef
fi
ciencyi
s(E=0.
7).

2.
4.2JOI
NTEFI
CIENCI
ESANDSTRESSREDUCTI
ONS:

Ef
fi
cienci
esofj
oint
satcer
tai
nlocat
ionsandr
educedal
l
owabl
est
resst
obeusedi
n
cal
cul
ati
onsofv
essel
component
s.Forl
ongi
tudi
nal
str
esscal
cul
ati
ont
heef
fi
ciencyof
par
ti
all
yradi
ogr
aphedj
oint
sist
hesameasf
orspotr
adi
ogr
aphedj
oint
s.Seaml
essv
essel
sect
ionsandheadswi
thCat
egor
yB,
CorDbut
tjoi
ntst
hatar
espotr
adi
ogr
aphedshal
lbe
desi
gnedf
orci
rcumf
erent
ial
str
essusi
ngast
ressv
alueequal
to85%oft
heal
l
owabl
est
ress
v
alueoft
hemat
eri
al;
UW-
12(
b).Whent
hej
oint
sar
enotr
adi
ogr
aphedandf
orj
ointef
fi
ciency
,E
t
hev
aluei
ncol
umnoft
abl
e“Ty
pesofwel
dedj
oint
s”ar
eused,
inal
lot
herdesi
gncal
cul
ati
on,
a
st
ressv
alueequal
to80%oft
heal
l
owabl
est
ressv
alueofmat
eri
alshal
lbeusedexceptf
or
unst
atedf
latheads,
et.

CHAPTERTHREE
DESI
GNANALYSI
SOFPRESSUREVESSEL

21|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
3.
1Desi
gnspeci
fi
cat
ion
✓ Oper
ati
ngpr
essur
e=2.
067MPa

✓ Ser
vicet
emper
at e=150c0
ur

✓ Pr
ocessf
orAi
r

✓ Vol
ume=10243.
18L

✓ HeadCl
oser
-Hemi
spher
ical

✓ Ver
ti
cal
Posi
ti
onandsuppor
tlug

3.
1.1Desi
gnpr
essur
e
Apressurevesselmustbedesignedtowi t
hst
andt hemaxi mum pressuret owhichiti
s
l
ikel
ytobesubjectedinoperati
on.Forvessel
sunderinternalpr
essur
e, thedesignpressur
eis
normal
lyasthepressureatwhi cht
hereli
efdevi
ceisset .Thedesi
gnpr essureistakenas5%to
10%mor ethantheint
ernalpressur
e(operati
ngpressure).
soourdesignpr essurei
s:-

 NB:I
nnerser
vicepr
essur
eis()2.
067Mpa(
giv
en)

Desi
gnpr
essur
e(Pd)=oper
ati
ngpr
essur
e(Po)+oper
ati
ngpr
essur
e(Po)(
10/
100)

Pd=2.
067MPa+2.
067Mpa(
10/
100)

Pd=0.4134Mpa
SO,
THEDESI
GNPRESSUREI
S0.
4134Mpa

3.
1.2Desi
gnt
emper
atur
e
Thestrengthofmet alsdecreaseswithincreasi ngtemper ature.Asar esult,maximum
all
owabledesignst resswi l
ldependont hemater i
al temperature.Formostv essel s,the
temperaturecorrespondst ot hedesignpressure.Howev er,t
her eisamaxi mum desi gn
temperatureandami nimum desi gntemper at
uref oranygi venv essel.Themi nimum design
temperatureshallbet helowestt emperatur
eexpect edinser vi
ceort hel owestal lowable
temperatureascal cul
atedf ortheindiv
idualparts.Thedesi gnt emper atureatwhi chthedesign
str
essisev al
uatedshoul dbet akenasthemaxi mum oper atingtemper at ur
eoft hemat er
ial
,
withduet oal
lowancef oruncer t
aint
yinvolv
edinpr edict
ingv esselwal l
temper atures.

 NB:Desi
gnt
emper
atur
eis150℃(
giv
en)

3.
1.3Desi
gnmat
eri
als
Pr
essur
evessel
sar
econst
ruct
edf
rom pl
ainst
ainl
essst
eel
s,l
owandhi
ghal
l
oyst
eel
s,

22|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
otheral
l
oys,cl
adplat
e,r
einf
orcedpl
asti
c,(
sel
ect
ionofasuit
ablemat
eri
alwel
ding)aswel
las
thecompati
bil
i
tyofthemateri
alwi
ththepr
ocessenvi
ronment.

NB:sel
ect
ed Const
ruct
ionmat
eri
ali
scar
bonst
eel
(gi
ven)

3.
1.4Desi
gnst
ress
Fordesignpurposes,i ti
snecessaryt odeci
deav al
uef orthemaximum al
l
owablestressthat
canbeaccept edi nt hemat er
ialofconstruction.Thisisdetermi
nedbyapply
ingasui table
“desi
gnst r
essf actor
”( f
actorofsaf ety
)tot hemaxi mum st r
essthatt
hematerialcouldbe
expectedtowi
t hstandwithoutfai
lur
eunderst andardtestcondi
ti
ons.

 NB:Fort
hepr
oject
,iti
sst
ressofcar
bonst 250N/ 2)
eel(

3.
1.5Desi
gnl
oads
Loadi
ngorf orcesar
et hecauseofstr
essinpressurevessel.Thesef or
cesandmoment smust
beisolat
edbot htodeter
minewher et
heyapplytothev esselandwhent heyapplytoav essel
.
Loadingmaybeappl i
edov eralar
geport
ion(generalarea)oft hevesseloroveralocalareaof
thevessel.Thesestr
essesareadditi
veanddef i
netheov erallstat
eofst r
essint hevesselor
component .

Thepri
nci
pall
oads(
i.
e.f
orce)appl
iedact
ualoper
ati
ont
oav
essel
ori
tsst
ruct
ural
att
achment
tobeconsi
der
edint
hedesignofsuchavesselar
e;

✓ desi
gnpr
essur
e(i
nter
nal
orext
ernal
orbot
h)

✓ Deadl
oads

✓ Ther
mal
loads

✓ pi
pingl
oad

✓ I
mpactl
oad✓ Cy
cli
cload

3.
2FACTNORSAFFECTI
NGTHEDESI
GN

Accordingtothenat ureofappli
cationofthev essels,anumberoff actorsusual
ly
mustbeconsi deredindesigningtheunit.Themosti mpor tantconsiderati
onof tenist
he
sel
ect i
onoft hetypeofv esselthatperf
ormst herequi r
edser vi
cesint hemost
sati
sfactorymanner .Indev el
opingthedesign,anumberofot hercriteri
amustbe
consideredsuchast heproperti
esofmat erial
used, theinducedstresses, andt he
aestheti
cappear anceoft heunit.Thecostoff abr
icatedv esseli
salsoi mpor tanti
n
rel
ationtoitsserviceandusef ulli
fe

.
23|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
3.
3NOZZLES,
OPENI
NGSANDREI
NFORCEMENTS

Noz zl
esandopeni ngsar enecessar ycomponent sofpr essur ev esselsf ort heprocess
i
ndust ries.Openingsi nacy l
i
ndr icalshel l
,coni calsecti
onorcl osur emaypr oducest ress
concent rati
ons,adjacentt otheopeni ngandweakent hatpor tionoft hev essel .Inordert o
minimi zesuchst r
essconcent r
ations, iti
spr efer
ablethattheopeni ngbeci rcularinshape.Asa
secondchoi cetheopeni ngsmaybemadeel li
pti
cal,asathirdchoi cet heymaybemadear ound.
Iftheopeni nginacl osur eofcy li
ndr icalvesselexceedone- hal
ft hei nsidedi amet erofshel l
,the
openingandcl osureshoul dbef abr i
catedandot hersrequir
er einforcement .Smal lsizesof
openingswel dedorbr azedt oav esseldonotr equi
rereinforcement .Int hecaseofshel l
,
openingr equi
ri
ngrei nforcementi nv esselunderi nter
nalpressur et hemet alremov edmustbe
replacedbyt hemet alofr ei
nforcement .Inaddi ti
ont oprovidingt hear eaofr einfor
cement ,
adequat eweldsmustbepr ovidedt oat tacht hemet alofr einforcementandt heinduced
stressesmustbeev aluat ed.

Materi
alsusedf orreinforcementshal lhav eanal l
owablestr
essv al
ueequaltoorgr eater
thanoft hemat erialint hi
sv esselwal lexceptt hat ,whensuchmat er
ialisnotavail
abl
e,lower
strengthmaterialmaybeused;pr ovided,ther einforcementisi
ncreasedi ni
nver
sepr opor t
ion
tot herati
ooftheal lowabl estressv aluesoft het womat eri
alst
other ati
oofthetwomat er i
als
tocompensat ef ort hel oweral lowabl est ressv alueofanyr ei
nfor
cementhav ingahi gher
all
owabl estr
essv aluet hant hatoft hev essel wall.

3.
4SUPPORTSFORVESSELS
hemi
spher
icalandot
hert
ypesofv
essel
shav
etobesuppor
tedbydi
ff
erentmet
hods.
Ver
ti
calv
essel
sar
esuppor
tedbyl
ug,l
eg,ski
rt
,orst
oolsuppor
ts,whi
l
esaddl
esuppor
tsar
e
usedf
orhor
izont
alv
essel
s.Thechoi
ceoft
ypeofsuppor
tdependsont
hehei
ghtanddi
amet
er
oft
hev
essel
,av
ail
abl
efl
oorspace,
conv
eni
enceofl
ocat
ion,
oper
ati
ngv
ari
abl
es,
thesi
zeoft
he
v
essel
,theoper
ati
ngt
emper
atur
eandpr
essur
eandt
hemat
eri
alsofconst
ruct
ion.

Legsuppor
tsar
eideal
fort
hick-
wal
l
edv
essel
s,buti
nthi
n-wal
l
edv
essel
s,t
hist
ypeofsuppor
t
i
snotconv
eni
entunl
esst
hepr
operr
einf
orcement
sar
eusedormanyl
egsar
ewel
dedt
othe
v
essel
.

I
tisal
sonecessar
ytoensur
ethatt
heat
tachmentoft
hesuppor
ttot
hev
essel
,whi
chi
s
usual
l
ybyf
il
letwel
dsshoul
dbeabl
etot
ransf
ert
hel
oadsaf
elyf
rom v
essel
tosuppor
tandt
hat
,
t
hesuppor
tshoul
dbest
rongenought
owi
thst
andt
hel
oadoft
hev
essel
.

 N.
B.Forourdesi
gnwesel
ectl
ugsuppor
trat
hert
hansaddl
esuppor
t.Because,
it
i
simpossi
blet
ousesaddl
esuppor
tforv
ert
icalpr
essur
evessel
.

24|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel
3.
4.1LUG

Ver
ti
calv
essel
sar
enor
mal
l
ysuppor
tedbymeansofsui
tabl
est
ruct
urer
est
ingonar
einf
orced
concr
etef
oundat
ion.Br
acket
s,orl
ugs,canbeusedt
osuppor
tver
ti
calv
essel
s.Thebr
acket
mayber
estonbui
l
dingst
ruct
ural
steel
wor
k,ort
hev
essel
maybesuppor
tedonl
egs.

NOTE:Fr
om t
ypesofpr
essur
evesselourdesi
gnpr
ojectconsi
deron;
1)
Funct
ion:
stor
agev
essel
s

2)St
ruct
ural
mat
eri
al:
stai
nlessst
eel
vessel

3)met
hodoff
abr
icat
ion:
wel
ding
4)geomet
ry:
cyl
i
ndr
ical
5)schemeofwor
king:
wor
kingunder i
nter
nal
pressur
e

6)wal
ltemper
atur
e:unheat
ed

7)mi
nimum (
moder
n)cor
rosi
onef
fect
s

8)or
ient
ati
oni
nshape:
ver
ti
cal

9)Met
hodofassembl
y:nondet
achabl
e

3.
5 SI
ZEOFPRESSUREVESSEL

25|Page
 Pr
essur
evessel

26|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

3.
1Usedt
ofi
ndL/
Drat
ioTher
efor
e,t
her
ati
oof

DESI
GN
PRESSURE
L/D Psi MPa
rat
io
3 0-
250 0.
000-
1.724

4 250-
500 1.
724-
3.448

5 >500 >3.
448

L/
D=4andL=4D,
becausedei
gnpr
essur
eisl
esst
han2.
067Mpa

Tot
alv
olume()
=Vol
umeofhemi
spher
ical
head()
+Vol
umeofshel
l(sh)

π 4 4
Vol
umeofshel
l(Vsh)= ( Di)
Do - h
4

=2 πR
3
Vol
umeofhemi
spher
ical
headatt
hebot
tom (
VH)
3

 Vol
umeoft
hehemi
spher
ical
att
het VH)=2
op( R3
3π

VT =VHhead+Vshell VT=2VH+Vshel
l
Wher
e:-L =4D

2 3
VH = 2 πR
3
= π ×0.
838 =1.1083m3 ≅1108.
35L
3 3
So,
thevolumeofhemi spher
ical
headatthebott
om andt
op
I
sthesame
π 4 4
Vsh = (Do -Di)h whereh =7.542
4
π
Vsh = ( 0674-
6. 6764)
1. 542 =8026.
7. 48L
4
VT =2(
Vh)

27|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

+Vsh =2( 35)+8026.

1108. 48L=10243.
18L=10.
24318m3

3.
6DESI
GNOFHEADANDSHELLR[ 1]
[2]
3.
6.1 DESI
GNOFSHELLTHICKNESS
Usi
ngci
rcumf
erent
ial
str
ess(
longi
tudi
nal
joi
nt)

P≤0.
385SE
E=0.
7
Gi
ven;
S=250MPa

PD=0.413MPa
0.
413MPa≤0.
7*250*
0.385

0.
413MPa≤67.
375MPa(
sat
isf
ied)

t
her
efor
e,t= −0.
6 +CA

P=0.
413MPa

R=0.
838m

S=250MPa

C.
A=2mm =0.
002m

0.
413×0.838
t= +0.
002
250×0.7-
0.6×0.413

t=2mm

Desi
gn Desi
gn Lengt
h I nnerRadi
us Joi
nt corr
osion
pr
essur
e(P)
i of of ef
fi
ciency
(E) al
lowance
nMPa str
ess vessel
(R)
in
28|Page v
essel(L) m (
C.A)i
nm
inm
( )MPa
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

0.
413 250 6.
704 0.
838 0.
7 0.
002m

Thesmal
lestv
aluei
st=0.
00199m andf
orst
andar
dval
uel
et’
staket=1.
99mm

Wher
e S=al
l
owabl
edesi
gnst
ress=250MPaE=j
ointef
fi
ciency(
let

E=0.
7)t
=thi
cknessoft
heshel
l

Ri=i
nter
nal
radi
usoft
heshel
l

Pd=desi
gnpr
essur
e(l
etPd=P)

Tabl
e3.
2Desi
gnPar
amet
ers

Fi
nal
l
ylet
’sf
indext
ernal
radi
usanddi
amet
er

Let RO=EXTERNALRADI
US
D=EXTERNALDI
AMETER

RI
=INNERRADI
US

Ther
efor
e,Ro=R+t
R=0.
838m+0.
00199m

Do=2R,
R=R+t

D=2(
R+t
)

D=2R+2t
,R=D
2

D=2×D+2t
2

Do=D+2t

29|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

Ther
efor
e,Do=1.
676+2(
0.00199)

Do=1.
676+0.
00398

Do=1.
67998m

3.
6.2DESI
GNOFCLOSERHEAD

3.
6.2.
1Hemi
spher
icalHead
Forani
nter
nal
pressur
eeP,
thet
hickensoft
hehemi
spher
icalheadi
sgi
venbyByusi
ng

ASMEUG-
32f
rom t
het
abl
ethemi
nimum t
hicknessi
sgi
venby
;

PR
t=
2×SE-0.
2P

t= 0.
413×0.
838
2×250×0.7-
0.2×0.
413

t=0.
989mm or1mm

Ourpr
essur
evessel
ishemi
spher
ical
headi
nshapeand2.
067MPai
nint
ernal
desi
gn

pr
essur
eisappl
i
edoni
tandi
tst
hicknessgi
venbel
l
ow

Fort
het
ophemi
spher
icalheadt
hicknessi
sgi
venby
:-


PR
t=
2×SE-0.
2P

t= 0.
413×0.
838
2×250×0.7-
0.2×0.
413

t=0.
989mm or1mm
Thesmal
lestv
aluei
st=0.
000989m andf
orst
andar
dval
uel
et’
staket=0.
989mm.

 Fort
hebot
tom hemi
spher
icalheadi
sgi
venby
:-

Al
so,
fort
hebot
tom t
het
hicknessi
sthesamet
otheabov
ewhi
chi
scal
cul
atedbyt
hesamef
ormul
a.

30|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

PR
t=
2×SE-0.
2P

t= 0.
413×0.
838
2×250×0.7-
0.2×0.
413

989mm ≈1mm
t=0.
Thesmal
lestv
aluei
st=0.
000989m andf
orst
andar
dval
uel
et’
staket=0.
989mm.

3.
7 DESI
GNOFNOZZLEANDREI
NFORCEMENT

3.
7.1Desi
gnofNozzl
e

I
nourcase,
wegetdi
amet
eroft
heNozzl
eandmakeopeni
ngt
heheadsur
face.

I
nthedesi
gnofNozzl
eopeni
ngweuser
einf
orcementbecauset
oreducest
ress
concent
rat
ionar
oundt
hehol
e.

Thi
cknessofnozzl
enotbegr
eat
ert
hant
het
hicknessoft
heshel
ltowhi
chi
tsconnect
ed.

Assumet
hei
nletandout
letoft
henozzl
ear
ethesame.

Fr
om ASMEst
andar
d,wedeci
det
hemi
nimum di
amet
eroft
henozzl
e.

Fr
om t
hepi
pesi
zet
abl
epr
oper
ti
esassume,

Nozzl
edi
amet
er(
DN)
=4i
n=101.
6mm anddo=4.
5in

Accor
dingl
y,Pd=0.
4134MPa

SA36=250MPa

DN=4*
25.
4=101.
6mm

Usi
ngt
hicknessf
ormul
aofheadcal
cul
atest
het
hicknessoft
henozzl
e.

PDN
t
n= +2mm
2×SE-
0.2P

31|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

t
n= 0.
413×101.
6 +2mm
2×250×0.7-
0.2×0.
413

n=2.
t 2mm

STRESSI
NNOZZLE

pd
ℎ =
2t
n

0.
413×101.
6
h=
2×2.2

ℎ=9.
536Mpa

Si
nce9.
536MPa<250MPat
her
efor
ewedonotneedt
ouse
r
einf
orcementt
omi
nimi
zest
ressconcent
rat
ionar
oundt
henozzl
e.

3.
7.2Rei
nfor
cementofopeni
ngDesi
gn

DESI
GNDATA:

I
nsi
dedi
amet
erofshel
l(Di
)=1.
676mm

Desi
gnpr
essur
e:0.
4134MPaat150℃

Shel
lmat
eri
al:
SA-
36
S=250MPa t=0.
0989mm ≈1mm

32|Page
 Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

⇒ InternalNozzleDiameter I
nter
nalnozzl
edi
amet
eront
ankwal
l

Assume CA =2mm ds =dn +2×(

tn)
dn 2×(
=Dn- 2.2 +2) ds =93.
2 +2×2.
2
dn =101.
6-2×4.
2 ds =93.
2 +4.
4
dn =101.
6-8.
4 ds =97.
6mm
dn =93.
2mm
Act
ualnozzl
ethi
ckness

Dn-dn 101.
6-93.
2 =4.
Tn = = 2mm
2 2
Ar
eaofnozzl
ehol
e

assumecor
rect
ioncoef
fi
cient =1
Ar =dn×t
s×f
Ar =93.
2×14.
45×1
Ar =1346.
74mm2

Ar
eaofconnect
ingr
egi
on

As =Dn ×(
Ts-
ts)-
2×Tn×(
Ts-
ts)

33|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

As 6×(
=101. 15- 45)-
14. 2×(
2×4. 15- 45)
14.
As 6×(
=101. 0.55)- 2×(
2×4. 0.55)
As =55.
88-
4.62
AS =51.
26mm2
Ar
eaofnozzl
ewal
l

An =2×(
2.5×(
Ts)×(
Tn-
tn)

An =2×(
2.5×15)×(
4.2-
2.2)

An =2 ×37.
5-2

AT =A1 +A2 +A3

AT =Ar+As+An
AT =1346.
74 +51.
26 +73
AT =1471mm2

AT>Art
henAdditi
onalr
einf
orcementor
padnotrequi
red

34|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

3.
9Desi
gnofsuppor
t
Thev
essel
suppor
tisi
ntendedt
osuppor
tthepr
essur
evessel
ont
hesuppor
tbase.The
suppor
thast
o bewi
thst
andt
hedeadwei
ghtoft
hev
essel
andi
nter
nal
andt
hecont
ained
f
lui
dwi
thoutexper
ienci
ngper
manentdef
ormat
ion.

Tot
alwei
ghtoft
hepr
essur
evessel(
deadwei
ght
)

Themaj
orsour
cesofdeadwei
ghtl
oadsar
e:
1.Thev
essel
shel
l
s.
2.Thev
essel
fit
ti
ngs:
manhol
e,nozzl
es.
3. Thewei
ghtofl
i
qui
dtof
il
lthev
essel
.
Wei
ghtoft
opsect
ionD=114.
3mm=0.
1143m h=7.
542m

Thi
cknessofshel
l(t
s)=2.
2mm

Gr
avi
ty(
g)=9. s2
81m/
Densi
tyofcar
bonst
eel m3
=7850kg/

(
Dm)i
sthemeandi
amet
er=D+CA=2mm+114.
3mm=126.
3mm

Vol
umeofshel
l=π*di
amet
erofshel
l*t
hicknessofshel
l*hei
ghtofshel
l

676m ×2.
V=π ×1. 2m ×7. 36m3
542m =87.

Wvesselshell=mass*gr
avi
ty=densi
ty*v
olume*
grav
ity

=7850 ×9.
81 ×87.
36

56N =6419.
=6419428. 428KN

Wei
ghtofhemi
spher
icalhead

Dm =D+CA=1.
676mm+0.
002mm=1.
678m

3
W hemi
spher
ical
head = πρt
(R3-
(R-
t3
))
2

35|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

3
π(
7850 ×2.
2)(
0.8393 -
(0.
839-
2. 3
2)
2
=2153.
15N

Total
weightofhemi
spher
ical
head=t
wot
imeswei
ghthemi
spher
ical
head
=2*
2153.15N

=4306.
3N

Wei
ghtofnozzl
e(Wn)
=

2
Vol
umeofnozzl
e(v
n)=π(
d+2t
) L-πd2L

Wher
elengt
hofnozzl
e( 2 ×t
L) =2*
2. 4mm =0.
2=4. 0044m

t
hicknessnozzl
e(n)= 2.
t 2mm=0.
0022m

Di
amet
erofnozzl
e(d)
=93.
2mm=

Vn=π(0.0932+2*0.0022)2*0.0044-*(0.0932)
2

-
5
Vn=1.
161*10 m3

Wei
ghtofnozzl
e(Wn) m3*
=ρvg=7850kg/ 1. 10-5*
161* 9.81

Wn=0.894N

Wher
e: ρi
sthedensi
tyofcar
bonst
eel
whi
chi m3
s7850kg/

Lengt
hofv
essel
(L)
=m

Wei
ghtoft
hemedi
um =V* ∗

Ourmedi
um i
sai
randi
tswei
ghtdoesn’
thav
emuchef
fectont
hev
essel
sowei
ghtoft
heai
r

36|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

i
snegl
ect
ed.

Ther
efor
e,t
het
otal
deadwei
ghti
sequal
tot
hesum oft
her
equi
redwei
ght
.

TheTot
aldeadwei
ght(
WT)=W Shellvessel+W hemispherical+W Nozzle

WT=6419.
428N+2153.
15N+0.
894N

WT=8573.
472N

3.
10Desi
gnofwel
dedj
oint
s

Wel
dingi
sthemostcommonmet
hodoff
abr
icat
ionofpr
essur
evessel
,shel
l
s,st
ruct
ural
par
ts,suchasst
if
feni
ngr
ing,l
i
fti
ngl
ugs,suppor
tcl
i
pforpi
ping,i
nter
nalt
ray
sandot
her
par
tsar
eal
soat
tachedt
othev
essel
wal
lbywel
ding.

Pr
essur
evessel
arebui
l
tupf
rom per
for
medpar
ts:
cyl
i
nder
s,heads,
andf
it
ti
ngs,
joi
nedby
wel
ding.Manydi
ff
erentf
ormsofwel
dedj
ointar
eneededi
ntheconst
ruct
ionofapr
essur
e
v
essel
.

Thedesi
gnofwel
dedj
ointshoul
dsat
isf
ythef
oll
owi
ngbasi
crequi
rement
s:

 Gi
veaccessi
bil
i
tyf
orwel
dingandi
nspect
ion.

 Requi
ret
hemi
nimum amountofwel
dmet
al.

 Gi
vegoodpenet
rat
ionoft
hewel
dmet
al;
from bot
hsi
desoft
hej
oint
s,i
f
pr
act
icabl
e.

 I
ncor
por
atesuf
fi
cientf
lexi
bil
i
tyt
oav
oidcr
acki
ngduet
odi
ff
erent
ial
ther
mal
expansi
on.

3.
11Checki
ngt
hedesi
gnf
act
orofsaf
ety
.

Tof
indf
act
orofsaf
ety
(n)
,wehav
etogett
hey
iel
dandul
ti
mat
est
rengt
hofv
essel
andl
ug
suppor
tul
ti
mat
est
rengt
hofcar
bonst
eel
: mm2andwor
=400N/ kingst
r mm2
ess=250N/

37|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

Fact
orofsaf
etyv
essel
(n)=ul
ti
mat
est
rengt
h/wor
kingst
ress=400/
250=1.
6 2

NB:Fact
orofsaf
etyi
sgr
eat
ert
hanone,
ther
efor
ethedesi
gni
ssaf
e.

CHAPTERFOUR
4.
1DETAI
LANDASSEMBLYDRAWI
NGOFPRESSUREVESSEL

4.
1.1Assembl
edr
awi
ng

38|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

39|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

40|Page
Pr
ojectdesi
gn1 pr
essur
evessel

4.
1.3CONCLUSI
ON

Finall
y,intheanal ysi
sweconcl udethatthever
ticalpressurevesselsareof t
enpr eff
ered,
especiall
yf orathinwal l
edvesseloperat
ingunderlowpr essure.Thedesi gnofav er
tical
cyli
ndri
cal vesselsbecomessi mplebeacauseoft headditionalbendingstressesduet o
weightoft hev esseli
tselfandoftenfl
uidcanbeel iminated.Forthesereasonst hedesi gner
shouldconsi derthethicknessofvesselcol
umn, standardf l
ange,mat er
ial
selection,I
nternal
pressure,suppor tl
eget c.

Theprojectdesi
gnconsider
sallcr
it
eri
aforagoodquali
tyandl i
fet
imeofthepressure
vessel
.
Weldedar eal
sov er
yimport
antfabri
cati
onofpr
essur
ev essels.Usual
l
ywel deddi
rect
lyt
o
thevesselbecausethel
ugarerequir
edtowit
hstandt
hepr essurei
nthevessels

REFERENCES

1.COULSONANDRI
CHARDSON’
S,CHEMI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG,
VOLUME6

11THEDI
2.PREESUREVESSLHANDBOOK, TION

3.PRESSUREVESLLDESI 3RD EDI

GNMANUAL, TION,
BYDENNI
SMOSS

4.CHEMI
CALENGNEER’
SHANDBOOK,
ROBERTH.BERRYANDDONW.GEERN

5.MATERIALSCI
ENCEANDENGI
NEERI 7TH EDI
NG, TION,
BYWI
LLI
AM D.
CALLI
STERJR.

6.PRESSUREVESSLEDESI
GNEANDPRACTI
CE

7.TEXTBOOKOFMACHI
NEDESI
GN

10THEDI
8.PREESUREVESSLEHANDBOOK, TION

9.PERONA, G.AI
J.J.ANDTHODOS, CHEJL,
1957,
3,230.

10.
AMERI
CANSOCI
ETYOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERS,
BOI
LERANDPRESSURE
VESSELCODE,
ASME,
NEW YORK.

41|Page