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Chapter - Acids, Bases, and Salts - College Level (KPK Board)

The document covers the definitions, properties, and concepts of acids and bases, including Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. It discusses the strength of acids and bases, the autoionization of water, and the importance of pH, pOH, and buffer solutions. Additionally, it addresses salt hydrolysis and its effect on solution nature.

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abuzarkhanz1248
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33 views8 pages

Chapter - Acids, Bases, and Salts - College Level (KPK Board)

The document covers the definitions, properties, and concepts of acids and bases, including Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories. It discusses the strength of acids and bases, the autoionization of water, and the importance of pH, pOH, and buffer solutions. Additionally, it addresses salt hydrolysis and its effect on solution nature.

Uploaded by

abuzarkhanz1248
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter: Acids, Bases, and Salts — College Level (KPK Board)

by: abuzarkhanz1248@gmail.com

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1. Acid and Base

Acids: Substances that release H⁺ ions in aqueous solution.


Examples: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃

Bases: Substances that release OH⁻ ions in aqueous solution.


Examples: NaOH, KOH, NH₄OH

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2. Properties of Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids:

Sour taste

Turn blue litmus red

Conduct electricity

React with metals to produce hydrogen gas

React with bases to form salt and water

Properties of Bases:

Bitter taste

Slippery feel

Turn red litmus blue

Conduct electricity

React with acids to form salt and water


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3. Strength of Acid and Base

Strong Acid/Base: Completely ionizes in water (e.g., HCl, NaOH)


Weak Acid/Base: Partially ionizes in water (e.g., CH₃COOH, NH₄OH)

Diagrams:

Strong acid/base: Complete dissociation

Weak acid/base: Partial dissociation

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4. Arrhenius Concept

Acid: Produces H⁺ in water


Base: Produces OH⁻ in water

Limitations:

Applicable only in aqueous medium

Can’t explain acid-base behavior of substances without H⁺ or OH⁻


Importance:

First scientific definition

Explains neutralization reaction

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5. Bronsted-Lowry Concept

Acid: Proton donor


Base: Proton acceptor

Limitations:

Doesn’t cover acid-base reactions without proton transfer

Importance:

Explains acid-base behavior in non-aqueous solvents

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6. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Conjugate Acid: Formed when a base gains a proton


Conjugate Base: Formed when an acid loses a proton

Example:
HCl + H₂O → Cl⁻ + H₃O⁺

HCl: Acid

Cl⁻: Conjugate Base


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7. Lewis Concept

Acid: Electron pair acceptor


Base: Electron pair donor

Importance:
Most general and broad definition of acids and bases

Diagram:
Electron pair interaction showing Lewis acid-base reaction

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8. Autoionization of Water

Equation:
H₂O + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺ + OH⁻

Kw (Ionic product of water):


Kw = 1×10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C

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9. Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) and pKa


Ka: Measures strength of an acid in water
pKa = -log Ka
Lower pKa = Stronger acid

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10. Base Dissociation Constant (Kb) and pKb

Kb: Measures strength of a base in water


pKb = -log Kb
Lower pKb = Stronger base

Relation:
Ka × Kb = Kw

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11. pH, pOH and pKw

pH = -log [H⁺]
pOH = -log [OH⁻]

pKw = pH + pOH = 14

pH Scale:
0 (Acidic) to 14 (Basic), 7 is neutral
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12. Leveling Effect

In water, strong acids/bases appear equally strong due to complete ionization.


Example: HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄ ionize completely in water.

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13. Buffer Solution

Definition: A solution that resists changes in pH upon adding small amounts of acid/base.

Composition:

Weak acid + its salt (e.g. CH₃COOH + CH₃COONa)

Weak base + its salt (e.g. NH₄OH + NH₄Cl)

Buffer Action: Maintains constant pH

Applications:

Blood pH control

Medicine and pharmaceutical industry

Fermentation processes

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14. Salt Hydrolysis

Definition: Reaction of salt with water to form acidic, basic, or neutral solution

Types of Salts:

Acidic Salt: From strong acid + weak base


Basic Salt: From weak acid + strong base

Neutral Salt: From strong acid + strong base

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15. Summary

●​ Acids and bases are classified by Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis concepts.

●​ Strength is based on the degree of ionization.

●​ Autoionization of water maintains the balance of H⁺ and OH⁻.

●​ pH and pOH are mathematically related.

●​ Buffers resist changes in pH.

●​ Salt hydrolysis affects solution nature

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