Acs Iecr 2c04399
Acs Iecr 2c04399
org/IECR Review
Cite This: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753 Read Online
ACCESS
See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.
frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are still developing in the field
of electrochemical biosensing. This is due to their superior electrical
conductivity, active surface area, and easier manufacturing procedures, when
compared to other conventional materials. This study discusses current
advances in the use of MOF nanoparticles as highly conductive substrates in
electrochemical biosensing. Electrochemical biosensing is introduced by
categorizing biosensors into enzyme and nonenzyme biosensors and for
diagnosis of diseases is based on the application of the active detector. This
study systematically compiled and analyzed the most recent published works
in each category. This Review provides an overview of the many types of
analyses, MOFs materials, and sensor performance. In this subject of science,
broad concerns, difficulties, and future views are discussed.
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the outstanding properties of an example of MOF nanomaterials and their application agents.
Electrochemical biosensors are recognized as dependable and Table 1. Characterization Parameters of MOF Materials
typically mobile tools for the quick and cost-effective
MOF surface area (BET) pore volume
identification of analytes ranging from metallic ions to organic material linker (m2g−1) (cm3g−1) ref
chemicals, contaminants, enzymes, DNA, viruses, antigens, and
ZIF-8 2-MI 1300 1.2 33
bacteria.23,24 Electrochemical sensors are analytical devices
MOF-210 BTE, 6240 3.60 34
comparable to chemical sensing, but incorporate biological BPDC
molecules enabling quick and precise detection of specific MIL-101 BDC 2200 2.9 35
species using the presence of biorecognition molecules, with a MOF-177 BTB 4500 1.89 36
concentration on electrochemical approaches.25,26 NU-1000 TBAP 2200 1.2 37
Several electrochemistry-driven biosensor approaches have MOF-200 BBC 4530 3.59 34
been developed for inexpensive and small analytical instruments. ZIF-90 2MI/2CI 1300 1.1 38
This technique can be used to replace commercialized MIL- BTC 3100 1.61 39
instruments made by well-known in vitro diagnostic businesses 100(Cr)
that advertise excellent analyte sensitivity and automation.27 PCN-333 DAB 4000 4.2 40
Nonetheless, finding an appropriate on-site version of the UiO-68 BPDC 4000 1.6 41
biosensor that meets the needed sensitivities while also being
highly reproducible remains a difficulty. For high-performance quick reaction time, low-cost instruments, simple operation,
electrochemical investigation, functional MOFs nanoparticles high sensitivity, good anti-interference, and exceptional
utilized as a supporting matrix have received attention. The large repeatability.29−31 To design effective biosensing devices,
surface area of nanomaterials enables increased loading capacity three main components are required: biorecognition features,
and reaction mass movement, which will result in a complex like enzymes, aptamers, neurotransmitters, or antibodies that
formation for signal enhancement.28 can interact specifically with the signal transducers or targets.
This paper outlines the advancements and idiosyncrasies of This process can yield measurable signals as an outcome of
using MOFs as biosensor supports, including (i) nonenzymatic interactions between biological recognition analytes and
electrochemical biosensors, (ii) enzymatic electrochemical elements; and information management electronic systems.
biosensors, and (iii) disease diagnostics. Methods for perform- Biorecognition molecule interactions with analytes can result in
ing immobilizations in MOF-derived materials are addressed, observable reactions on the biosensor interface. On the surface
and their practical applications, particularly in biomedicine, are of the electrode, shifts in the predicted reactions’ electrical
presented. signals, such as the resistance to electron transfer, redox reaction
potential, and surface conductivity can then be measured.19,20,32
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL A MOF can play multiple functions during the derivation
BIOSENSORS BY MOFs process, leading to various paths that produce different types of
MOFs and MOFs Derivatives for Biosensor Applica- porous materials (Table 1).42 Impregnating the MOF pores with
tions. Electrochemical methods have been applied to identify solutions of an extra precursor is one method of incorporating
organisms/species that may easily combine electrochemical heteroatoms. These encapsulated heteroatoms will diffuse into
performance. The methods have several different advantages: the MOF networks during the subsequent heat treatment of the
4739 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 2. There are two types of three-electrode electrochemical biosensors: (a) a counter electrode (CE), working electrode (WE), reference
electrode (RE) connected to a potentiostat, and (b) simulate the working process of the electrochemical biosensor system.
4740 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 3. Some electroactive NTs undergo electrochemical reactions; to form an o-quinone derivative, the Tyr· radical can polymerize/react with
water.
Figure 4. Synthesis of SnS@Co, N−C hierarchical 3D hollow microrods is depicted schematically; and its application for the detection of epinephrine
and L-tyrosine. [Reproduced with permission from ref 67. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.]
MOFs and experience redox reactions just like the MOF itself. molecules can also produce pores, in addition to the volatile
Producing Ni, Co/Fe, and Co bimetallic compounds from metal node.
corresponding bimetallic MOFs are a few examples of this Working Process of the Electrochemical Biosensor. To
technique in action.1 By eliminating some even unnecessary create an electrical current, electrochemical techniques rely on
components, such as carbon, metallic species, oxygen, and the spontaneous conversation of chemical processes and
hydrogen; and condensing the framework, MOFs can be electrical energy that involves an oxidation−reduction reaction.
converted into other useful materials most simply and directly Chemical reactions among analytes and immobilized biomate-
possible. For instance, when ZIF-8 is pyrolyzed at a high rials produce or consume electrons/ions, affecting the potential,
temperature, Zn is vaporized and porous carbon or porous NPs electrical current, and other electronic properties of the
mixture.45 The processes appear at the point where a metal or
made of Zn and ZnO are produced.15 Another technique,
semiconductor electrode meets an electrolyte. As a result, the
solution-based treatment, involves the formation of a matching
sensor is possible if the reactions occur close to the surface of the
metal compound shell around the MOF surface by the reaction electrode. The electrodes have a substantial impact on the
between the anions in the solution and the metal cations electrochemical biosensor’s performance. When selecting an
released by the slow dissolution of the precursor MOFs. Metal electrode, numerous criteria must be considered, including the
cations will diffuse toward the bulk solution and react with material, size, and ability to do surface alterations.46
external anions in the solution, causing the internal portion of Reference Electrode. This electrode is typically made of
MOF to constantly dissolve. Metal oxides, sulfides, and Ag/AgCl and is placed at a distance from the site of the reaction
hydroxides are frequently produced via a solution-based to offer a possible proportional to the recognized and to offer a
process.43,44 Utilizing volatile species to increase surface area possible proportional dependable solution. The reference
and pores during pyrolysis Some organic linkers and guest electrode (RE) enables measurement normalization.
4741 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 5. (A) SEM and (B) TEM images of N−Cu-MOF. The size distribution of the N−Cu-MOF particle is shown in the inset in panel (B). (C)
DPV graph of N−Cu-MOF electrode material in 0.1 M PBS (including 50 μM DA) at 50 mV s−1 with pH values ranging from 3.0 to 7.0. (D) CV
graphs of an N−Cu-MOF nanomaterial in the solution of 0.1 M PBS including 50 μM DA (pH 5.0), with ranging of scan rates (20−200 mV s−1). (E)
CA curve by N−Cu-MOF surface of the electrode at 0.32 V (vs SCE) after a series of dopamine additions in 0.1 M PBS. The CA graph between the
current and the minimal DA concentration is shown in the inset. (F) CA profile of an N−Cu-MOF surface of the electrode at 0.94 V (vs SCE) after a
series of SA additions in 0.1 M PBS at pH 7.0. [Reproduced with permission from ref 68. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.]
The Counter Electrode. The counter electrode functions as advantageous for electrochemical biosensors. The sensitivity,
follows. This electrode generates the current that is then passed selectivity, and stability of the biosensor can all be enhanced by
through the working electrode. these characteristics. Redox-active species that can take part in
The Working Electrode. The working electrode (also
known as a sensor/redox electrode) serves as the biochemical the electrochemical reaction can be added to the metal clusters
reaction’s element of transmission. CE and WE must be to make them contain them. For instance, transition metals can
chemically stable and highly conductive. Thus, gold, silver, catalyze the analyte’s oxidation or reduction. The current may
platinum, silicon, graphene, or carbon are the most commonly alter as a result of this. The ligands can be altered to include
used electrode materials, relying on the electrolyte and the organic compounds or receptors that can only attach to the
response type. Screen-printing the three electrodes on an
analyte. This enables the analyte to be detected and measured
insulating substrate is a substitute for an electrochemical
reaction. The advantages of screen-printed electrodes involve selectively. An alteration in the electrode’s electrochemical
their ease of mass manufacturing, low construction costs, and characteristics, which can be detected as a change in current, can
low analyte/reagent expenditure (Figure 2). Electrochemical result from the binding of the analyte to receptors or organic
biosensors are classified based on their properties, such as the molecules. Techniques like voltammetry or amperometry can be
biorecognition component, biochemical pathways, electro- used to measure the change in the electrode’s electrochemical
chemical detection techniques, or combinations of these
methods. characteristics. It is possible to quantify the analyte using the
The distinctive qualities of MOFs, such as their large surface observed signal, which is proportional to the analyte
area, controllable pore size, and controlled reactivity, can be concentration in the sample.47
4742 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 6. (A) Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of Ni3HHTP2 MOF in 100 μM of each uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA); and 10 μM dopamine (DA)
(0.1 M PBS) at various of scan rates (5−1000 mV/s). (B) Randles-Sevcik graph of dopamine by mV/s (current and scan rate). (C) Differential pulse
voltammetry (DPV) of MOFs in 0.1 M PBS solution that contains 100 μM of each AA and UA, and 10 μM DA. (D) CV with 100 μM AA, 100 μM UA,
and 10 μM DA through 0.1 M PBS. The scan rate is 50 mV/s, the amplitude is 50 mV, and the pulse width is 50 ms. Before the measurements, the
remedies were degassed of N2, and the MOFs’s drop-casted on the electrode of GCE were assigned with 25 CV scans (50 mV/s). (F) The layered
device architecture used for this survey is depicted schematically. To enable voltammetric detection of neurochemicals, a film of MOF diffused in H2O
is drop-casted immediately on the GCE top. [Reproduced with permission from ref 69. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society, Wasahington,
DC.]
Figure 7. (A) Diagram of the MIP/pTH/Au@ZIF-67/GCE manufacturing and electrochemical quantitative assessment. (B) DPVs results of the
MIP/pTH/Au@ZIF-67/GCE detector to different concentrations by Tyr from panels (a) to (j): 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1, 2, and 4 μM,
respectively, in pH 5.0 of 0.1 M PBS. (C) DPV correlation reactions of NIP and MIP in PBS of 0.1 M enclosing Tyr (0.8 μM) with and without 16 μM
analogues in similar situations. [Reproduced with permission from ref 70. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.]
materials show a reversible [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− redox signal. of GCE with imprinted gold/polyaniline/polythionine NPs @
Additionally, the redox reaction of Cu2+/Cu+ is responsible for ZIF-67 matrix material (MIP/pTH/Au@ZIF-67) (Figure 7).
another redox peak that is present in both the Cu-MOF and the Au@ZIF-67 was applied as a framework to enhance the
N−Cu-MOF-modified electrode. The reason for the enhanced potential electron transfer and surface area of the detector. As
performance is the incorporation of heteroatoms and the N− a built-in sensor, Tyr gives a signal-off response, whereas the
Cu-MOF by decorated PVP-dispersion stability. N−Cu-MOF current of Tyr generates a signal-on response. The thickness of
electroanalytical capability for DA and SA detection can be used the MIP film, which is easily controllable by altering the cycles of
as a guide for rapid and effective monitoring of many other electropolymerization, may also influence the number of the
micropollutants.68 imprinted recognition sequence. As the number of polymer-
Ko et al. created a GCE that has been adapted with a ization cycles rises, the current intensity increases. For Tyr-
conductive MOF layer (M3HXTP2; O, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahy- specific interaction, the MIP is electro-polymerized in the
droxytriphenylene (HHTP) or 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphe- existence of a monomer of aniline, Tyr framework. The detector
nylene (HITP), M = Ni, Cu; and X = NH). The identification of has a linear variety of 1 × 10−8 M to 4 × 10−6 M for Tyr
dopamine, ascorbic acid, serotonin, and uric acid in 0.1 M PBS identification and a detection limit (7.9 × 10−10 M). The
proves the efficacy of 2D MOFs in voltammetric detection.69 detector is effectively used to distinguish Tyr (human serum),
Ni3HHTP2 MOFs, in particular, confirmed nanomolar limits of with good results.70
detection (63 ± 11 nM) for dopamine, and for serotonin (40 ±
17 nM) over the range of concentration of 40 nM to 200 μM. 5. MOFS-DERIVED MATERIALS FOR THE ENZYMATIC
This study explored the identification of 5-HT in simulation ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR
model urine using Ni3HHTP2 MOFs with a nanomolar limit of Enzymes are extremely selective and effective compounds, but
detection of 63 ± 11 nM for serotonin over a broad range of because of their complicated and fragile structural system,
concentrations (63 nM to 200 μM) in the existence of a common usage of their exceptional catalytic prospects in
continuous background of dopamine (Figure 6). biomedical and industrial settings is both desirable and
Chen et al. developed a dual-signal biosensor for the difficult.71 The invention of new and extremely efficient
quantitative analysis of tyrosine (Tyr) that used a modification analytical tools for evaluating the structure of every material
4744 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 8. (A) Diagrammatic representation of the procedure for making aptasensors and the method’s electrochemical detection technique.(B)
CoFe2O4 NPs/aptamer/MB-hDNA/VS2/AuNPs/GCE ratiometric nanosensors DPV reaction curves after catching various Kana meditations; 0 M, 1
pM, 10 pM, 100 pM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, and 1 μM in 0.01 M PBS corresponding to panels (a)−(h)) (pH 6.5). (C) Selectivity test of the suggested
biosensor in pH 6.5 (0.01 M PBS) for (a) kanamycin, (b) tetracycline, (c) norfloxacin, (d) ampicillin, (e) chloramphenicol, (f) albumin, and (g)
casein. [Reproduced with permission from ref 72. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.]
that interacts with consumers or nature is being driven by global nanostructure absorption and a rise in the reply of Methylene
legislation. The biosensing technique is one of the most active Blue. Under ideal situations, the electrochemical indication
analysis sciences in research aand development (R&D), focusing proportion of this sensor indicated a linear relationship by the
on the issue of bringing analytical chemistry to the field. logarithmic density of Kana ranging from 1 pM to 1 μM, with a
Electrochemical sensors depending on redox enzymes, in detection limit of 0.5 pM.72
specific, are appealing due to their typical fast response, high Liang et al. developed an electrochemical biosensor method
selectivity and responsiveness, low price, and portable aspects. for identifying the enzymatically active human apurinic/
Tian et al. established an electrochemical detection by apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) that incorporates both
kanamycin sensor (Kana) measurement, depending on the immunosensor and enzymatic reaction analysis.73 In enzymatic
signal intensification components of planar VS2/AuNPs reaction evaluation, the basic principle is to construct and design
nanostructure and nanozyme of CoFe2O4. A ratiometric a DNA catalyst hairpin assembly (CHA) stimulated by APE1
detection framework with conductivity and a large specific catalytic reactions, and the constructed DNAs are marked with
surface area was provided by integrating solid support by VS2/ electrochemically active PbS and CdS quantum dots to yield
AuNPs, along with hDNA of the hairpin with supplementary chemical impulses (Figure 9). The investment in information
biotinylated Kana-aptamer hybridization (Figure 8). Because a systems in the device must satisfy both the situations of
streptavidin-functionalized CoFe2O4 nanostructure and perox- immunological recognizing and enzymatic catalyst supports,
idase-like catalysis properties were incapacitated to the supplying a foundation for accurate assessment of active APE1.
aptasensor, the peroxidase-like conversion could generate The results indicate that this technique can represent enzyme
magnified electrochemical impulses. In the existence of Kana, activity regulation and distinguish APE1 from isozymes with the
aptamer biorecognition leads to a quantification reduction in same enzyme production.
4745 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 9. (a) Diagram of the application and preparation of enzymes@COF microcapsules; DPV spectra of enzymes@COF/COFTFPB-DBD/GCE
nanomaterial in PBS (O2-saturated) 0.2 M (pH 7.0) and continuous glucose addition. (b) Standard curve for current density versus concentration of
glucose. (c) Enzyme DPV@COF/COFTFPB-DBD/GCE in PBS (N2-saturated) 0.2 M (pH 7.0) with consistent H2O2 addition. (d) Standard curve
for j vs H2O2 differential concentration. (e) DPV of enzymes@COF/COFTFPB-DBD/GCE in PBS 0.2 M (N2-saturated) (pH 7.0) with varying
malathion concentrations. (f) the calibration relationship among j and −log (cmalathion). [Reproduced with permission from ref 73. Copyright 2021,
Elsevier.]
Singh et al. used a specific strategy for the MOF nanostructure 0.05 mM. In the existence of 100 μM acetaminophen, UA, and
of three distinct industrially important enzymes: α-chymotryp- AA, the sensor system exhibits efficiency and specificity with
sin, organophosphate debasing enzyme A (OpdA), and glucose inconsequential interference effects, as well as satisfying
oxidase (GOx).74 The study investigated the thermostability of procedures for up to 20% serum surroundings. The ZIF-8
ZIF-8@enzyme nanocomposite at temperatures varying over a contains mesopores with a radius of ∼3.5, which provides at least
range of 50−80 °C over periods of different times. To realize the 1 nm of radial space for the guest molecule to move about
impact of temperature on ZIF-8@GOx, an in situ heat stabilizing dynamically, possibly interact with the substrates, and possibly
analysis was conducted at the X-ray (small angle) level. In result in enzyme activity.
addition, the authors demonstrate the ZIF-8@Gox electro-
chemical stability for electrode surface at high temperatures, 6. MOFs-DERIVED MATERIALS FOR THE DIAGNOSIS
proving its potential in electrochemical sensors application OF DISEASES
(Figure 10). The optimization and the stable glucose Early diagnosis detection is critical for lowering mortality rates
amperometry nanosensor that resulted has a clinically significant and increasing chances of survival. Conventional methods such
broad range from 1 to 10 mM glucose and a limit of detection of as X-ray, computerized tomography (CT), positron emission
4746 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 10. Diagram of the growth of ZIF-8 by biomimetic mineralized on enzymes. (a) ZIF-8@Gox characterization by physical and chemical; (b) the
sphere structure of ZIF-8@GOx 2−10 μm in diameter by SEM images; ZIF-8 crystalline with the morphology of dodecahedron of ∼200 nm; clusters
of the flower designed by ZIF-8 were diverse in the nonappearance of GOx (24 h); (c) Current−time renditions of consecutive glucose of 200 μM
modifications at the GC/MW/PB/ZIF-8@GOx evaluated vs Ag/AgCl in 0.05 V, with the correlating calibration graph. 0.05 M Tris-HCl as a
stabilizing agent at pH 6.0; (d) Current−time renditions of consecutive glucose (1 mM) extensions to the GC/MW/PB/ZIF-8@GOx vs Ag/AgCl at
0.3 V with the correlating calibration graph. Tris-HCl 0.05 M at pH 6.0 possessing 1,4-benzoquinone (1 mM) as an assistance electrolyte. Reproduced
with permission from ref 74. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), London.]
Figure 11. (A) DPV reactions of MB and TMB at various concentrations: 50 nM, 100 nM, 200 nM, 500 nM, 800 nM, 1 μM, 2 μM, 3 μM, and 5 μM.
(B) DPV reactions of MB@UIO and TMB@UIO under various conditions: (a) no target analytes; (b) 2 pM let-7a; (c) 2 pM miRNA-21; (d) 2 pM let-
7a + 2 pM miRNA-21; (e) 2 pM let-7a + 2 pM miRNA-21; and (f) 2 pM let-7a + 2 pM miRNA-21. (C−F) MB@UIO and TMB@UIO fluorescence
spectra under various conditions. (G) Schema illustration of the manufacturing process for nucleic acid functionalized MOFs, and (H) the concept of a
MOFs-based homogeneous electrical and chemical biosensing for various MiRNA identification. [Reproduced with permission from ref 81. Copyright
2021, American Chemical Society.
tomography (PET), ultrasonography, ultrasound, imaging of plasmon resonance (SPR), gel electrophoresis, fluorescence
electromagnetic resonance, and PET/CT are primarily used to techniques, electrochemical (EC) assay, and electrolumines-
analyze the morphology of tissues or cells. Despite significant cence are all popular methods for the diagnosis of diseases.77,78
advances in diagnostic tests, the majority of them lack sufficient Because of their inherent merits, including economic feasibility,
sensitivity, precision, and clarity for diagnostic techniques. As a simple measuring instruments, limited sample volume provision,
result, significant investments have been made to build new quick reaction, high sense, flexibility, renewability, and ease of
methods in biochemistry, immunology, and molecular genet- disposal, EC detection methods are regarded as excellent
ics.75,76 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), surface techniques for the detection of disease. Nanosensors are small
4747 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 12. Depending on Cu-MOF/ErGO, an electrochemistry nanosensor with good sensitivity and consistency was developed for the detection of
HBV DNA. [Reproduced with permission from ref 82. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.]
analytical devices that are thought to be promising diagnostic 1013 molecules/cm2 and 89.9%, respectively. The electro-
and therapeutic early diagnostic methods. In vitro biotechnol- chemistry DNA nanosensor performed admirably in terms of
ogies are specific analysis methods for measurement and HBV DNA identification, with a broad linear region (50.0 fM−
diagnosis that use cancer identifiers, organic compounds, 10.0 nM) and a detection limit (LOD) of 5.2 fM. Furthermore,
enzymes, and proteins discovered in the blood, urinary, or the detector was applied to directly amount HBV DNA by serum
cancerous and normal tissue.20,79,80 and urine samples.82
Chang et al. produced a culturally homogeneous electro- The encapsulation ferrocene of ZIF-8 was developed to
chemical nanosensor for parallel detection of several tumor identify amyloid-beta oligomers (AO), the primary Alzheimer’s
biological markers predicated on the nanostructured UIO-66- disease neuropathological hallmark. Ferrocene is an optical
NH2 as permeability results to obtain dsDNA and electroactive aberration and electrocatalyst active indication that was
dyes as a limiting MOF. The confirmation analytes miRNA-21, effectively entrapped within the ZIF-8 and planned to be
and let-7a were detected using TMB@UIO and MB@UIO.81 released after being handled with AO by the challenging
The identification and interspecific of PX with goal miRNAs coordination of AO and Zn ions (Figure 13). The amount of
cause the formation of DNA-RNA structures, that detach from ferrocene released was measured using ultraviolet−visible (UV-
MOFs, and permit the electroactive. The integrity of the system vis) spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The dual
of minRNA-21, let-7a is accomplished, with a limit of detection dedication of AO contributed to fast qualitative and accurate
from 3.6 fM to 8.2 fM, respectively, nearly equivalent to or less quantification assessments in a sensing range from 10−5 to 102
than previously stated for the single miRNA trend observed μM and viability in the artificial spinal fluid.83
(Figure 11). The effective release of MB and TMB from MOFs Zhou et al. developed a sensitive electrochemical nanosensor
through the target-induced hybridization process is responsible using the double strategic plan for the identification of ultratrace
for the noticeably higher FL intensities. Moreover, only one microRNA-141 (miRNA-141).84 To begin, two G-quadruplex-
brighter fluorescence signal is captured when the target analyte is containing split sequences were joined by click chemistry-
available. This context suggests that the proposed biosensor mediated nucleotide chain self-assembly, and the resulting
satisfies the need for simultaneous detection of let-7a and comprehensive G-quadruplex was supplementary with miRNA-
miRNA-21 through fluorescence intensity fluctuation. Further- 141 to produce DNA-RNA combination duplexes. The
more, the suggested biosensor has been used for concurrent established DNA-RNA combination duplexes were then
determination of destination miRNAs sharp in blood serum. identified by duplex-specific nuclease (DSN), and the DNA
The suggested plan was intended to offer more relevant data for portion of the duplexes was severed and the miRNA-141 was
the initial and precise diagnosis of cancer therapy and was a cleared to initiate the next cycle, which obtained a primal leading
beneficial tool in disease diagnostics and medical biomedicine.81 to greater by enzyme-assisted target recycling (EATR).
By incorporating the electrocatalyst Cu-MOF as a message Furthermore, multilabeled bifunctional fullerene nanoparticles
nanoprobe and cross mixture, as well as electro-reduced (FC60) with wider surface activation areas and improved
graphene oxide (ErGO) as coherent detection material, a biocompatibility were logic to customize the Au anode, resulting
simple electrical and chemical sensing element with good in a multiply enhanced high detection (Figure 14). This double-
precision and consistency for identifying HBV DNA was sensing device performed exceptionally well in detecting
created. Cu-MOF has a high affinity for probing DNA via miRNA-141 in concentration levels from 0.1 pM to 100 nM,
covalent binding, which can assist in stabilizing the probe with a limit of detection of 7.78 fM received. This electro-
(Figure 12). This electrocatalytic DNA biosensor’s detector chemical sensor could be very helpful in biomedicine and early
DNA concentration and fertilization effectiveness were 9.48 × medical assessment.
4748 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 13. (A) Simulation of ZIF8/Fer nanoscale for AO detecting via electrochemical and optical techniques. (B) UV/vis absorption bands of ZIF8
in the black graph, ZIF8/Fer in the red graph, responded at 0 μM, and ZIF8/Fer at 4 mg/mL in varied AO concentration ranges (0.5, 1, 10, 20, 50, 100,
200 μM). (C) CVs of ZIF8/Fer culture medium (black graph, responded at 0 μM of AβO) and ZIF-8/Fer in different AO concentrations (10−5, 10−4,
10−3, 10−2, 10−1, 10, 50 μM; from bottom to top). [Reproduced with permission from ref 83 Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC.]
7. CONCLUSION, CHALLENGE, AND FUTURE based on grafting, like core−shell materials, or surface
PERSPECTIVES modification to improve properties over individual counter-
parts; 3D growth of the material; impregnation and further
The rational design and controllable synthesis of MOFs with
reduction with metal salts to create metal nanoparticles; or
desirable characteristics for electrochemical sensing applications
calcination of the material itself. These findings suggest that
depend greatly on our growing understanding (and ability to future sensing demands will be more robust, reproducible, and
precisely control) of the MOF assembly. The new topological sensitive.
structures of hollow MOFs, composites, and derivatives will be Although fully functioning MOFs nanostructures have given
of tremendous interest in addition to conventional morpholo- an inventive solid substrate for high efficiency, designing an on-
gies such as rod forms, polyhedra, and nanosheets. To fully site nanosensor with sufficient sensitivity and repeatability is still
comprehend the synergy produced by creating composites, it difficult. The most crucial challenges that must be resolved for
would be crucial to precisely manage the assembly of MOFs and technical realities in the electrochemical sensor are matrix
functional species at the molecular level. The MOFs derivative intervention from real samples, which affects the biomolecular
that was created for use in biosensor applications displayed conversation. The operational MOF composite materials
intriguing optical and electrochemical characteristics that could accommodate for the single MOF’s lack of electrical resistivity
be detected based on the analyte’s concentration at the micro, and poor mechanical properties. Scientists are striving to
nano, and pico levels (Table 3). This demonstrates superior develop electroactive MOF nanomaterials that are multifunc-
capabilities in comparison to more established techniques, such tional, low-cost, and ecologically friendly. Attention to this
as high-performance liquid chromatography, SERS, and assessment is introduced, as well as the huge potential of
colorimetric sensors. There are several ways to increase the mesoporous constructions for the development of electro-
conductivity of MOF derivatives, including synthetic routes chemical devices, emphasizing significant advancements and
4749 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Figure 14. (A) EATR and (B) FC60 the double strategy electrochemical sensors are shown schematically. (C) The standard DPV reactions and (D)
the correlating standard curve to 0.001 nM, 0.01 nM, 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, and 100 nM of goal miRNA without FC60 adapted the nanosensor.
MPanel (E) shows the DPV reactions and panel (F) shows the corresponding standard curves to 0.0001 nM, 0.001 nM, 0.01 nM, 0.01 nM, 0.1 nM, 1
nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 50 nM, and 100 nM. [Reproduced with permission from ref 84. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.]
Table 3. MOF Modification Material for Electrochemical Biosensors by Detecting Different Agents
MOF modification material electrochemical technique limit of detection detection agent ref
Fe3O4@NMOF-Apt SWV 3.0 cfu/mL vibrio parahemolyticus 85
Co-MOF/chitosan/PcCDH amperometric 4.0 mM lactose 86
AP II/AuNPs/Ni-MOF DPV 0.016 pM thrombin 87
GOx-AuNPs/N-GQDs-P-MOF amperometric 0.7 μM glucose 88
Ab/polyUiO-66@AgNPs EIS 23.4 fg mL−1 H1N1 virus 89
MOFs-Ab-E. coli-AuNP CV 1.0 cfu/mL Escherichia coli K12 47
Mn-BDC@MWCNTs DPV 0.002 μM dopamine 90
Pt@CuMOFs-hGq-GOx impedimetric 0.023 pg mL−1 carcinoembryonic antigen 91
FeMOF@AuNPs-hairpin CV 2.344 × 10−4 T4 polynucleotide kinase 81
Au@NC@GC DPV 10.0−150.0 μM uric acid 92
Fe-MOF/AuNPs/DNA DPV 3.5 × 10−4 U mL−1 T4 polynucleotide kinase 93
polyaniline@Ni-MOF/DNA/BSA EIS 54.7 fg mL−1 hepatitis-C virus 94
techniques on MOF-derived material properties, such as metal the applications of MOF biosensors to real life, new biosensors
oxide, metals, graphene, carbons, or composites, and their
potential as electrocatalysts. The electrocatalytic sensor was not only fulfill the daily healthcare requirements of today’s
examined and assessed by categorizing nanosensors into illness people, but also protect against the transmission of pathogens
and nonenzyme biosensing, and treatment is based on the active
sensor mesoporous nanomaterials having exceptional perme- and save public healthcare resources.
ability, electrochemical interaction, and consistency, out-
performing the relatively low conductivity and lack of
chemical/structural reliability of pristine MOFs, retaining only
the vital compositional and structural characteristics of their
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
MOF precursors. Vy Anh Tran − Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable
The real surrounding is frequently complex and diverse, and Development and Faculty of Environmental and Food
the development of biosensing faces various pressing challenges. Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City
To effectively facilitate the detection of molecules, the growth of 700000, Vietnam; orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-8381;
MOF-derived nanomaterials for biosensors should enhance and Email: tavy@ntt.edu.vn
utilize aspects including the build of novel ligands or the Van Dat Doan − The Faculty of Chemical Engineering,
coordination of ligands that can mimic the structure or function Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City
of biomolecules. Besides, an electrocatalyst MOF is used as a 700000, Vietnam; Email: doanvandat@iuh.edu.vn
signal emission, the background reply should be reduced as Van Thuan Le − Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of
much as possible so that an apparent signal can be obtained, Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang
even at extremely low analyte concentrations. Finally, the size 550000, Vietnam; Faculty of Environmental and Chemical
reduction and assimilation of MOF sensor elements advance Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam;
mobile devices and the mobile sensing business. By expanding Email: levanthuan3@duytan.edu.vn
4750 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
Giang N. L. Vo − Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine blue 19 using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 composited with
and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City Fe3O4/MnO2 heterojunction. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2022, 115, 345−54.
700000, Vietnam; Email: vongoclinhgiang@uphcm.edu.vn (7) Cheng, X.-M.; Zhao, J.; Sun, W.-Y. Facet-Engineering of Materials
for Photocatalytic Application: Status and Future Prospects.
Authors EnergyChem. 2022, 4, 100084.
Thanh-Quang Nguyen − Department of External Relations (8) Le, V. T.; Tran, V. A.; Tran, D. L.; Nguyen, T. L. H.; Doan, V.-D.
and Project Development, Institute of Applied Science and Fabrication of Fe3O4/CuO@C composite from MOF-based materials
Technology (IAST), Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City as an efficient and magnetically separable photocatalyst for degradation
700000, Vietnam of ciprofloxacin antibiotic. Chemosphere 2021, 270, 129417.
Ta Ngoc Don − Ministry of Education and Training, Ha Noi (9) Bai, Y.; Liu, C.; Chen, T.; Li, W.; Zheng, S.; Pi, Y.; Luo, Y.; Pang, H.
MXene-Copper/Cobalt Hybrids via Lewis Acidic Molten Salts Etching
City 100000, Vietnam
for High Performance Symmetric Supercapacitors. Angew. Chem., Int.
Vo Vien − Applied Research Institute for Science and
Ed. 2021, 60, 25318−25322.
Technology, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon 820000, (10) Tran, V. A.; Tran, N. T.; Doan, V. D.; Nguyen, T.-Q.; Pham Thi,
Vietnam H. H.; Vo, G. N. L. Application Prospects of MXenes Materials
Nguyen Thanh Luan − Department of Science and Technology, Modifications for Sensors. Micromachines 2023, 14, 247.
HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam (11) Tran, V. A.; Vo, G. V.; Tan, M. A.; Park, J.-S.; An, S. S. A.; Lee, S.-
Complete contact information is available at: W. Dual Stimuli-Responsive Multifunctional Silicon Nanocarriers for
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399 Specifically Targeting Mitochondria in Human Cancer Cells.
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 858.
Notes (12) Do, H. H.; Le, Q. V.; Nguyen, T. V.; Huynh, K. A.; Tekalgne, M.
A.; Tran, V. A.; Lee, T. H.; Cho, J. H.; Shokouhimehr, M.; Ahn, S. H.;
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Jang, H. W.; Kim, S. Y. Synthesis of MoSx/Ni-metal-organic
■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
V.A.T. was funded by the Postdoctoral Scholarship Programme
framework-74 composites as efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen
evolution reactions. Int. J. Energy Res. 2021, 45, 9638−9647.
(13) Nguyen, V.-H.; Thi Vo, T.-T.; Huu Do, H.; Thuan Le, V.;
of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Code VIN- Nguyen, T. D.; Ky Vo, T.; Nguyen, B.-S.; Nguyen, T. T.; Phung, T. K.;
IF.2022.STS.45. Tran, V. A. Ag@ZnO porous nanoparticle wrapped by rGO for the
effective CO2 electrochemical reduction. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2021, 232,
■ ABBREVIATIONS
MOF, metal−organic-framework
116381.
(14) Anh Tran, V.; Nhu Quynh, L. T.; Thi Vo, T.-T.; Nguyen, P. A.;
Don, T. N.; Vasseghian, Y.; Phan, H.; Lee, S.-W. Experimental and
EC, electrochemical computational investigation of a green Knoevenagel condensation
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid catalyzed by zeolitic imidazolate framework-8. Environ. Res. 2022, 204,
PVP, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) 112364.
NT, neurotransmitter (15) Tran, V. A.; Kadam, A. N.; Lee, S.-W. Adsorption-assisted
DPV, differential pulse voltammetry photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye by zeolite-imidazole-
EP, epinephrine framework-derived nanoparticles. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 835, 155414.
L-TY, L-tyrosine (16) Vásquez, V.; Orozco, J. Detection of COVID-19-related
DA, dopamine biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis,
AA, ascorbic acid prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of
UA, uric acid personalized medicine. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2023, 415, 1003−31.
GCE, glassy carbon electrode (17) Chen, Z.; Qian, Y.; Zhang, L.; Tian, Y. NiPd mediated by
conductive metal organic frameworks with facilitated electron transfer
■ REFERENCES
(1) Anh Tran, V.; Khoa Phung, T.; Thuan Le, V.; Ky Vo, T.; Tai
for assaying of H2O2 released from living cells. J. Electroanal. Chem.
2022, 905, 115985.
(18) Mohan, B.; Kumar, S.; Xi, H.; Ma, S.; Tao, Z.; Xing, T.; You, H.;
Nguyen, T.; Anh Nga Nguyen, T.; Quoc Viet, D.; Quang Hieu, V.; Thi Zhang, Y.; Ren, P. Fabricated Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as
Vo, T.-T. Solar-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methyl luminescent and electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarkers
orange dye over Co3O4-ZnO nanoparticles. Mater. Lett. 2021, 284, detection. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2022, 197, 113738.
128902. (19) Liu, L.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, S.; Xu, M. The Applications of Metal−
(2) Tran, V. A.; Do, H. H.; Le, V. T.; Vasseghian, Y.; Vo, V.; Ahn, S. H.; Organic Frameworks in Electrochemical Sensors. ChemElectroChem.
Kim, S. Y.; Lee, S.-W. Metal-organic-framework-derived metals and
2018, 5, 6−19.
metal compounds as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction: A
(20) Zhang, S.; Rong, F.; Guo, C.; Duan, F.; He, L.; Wang, M.; Zhang,
review. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2022, 47, 19590−608.
Z.; Kang, M.; Du, M. Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) based
(3) Zheng, S.; Li, Q.; Xue, H.; Pang, H.; Xu, Q. A highly alkaline-stable
metal oxide@metal−organic framework composite for high-perform- electrochemical biosensors for early cancer diagnosis in vitro. Coord.
ance electrochemical energy storage. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2020, 7, 305−314. Chem. Rev. 2021, 439, 213948.
(4) Tran, V. A.; Lee, S.-W. pH-triggered degradation and release of (21) Rieter, W. J.; Taylor, K. M.; Lin, W. Surface modification and
doxorubicin from zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF8) decorated functionalization of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for controlled
with polyacrylic acid. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 9222−9234. release and luminescence sensing. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9852−3.
(5) Anh Tran, V.; Vu, K. B.; Thi Vo, T.-T.; Thuan Le, V.; Do, H. H.; (22) Urata, H.; Yamaguchi, E.; Funai, T.; Matsumura, Y.; Wada, S.-i.
Bach, L. G.; Lee, S.-W. Experimental and computational investigation Incorporation of Thymine Nucleotides by DNA Polymerases through
on interaction mechanism of Rhodamine B adsorption and photo- T−HgII−T Base Pairing. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6516−9.
degradation by zeolite imidazole frameworks-8. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, (23) Tang, Z.; He, J.; Chen, J.; Niu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, C. A
538, 148065. sensitive sandwich-type immunosensor for the detection of galectin-3
(6) Le, V. T.; Le, H. S.; Tran, V. A.; Sang-Wha, L.; Doan, V.-D.; Joo, S.- based on N-GNRs-Fe-MOFs@AuNPs nanocomposites and a novel
W.; Vasseghian, Y. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of reactive AuPt-methylene blue nanorod. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 101, 253−9.
4751 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
(24) My Tran, N.; Thanh Hoai Ta, Q.; Noh, J.-S. Unusual synthesis of (42) Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J. Design strategies for MOF-derived
safflower-shaped TiO2/Ti3C2 heterostructures initiated from two- porous functional materials: Preserving surfaces and nurturing pores.
dimensional Ti3C2MXene. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 538, 148023. Journal of Materiomics 2021, 7, 440−459.
(25) Sanati, A.; Jalali, M.; Raeissi, K.; Karimzadeh, F.; Kharaziha, M.; (43) Song, Y.; He, J.; Wu, H.; Li, X.; Yu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.
Mahshid, S. S.; Mahshid, S. A review on recent advancements in Preparation of Porous Hollow CoOx Nanocubes via Chemical Etching
electrochemical biosensing using carbonaceous nanomaterials. Micro- Prussian Blue Analogue for Glucose Sensing. Electrochim. Acta 2015,
chimica Acta 2019, 186, 773. 182, 165−172.
(26) Tran, N. M.; Ta, Q. T. H.; Noh, J.-S. rGO/Ti 3 C 2 T x (44) Song, Y.; Li, X.; Wei, C.; Fu, J.; Xu, F.; Tan, H.; Tang, J.; Wang, L.
heterostructures for the efficient, room-temperature detection of A Green Strategy to Prepare Metal Oxide Superstructure from Metal-
multiple toxic gases. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2021, 273, 125087. Organic Frameworks. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 8401.
(27) Kafi, A. K. M.; Crossley, M. J. Synthesis of a conductive network (45) Schuster, B. S-Layer Protein-Based Biosensors. Biosensors (Basel)
of crosslinked carbon nanotube/hemoglobin on a thiol-modified Au 2018, 8, 40.
Surface and its application to biosensing. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2013, (46) Damiati, S.; Schuster, B. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on S-
42, 273−279. Layer Proteins. Sensors 2020, 20, 1721.
(28) Cho, I. H.; Kim, D. H.; Park, S. Electrochemical biosensors: (47) Dourandish, Z.; Tajik, S.; Beitollahi, H.; Jahani, P. M.; Nejad, F.
perspective on functional nanomaterials for on-site analysis. Biomater. G.; Sheikhshoaie, I.; Di Bartolomeo, A. A Comprehensive Review of
Res. 2020, 24, 6. Metal−Organic Framework: Synthesis, Characterization, and Inves-
(29) Gao, L.-L.; Gao, E.-Q. Metal−organic frameworks for electro- tigation of Their Application in Electrochemical Biosensors for
chemical sensors of neurotransmitters. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2021, 434, Biomedical Analysis. Sensors 2022, 22, 2238.
213784. (48) Lu, S.; Hummel, M.; Chen, K.; Zhou, Y.; Kang, S.; Gu, Z.
(30) Moon, J. M.; Thapliyal, N.; Hussain, K. K.; Goyal, R. N.; Shim, Y. Synthesis of Au@ZIF-8 nanocomposites for enhanced electrochemical
B. Conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for neuro- detection of dopamine. Electrochem. Commun. 2020, 114, 106715.
transmitters: A review. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2018, 102, 540−52. (49) Moulaee, K.; Neri, G. Electrochemical Amino Acid Sensing: A
(31) Gorle, D. B.; Ponnada, S.; Kiai, M. S.; Nair, K. K.; Nowduri, A.; Review on Challenges and Achievements. Biosensors 2021, 11, 502.
Swart, H. C.; Ang, E. H.; Nanda, K. K. Review on recent progress in (50) Khoshnevisan, K.; Honarvarfard, E.; Torabi, F.; Maleki, H.;
metal−organic framework-based materials for fabricating electro- Baharifar, H.; Faridbod, F.; Larijani, B.; Khorramizadeh, M. R.
chemical glucose sensors. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021, 9, 7927−7954. Electrochemical detection of serotonin: A new approach. Clin. Chim.
(32) Tavakolian-Ardakani, Z.; Hosu, O.; Cristea, C.; Mazloum- Acta 2020, 501, 112−9.
Ardakani, M.; Marrazza, G. Latest Trends in Electrochemical Sensors (51) Dǎscǎlescu, D.; Apetrei, C. Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical
for Neurotransmitters: A Review. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2019, 19, Sensors for Serotonin Detection: A Review. Chemosensors 2021, 9, 14.
(52) Queiroz, D.F.d.; Dadamos, T.R.d.L.; Machado, S. A. S.; Martines,
2037.
M. A. U. Electrochemical Determination of Norepinephrine by Means
(33) Ren, H.; Zhang, L.; An, J.; Wang, T.; Li, L.; Si, X.; He, L.; Wu, X.;
of Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes with Carbon Nanotubes and
Wang, C.; Su, Z. Polyacrylic acid@zeolitic imidazolate framework-8
Magnetic Nanoparticles of Cobalt Ferrite. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
nanoparticles with ultrahigh drug loading capability for pH-sensitive
2018, 18, 1223.
drug release. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 1000−1002.
(53) Samdani, K. J.; Joh, D. W.; Rath, M. K.; Lee, K. T.
(34) Furukawa, H.; Ko, N.; Go, Y. B.; Aratani, N.; Choi, S. B.; Choi, E.;
Electrochemical mediatorless detection of norepinephrine based on
Yazaydin, A. O.; Snurr, R. Q.; O’Keeffe, M.; Kim, J.; Yaghi, O. M.
MoO3 nanowires. Electrochim. Acta 2017, 252, 268−274.
Ultrahigh porosity in metal-organic frameworks. Science 2010, 329, (54) Yang, X.; Zhao, P.; Xie, Z.; Ni, M.; Wang, C.; Yang, P.; Xie, Y.;
424−428. Fei, J. Selective determination of epinephrine using electrochemical
(35) Taylor-Pashow, K. M. L.; Della Rocca, J.; Xie, Z.; Tran, S.; Lin, sensor based on ordered mesoporous carbon/nickel oxide nano-
W. Postsynthetic Modifications of Iron-Carboxylate Nanoscale Metal− composite. Talanta 2021, 233, 122545.
Organic Frameworks for Imaging and Drug Delivery. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (55) Fouad, D. M.; El-Said, W. A. Selective Electrochemical Detection
2009, 131, 14261−14263. of Epinephrine Using Gold Nanoporous Film. J. Nanomater. 2016,
(36) Chae, H. K.; Siberio-Pérez, D. Y.; Kim, J.; Go, Y.; Eddaoudi, M.; 2016, 6194230.
Matzger, A. J.; O’Keeffe, M.; Yaghi, O. M. A route to high surface area, (56) Azizpour Moallem, Q.; Beitollahi, H. Electrochemical sensor for
porosity and inclusion of large molecules in crystals. Nature 2004, 427, simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid based on a carbon
523−527. paste electrode modified with nanostructured Cu-based metal-organic
(37) Chen, Y.; Li, P.; Modica, J. A.; Drout, R. J.; Farha, O. K. Acid- frameworks. Microchem. J. 2022, 177, 107261.
Resistant Mesoporous Metal−Organic Framework toward Oral Insulin (57) Xu, Y.; Zhu, T.; Niu, Y.; Ye, B.-C. Electrochemical detection of
Delivery: Protein Encapsulation, Protection, and Release. J. Am. Chem. glutamate by metal−organic frameworks-derived Ni@NC electro-
Soc. 2018, 140, 5678−5681. catalysts. Microchem. J. 2022, 175, 107229.
(38) Yang, X.; Tang, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Wang, M.; Mao, L. (58) Shadlaghani, A.; Farzaneh, M.; Kinser, D.; Reid, R. C. Direct
Nanoscale ATP-Responsive Zeolitic Imidazole Framework-90 as a Electrochemical Detection of Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Choline, and
General Platform for Cytosolic Protein Delivery and Genome Editing. J. Adenosine Using Non-Enzymatic Electrodes. Sensors (Basel, Switzer-
Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 3782−3786. land) 2019, 19, 447.
(39) Férey, G.; Serre, C.; Mellot-Draznieks, C.; Millange, F.; Surblé, (59) Alam, M. M.; Uddin, M. T.; Asiri, A. M.; Rahman, M. M.; Islam,
S.; Dutour, J.; Margiolaki, I. A Hybrid Solid with Giant Pores Prepared M. A. Detection of L-Tyrosine by electrochemical method based on
by a Combination of Targeted Chemistry, Simulation, and Powder binary mixed CdO/SnO2 nanoparticles. Measurement 2020, 163,
Diffraction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 6296−6301. 107990.
(40) Lian, X.; Huang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Fang, Y.; Zhao, R.; Joseph, E.; Li, J.; (60) Kavitha, C.; Bramhaiah, K.; John, N. S. Low-cost electrochemical
Pellois, J.-P.; Zhou, H.-C. Enzyme-MOF Nanoreactor Activates detection of L-tyrosine using an rGO−Cu modified pencil graphite
Nontoxic Paracetamol for Cancer Therapy. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. electrode and its surface orientation on a Ag electrode using an ex situ
2018, 57, 5725−30. spectroelectrochemical method. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 22871−22880.
(41) He, C.; Lu, K.; Liu, D.; Lin, W. Nanoscale Metal−Organic (61) Chauhan, N.; Chawla, S.; Pundir, C. S.; Jain, U. An
Frameworks for the Co-Delivery of Cisplatin and Pooled siRNAs to electrochemical sensor for detection of neurotransmitter-acetylcholine
Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy in Drug-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells. using metal nanoparticles, 2D material and conducting polymer
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 5181−4. modified electrode. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2017, 89, 377−383.
4752 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research pubs.acs.org/IECR Review
(62) Dutta, J. C.; Sharma, P. K. Fabrication, Characterization and tissues from Alzheimer patients. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2020, 163,
Electrochemical Modeling of CNT Based Enzyme Field Effect 112238.
Acetylcholine Biosensor. IEEE Sens. J. 2018, 18, 3090−7. (81) Chang, J.; Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Li, H.; Li, F. Nucleic Acid-
(63) Bedioui, F.; Ismail, A.; Griveau, S. Electrochemical detection of Functionalized Metal−Organic Framework-Based Homogeneous
nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols in biological systems: Past, present & Electrochemical Biosensor for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple
future. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2018, 12, 42−50. Tumor Biomarkers. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 3604−3610.
(64) Xu, T.; Scafa, N.; Xu, L.-P.; Zhou, S.; Abdullah Al-Ghanem, K.; (82) Lin, X.; Lian, X.; Luo, B.; Huang, X.-C. A highly sensitive and
Mahboob, S.; Fugetsu, B.; Zhang, X. Electrochemical hydrogen sulfide stable electrochemical HBV DNA biosensor based on ErGO-supported
biosensors. Analyst 2016, 141, 1185−1195. Cu-MOF. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2020, 119, 108095.
(65) Rosy; Yadav, S. K.; Agrawal, B.; Oyama, M.; Goyal, R. N. (83) Qin, J.; Cho, M.; Lee, Y. Ferrocene-Encapsulated Zn Zeolitic
Graphene modified Palladium sensor for electrochemical analysis of Imidazole Framework (ZIF-8) for Optical and Electrochemical Sensing
norepinephrine in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Electrochim. of Amyloid-β Oligomers and for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
Acta 2014, 125, 622−629. Disease. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 11743−8.
(66) Huang, J.; Liu, Y.; Hou, H.; You, T. Simultaneous electro- (84) Zhou, L.; Wang, T.; Bai, Y.; Li, Y.; Qiu, J.; Yu, W.; Zhang, S. Dual-
chemical determination of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid using amplified strategy for ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor based on
palladium nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofibers modified electrode. click chemistry-mediated enzyme-assisted target recycling and
Biosensors Bioelectron. 2008, 24, 632−637. functionalized fullerene nanoparticles in the detection of microRNA-
(67) Dong, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, L. 3D hierarchical hollow microrod via in- 141. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2020, 150, 111964.
situ growth 2D SnS nanoplates on MOF derived Co, N co-doped (85) Wang, W.; Tan, L.; Wu, J.; Li, T.; Xie, H.; Wu, D.; Gan, N. A
universal signal-on electrochemical assay for rapid on-site quantitation
carbon rod for electrochemical sensing. Sensors Actuators B: Chem.
of vibrio parahaemolyticus using aptamer modified magnetic metal−
2020, 303, 127208.
organic framework and phenylboronic acid-ferrocene co-immobilized
(68) Chen, S.; Wang, C.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, W.; Qi, J.; Sun, X.; Wang,
nanolabel. Anal. Chim. Acta 2020, 1133, 128−136.
L.; Li, J. N-doped Cu-MOFs for efficient electrochemical determination
(86) Choi, H. S.; Yang, X.; Liu, G.; Kim, D. S.; Yang, J. H.; Lee, J. H.;
of dopamine and sulfanilamide. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 390, 122157. Han, S. O.; Lee, J.; Kim, S. W. Development of Co-hemin MOF/
(69) Ko, M.; Mendecki, L.; Eagleton, A. M.; Durbin, C. G.; Stolz, R. chitosan composite based biosensor for rapid detection of lactose. J.
M.; Meng, Z.; Mirica, K. A. Employing Conductive Metal−Organic Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2020, 113, 1−7.
Frameworks for Voltammetric Detection of Neurochemicals. J. Am. (87) Wu, H.; Li, M.; Wang, Z.; Yu, H.; Han, J.; Xie, G.; Chen, S. Highly
Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 11717−11733. stable Ni-MOF comprising triphenylamine moieties as a high-
(70) Chen, B.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, L.; Chen, H.; Zhao, M. Au nanoparticles performance redox indicator for sensitive aptasensor construction.
@metal organic framework/polythionine loaded with molecularly Anal. Chim. Acta 2019, 1049, 74−81.
imprinted polymer sensor: Preparation, characterization, and electro- (88) Zhang, Y.; Wei, X.; Gu, Q.; Zhang, J.; Ding, Y.; Xue, L.; Chen, M.;
chemical detection of tyrosine. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 863, 114052. Wang, J.; Wu, S.; Yang, X.; Zhang, S.; Lei, T.; Wu, Q. Cascade
(71) Chauhan, N.; Tiwari, S.; Narayan, T.; Jain, U. Bienzymatic amplification based on PEI-functionalized metal−organic framework
assembly formed @ Pt nano sensing framework detecting acetylcholine supported gold nanoparticles/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots
in aqueous phase. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 474, 154−160. for amperometric biosensing applications. Electrochim. Acta 2022, 405,
(72) Tian, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Geng, Q.; Liu, D.; Duan, L.; Wang, 139803.
Y.; Cui, J. Ratiometric Dual Signal-Enhancing-Based Electrochemical (89) Jia, Q.; Lou, Y.; Rong, F.; Zhang, S.; Wang, M.; He, L.; Zhang, Z.;
Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Kanamycin Detection. ACS Appl. Mater. Du, M. Silver nanoparticle embedded polymer−zirconium-based
Interfaces 2020, 12, 52713−52720. metal−organic framework (polyUiO-66) for electrochemical bio-
(73) Liang, H.; Wang, L.; Yang, Y.; Song, Y.; Wang, L. A novel sensors of respiratory viruses. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 14190−14200.
biosensor based on multienzyme microcapsules constructed from (90) Wang, M.-Q.; Ye, C.; Bao, S.-J.; Zhang, Y.; Yu, Y.-N.; Xu, M.-w.
covalent-organic framework. Biosensors Bioelectron. 2021, 193, 113553. Carbon nanotubes implanted manganese-based MOFs for simulta-
(74) Singh, R.; Musameh, M.; Gao, Y.; Ozcelik, B.; Mulet, X.; neous detection of biomolecules in body fluids. Analyst 2016, 141,
Doherty, C. M. Stable MOF@enzyme composites for electrochemical 1279−85.
biosensing devices. J. Mater. Chem. C 2021, 9, 7677−7688. (91) Zhou, X.; Guo, S.; Gao, J.; Zhao, J.; Xue, S.; Xu, W. Glucose
(75) Toyos-Rodríguez, C.; García-Alonso, F. J.; de la Escosura-Muñiz, oxidase-initiated cascade catalysis for sensitive impedimetric aptasensor
A. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Early based on metal-organic frameworks functionalized with Pt nano-
Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease. Sensors 2020, 20, 4748. particles and hemin/G-quadruplex as mimicking peroxidases. Biosensors
(76) Sethi, J.; Van Bulck, M.; Suhail, A.; Safarzadeh, M.; Perez- Bioelectron. 2017, 98, 83−90.
Castillo, A.; Pan, G. A label-free biosensor based on graphene and (92) Qiu, R.; Xu, Q.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X. A Novel Enzyme-Free
reduced graphene oxide dual-layer for electrochemical determination of Biosensor Based on Porous Core−Shell Metal Organic Frame
beta-amyloid biomarkers. Microchimica Acta 2020, 187, 288. Nanocomposites Modified Electrode for Highly Sensitive Detection
(77) Ding, S.; Xu, Y.; Liu, Q.; Gu, H.; Zhu, A.; Shi, G. Interface of Uric Acid and Dopamine. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2019, 15, 1443−
engineering of microelectrodes toward ultrasensitive monitoring of β- 1453.
amyloid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease. Analyst (93) Song, Z.; Li, Y.; Teng, H.; Ding, C.; Xu, G.; Luo, X. Designed
2020, 145, 2331−2338. zwitterionic peptide combined with sacrificial Fe-MOF for low fouling
(78) You, M.; Yang, S.; An, Y.; Zhang, F.; He, P. A novel and highly sensitive electrochemical detection of T4 polynucleotide
electrochemical biosensor with molecularly imprinted polymers and kinase. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2020, 305, 127329.
aptamer-based sandwich assay for determining amyloid-β oligomer. J. (94) Sheta, S. M.; El-Sheikh, S. M.; Osman, D. I.; Salem, A. M.; Ali, O.
Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 862, 114017. I.; Harraz, F. A.; Shousha, W. G.; Shoeib, M. A.; Shawky, S. M.;
(79) Brazaca, L. C.; Sampaio, I.; Zucolotto, V.; Janegitz, B. C. Dionysiou, D. D. A novel HCV electrochemical biosensor based on a
Applications of biosensors in Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. Talanta polyaniline@Ni-MOF nanocomposite. Dalton Trans. 2020, 49, 8918−
8926.
2020, 210, 120644.
(80) Razzino, C. A.; Serafín, V.; Gamella, M.; Pedrero, M.; Montero-
Calle, A.; Barderas, R.; Calero, M.; Lobo, A. O.; Yáñez-Sedeño, P.;
Campuzano, S.; Pingarrón, J. M. An electrochemical immunosensor
using gold nanoparticles-PAMAM-nanostructured screen-printed
carbon electrodes for tau protein determination in plasma and brain
4753 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2023, 62, 4738−4753