Measure Of central Tendency

Measure Of central Tendency: A measure of central tendency (also referred to as measures of

center or central location) is a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data
with a single value that represents the middle or center of its distribution.

There are three main measures of central tendency:

1. Mean
i. Arithmetic mean.
ii. Geometric Mean.
iii. Harmonic Mean.
2. Median.
3. Mode

Arithmetic mean:

The Arithmetic Mean (AM) or Mean or Average is defined as the sum of all observations in the
given data set divided by the total number of observations in the dataset. It denoted by X .

In ungroup data: Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 .........xn bea sat of nobservation

x  x  x  ...  xn x i
Then the Arithmetic mean (A.M); x  1 2 3  i 1
;
n n

In group data: Let the frequency distribution, f1 , f 2 , f3 , f 4 ........ f n be the corresponding

frequency of the x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 .........xn bea sat of nobservation .then the Arithmetic mean

f1 x1  f 2 x2  f3 x3  ...  f n xn fx i i
x  i 1
;
n n

Geometric Mean: The geometric mean is an average that multiplies all values and finds a root
of the number.it denoted by G.
For ungroup data: The geometric mean of n positive value x1 , x2 , x3........xn is define as the nth
positive roots of their product.
1
G  ( x1 , x2 , x2 , x3 .......xn )1/ n  log G  log( x1 , x2 , x2 , x3 .......xn )1/ n  log G  (log x1  log x2  ....  log xn )
n
1 n
1 n

 log G   log xi  G  Anti log   log xi 
n i 1  n i 1 

For Group Data: Let f1 , f2 , f3      f n be the corresponding frequency of the x1 , x2 , x3....xn of

n observation. Then the Geometric Mean

1 n 
G  Anti log   fi log xi 
 n i 1 

Harmonic Mean: Harmonic mean in statistics is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the
reciprocal of the individual value. It is denoted by H

In ungroup data: Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 .........xn bea sat of nobservation

n n
Then the Harmonic Mean H   n
.
1 1 1 1 1 1
   .......
x1 x2 x3 x4 xn 
i 1 xi

For Group Data: Let f1 , f2 , f3      f n be the corresponding frequency of the x1 , x2 , x3....xn

of n observation.

f1  f 2  f3  .......  f n n
Then the Harmonic Mean H   n .
f1 f 2 f3 f 4 fn fi
xn 
   .......
x1 x2 x3 x4 i 1 xi

Question(ungroup data):

1. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean following the
data(ungroup data):
Roll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No.
Marks 40 50 55 78 58 60 73 35 43 48

Or.40,50,55,78,58,60,73,35,43,48.

Solution: Arithmetic mean:

 Given n=10

We know the Arithmetic mean

n

x i
40  50  55  78  58  60  73  35  43  48
x i 1

n 10
540
  54 marks
10

Hence the Arithmetic mean 54 marks.(Ans).

Geometric Mean:

We know the Geometric Mean

n

 log x i
G.M  Anti log i 1

n
1
 Anti log (log 40  log 50  log 55  log 78  log 58  log 60  log 73  log 35  log 43  log 48)
10
 52.45.
Hence the Geometric mean 52.27 marks.(Ans).

Harmonic Mean:

We know the harmonic mean

n 10
H .M  n
  50.95
1

0.196
i 1 x i

Hence the harmonic mean 50 marks.

2. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean following the data
10,20,34,56,75,78,2,7,90.
3. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean following the data
85,70,10,75,50,8,43,43,40.

Question(group data):

1. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean following the data:

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. Of 5 12 15 25 8 3 2
 student

Solution: Given data

Marks/Clas No. Of Mid- fi xi log xi fi log xi fi

s student/frequenc Point xi
y( fi ) ( xi )
0-10 5 5 25
10-20 12 15 180
20-30 15 25 375
30-40 25 35 875
40-50 8 45 360
50-60 3 55 165
60-70 2 65 130
n=70 n n n
fi
fx
i 1
i i  2110  f log x
i 1
i i  99.25 x  3.38
i 1 i

Arithmetic mean: we know Arithmetic mean(A.M)

n

fx i i
2110
x i 1
  30.14(approx)
n 70

Hence the Arithmetic mean 30.14(Approx.).

Geometric Mean:

We know the Geometric Mean

n

 f log x
i i
G.M  Anti log i 1

n
99.25
 Anti log  26.17(approx)
70

Hence the geometric mean 26.17(approx.)

Harmonic Mean:

We know the harmonic mean

n 70
H .M  n
  20.71(approx).
fi

3.38
i 1 x i
Hence the harmonic mean 20.71 (Approx.).

2. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean following the data:

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. Of 7 40 10 27 8 6 30
student
3. Find the Arithmetic mean, Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean following the data:

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 10 20 15 40 5 17 8

Median: The median may be define as the middle value in the data set when its element are
arranged in a sequential order( ascending or descending order of magnitude ).

Ungroup data: If the number n is odd, then the Median 

 n  1 th value
2

n n 
th value    1 th value
If the number n is even Median 
2 2  in the arrangement.
2

n
 fc
Group Data: Median  L  2 h
fm

Where L=Lower limit of the median class

n=Total number.

fc =Pre cumulative frequency of median class.

f m = Frequency of median class.

h=class interval of the median class.

Question(ungroup data):

1. Find out the median following data: 5,7,0,3,1,9,11.

Solution: Arranging the given data in ascending order, we have 0,1,3,5,7,9,11.

We know the median for odd data,

  n 1 
M e  Value or Size of   th item
 2 
 7 1 
 Value of   th item  Value of 4 th item  5
 2 

Hence Median=5 (Ans).

2. Find out the median following data: 8,12,4,3,2,1,9,5,10,13.

Solution: Arranging the given data in ascending order, we have 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,12,13.

We know the median for even data,

n n  10  10 
th item    1 th item th item    1 th item
Me 
2 2  
2  2 
2 2
5 th item  6 th item 5  8 13
    6.5
2 2 2
 Median 6.5( Ans)

3. The following are marks secured by 7 students; find out the median:
43,32,18,57,65,28,58.
4. Find out the median following the data:
a. 57,58,61,42,38,65,72,66.
b. 12,14,23,45,56,30,23,18,20
c. 34,37,40,20,49,35,37.
d. 70,56,79,43,53,55,89.

Question(group dada)

1. Find out the median following the data:

Class 100- 110- 120- 130- 140- 150- 160-

110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Frequency 5 7 10 15 13 12 8
Solution: Table for calculation of median.

Class Frequency Cumulative frequency

100-110 5 5
110-120 7 12
120-130 10 22 ( f c )
130-140 15( f m ) 37
140-150 13 50
150-160 12 62
160-170 8 70
n=70
We know the median for group data

n
 fc
Me  L  2 h
fm

Given, n  70 and the frequency class 130 140.Then L  130, f m  15, f c  22 and h  10

70
 22
35  22
 M e  13  2 10  130  10
15 15
 130  8.667  138.667.

Hence the median 138.667.(Ans).

2. Find out the median following the data:

Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 10 20 15 40 5 17 8
3. Find out the median following the data:

Class 0-10 10-30 30-60 60-80 80-90

Frequency 5 15 30 8 2

Mode: The Mode may be define as the most common value of the series.

Ungroup Data: Most common value series.

Group Data: Mode class is the class having the highest frequency.

1
Mode  L  h
1   2

Where L=Lower limit of the mode class.

1  Different between frequency of mode class and pre modal class.

2  Different between frequency of mode class and post modal class.

h=class interval of the modal class.

Question(ungroup data):
 1. Find out the mode following the data; 45,55,50,45,40,55,45,45.

Solution: Here numbers 45 is most frequency (4 times)

Mode=45

Hence mode 45.(Ans)

2. Find out the mode following the data

a. 5.7,4,6,5,3,4,5,6.
b. 45,46,45,70,67,79,70,43,70.

Question(group data):

1. Find out Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, harmonic mean, median and mode following
the data.
Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Frequency 5 7 5 10 6 4 2

Solution :Given the data

Class frequency Mid-value fi xi C.f
 fi   xi 
10-20 5 15 5
20-30 7 25 12
30-40 5 35 17
40-50 10 45 27
50-60 6 55 33
60-70 4 65 37
70-80 2 75 39
n=39
We know the mode.
1
Mode  L  h
1   2

Here modal class 40-50; L=40, 1  12  7  5, 2  12 10  2, h  10;

5
M o  30  10  37.14.
5 2

Hence the mode 37.14 (Ans).

2. Find out Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean, harmonic mean, median and mode following
the data.
1.
 Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Frequency 12 18 25 30 10 3 1

2.
Class 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 55-60
Frequency 2 8 7 20 40 30 12
3.

class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
frequency 5 7 8 10 8 6 9 7 5

Theorem: For a set of non-zero positive values x1 , x2 , x3........xn ,prove that AM  GM  HM ,

where AM,GM and HM are respectively the arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and harmonic
mean.

Proof: Let x1 , x2 , x3........xn be a set of n observation of positive value.

x1  x2  x2  .....  xn 
xi
Then the Arithmetic mean AM  A   i 1
.............(1)
n n

Geometric Mean GM  G   x1 , x2 , x3 ....xn       (2)

1/ n

n n
Harmonic Mean HM  H   n      (3)
1 1 1 1 1
xn 
   ........ 
x1 x2 x3 i 1 x i

Taking log both side of the equation (2)

 1
log G  log( x1.x2 .x3 ......xn )
n
1
 (log x1  log x2  log x3  ......  log xn )
n
1 n
  log xi
n i 1
 n n

1 n   xi  xi 
  log  i 1
 i 1
 xi 
n i 1  n n 
 
 
n
1
  log  A  A  xi 
n i 1
1 n  A  xi 
 
n i 1
log A 1 
 A 


1 n 1 n  A  xi 
  log A   log 1  
n i 1 n i 1  A 
1 n  A  xi 1  A  xi  1  A  xi  
2 3
1 n
  log A           ..... 
n i 1 n i 1  A 2 A  3 A  
1 n  A  xi 1  A  xi  1  A  xi  
2 3
1
 n log A           .....
n n i 1  A 2 A  3 A  
 log A  a positive quantity
 log G  log A
 AG
 AM  GM        (4)

Now using the relation

AM  GM

x1  x2  x3  .....  xn
   x1.x2 .x3 .....xn 
1/ n

1 1 1
Replacing x1 , x2 , x3 ....xn by , .... respectively.
x1 x2 xn
 1 1 1 1
   .....  1/ n
x1 x2 x3 xn  1 1 1 1
   . . ..... 
n  x1 x2 x3 xn 
1 1
 
H G
G H
 GM  HM        (5)

From (4) and (5) we get

AM  GM  HM

Hence the theorem is proof.

Theorem: For a set of two non-zero positive values x1and x2 ,prove that AM  GM  HM ,
where AM,GM and HM are respectively the arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and harmonic
mean.

Theorem: For a set of three non-zero positive values x1 , x2 and x3 ,prove that AM  GM  HM ,
where AM,GM and HM are respectively the arithmetic mean, Geometric mean and harmonic
mean.

Theorem: For a set of four non-zero positive values x1 , x2 , x3and x4 ,prove that
AM  GM  HM , where AM,GM and HM are respectively the arithmetic mean, Geometric
mean and harmonic mean.

Theorem: A variable x taken on n values, which are in geometric progression .show that
A  H  G 2 ,where A,G and H are respectively arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic
mean.

Theorem: For two non-zero positive values, prove that A  H  G 2 , where A,G and H are
respectively arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean.

Theorem: If a and b are constant such that x  a  by ,where x and y are two variable assuming
values x1 , x2 ....xn and y1 , y2 ...... yn respectively then x  a  b y.

Theorem: The arithmetic mean of the sum of two or more variable is equal to the sum of their
means. That is if u  x  y, thenu  x  y.
Theorem: Proof that the sum of the deviations of the observation from their mean is
n
zero.i.e.  ( xi  x)  0.
i 1

Proof: Let x1 , x2 , x3.......xn be set of n observation of x. Then the Arithmetic mean

x i n
x i 1
 nx   xi ..............(1)
n i 1

Now, sum of the deviation of the observation from the A.M is

n

 ( x  x)  ( x  x)  ( x
i 1
i 1 2  x)  ( x3  x)  .......  ( xn  x)

 ( x1  x2  x3  ........xn )  ( x  x  x......  x )
n
  xi  nx
i 1

 nx  nx  0

Hence the sum of the deviations of the observation from their mean is zero.

Theorem: The sum of squared deviation from the arithmetic mean is less then the sum of square

 
n n
   xi  a  .
2
xi  x
2
deviation from any value. i.e.
i 1 i 1

Proof: Let x1 , x2 , x3.......xn be set of n observation of x. Then the Arithmetic mean

x i n
x i 1
 nx   xi ..............(1)
n i 1

n
And we know  ( x  x)  0. ……….(2)
i 1
i

Now
    
n n n

  xi  a    xi  x  x  a   ( xi  x) 2  ( x  a ) 2  2( xi  x)( x  a )
2 2

i 1 i 1 i 1
n n n
  ( xi  x) 2   ( x  a) 2  2( x  a) ( xi  x)
i 1 i 1 i 1
n
  ( xi  x) 2  n( x  a) 2  0
i 1
n
  ( xi  x) 2  positive quantity
i 1

 
n n
   xi  a    xi  x
2 2

i 1 i 1

 
n n
   xi  a 
2
 xi  x
2

i 1 i 1

Hence the sum of squared deviation from the arithmetic mean is less then the sum of square
deviation from any value.(proof).

Theorem: If the set of m observation x1 , x2 , x3.......xn and that of n observation y1 , y2 , y3....... yn

have mean x and y respectively. Then the combined mean z of m+n observation of sets is

mx  n y
z .
mn

Md. Nurul Alam

Lecturer(Mathematics)

Barishal Engineering College, Barishal