CLAT

& Other Law-Entrance Tests

CRITICAL REASONING
INFERENTIAL REASONING
 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
1. Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. If they did, countries with the largest budget
deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different
countries are reliably comparable to each other, there is no such correlation.
If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?
(A) Countries with large national budget deficits tend to restrict foreign trade.
(B) Reliable comparisons of the deficit figures of one country with those of another are impossible.
(C) Reducing a country’s national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade
deficit that country may have.
(D) Countries with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits.

2. Useful protein drugs, such as insulin, must still be administered by the cumbersome procedure of injection
under the skin. If proteins are taken orally, they are digested and cannot reach their target cells. Certain
nonprotein drugs, however, contain chemical bonds that are not broken down by the digestive system. They
can, thus, be taken orally.
The statements above most strongly support a claim that a research procedure that successfully
accomplishes which of the following would be beneficial to users of protein drugs?
(A) Coating insulin with compounds that are broken down by target cells, but whose chemical bonds are
resistant to digestion
(B) Converting into protein compounds, by procedures that work in the laboratory, the nonprotein drugs
that resist digestion
(C) Removing permanently from the digestive system any substances that digest proteins
(D) Determining, in a systematic way, what enzymes and bacteria are present in the normal digestive
system and whether they tend to be broken down within the body

3. Neuroscientist: Memory evolved to help animals react appropriately to situations they encounter by
drawing on the past experience of similar situations. But this does not require that animals perfectly recall
every detail of all their experiences. Instead, to function well, memory should generalize from past
experiences that are similar to the current one.
The neuroscientist's statements, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Perfectly recalling every detail of all their past experiences could help at least some animals react more
appropriately than they otherwise would to new situations they encounter.
(B) Generalizing from past experiences requires clear memories of most if not all the details of those
experiences.
(C) Recalling every detail of all past experiences would be incompatible with any ability to generalize
from those experiences.
(D) Animals can often react more appropriately than they otherwise would to situations they encounter if
they draw on generalizations from past experiences of similar situations.

4. The sustained massive use of pesticides in farming has two effects that are especially pernicious. First, it
often kills off the pests' natural enemies in the area. Second, it often unintentionally gives rise to insecticide-
resistant pests, since those insects that survive a particular insecticide will be the ones most resistant to it,
and they are the ones left to breed.
From the passage above, it can be properly inferred that the effectiveness of the sustained massive use of
pesticides can be extended by doing which of the following, assuming that each is a realistic possibility?
(A) Using only chemically stable insecticides
(B) Periodically switching the type of insecticide used
(C) Gradually increasing the quantities of pesticides used
(D) Leaving a few fields fallow every year

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
5. Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream
cholesterol levels by increasing the body’s capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol. Levels of HDL in the
bloodstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight
reduction.
Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?
(A) Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in the
bloodstream.
(B) Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high levels of cholesterol in
the bloodstream late in life.
(C) Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering bloodstream cholesterol
levels in humans.
(D) A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of
some individuals.

6. The cost of producing radios in country Q is 10 percent less than the cost of producing radios in country Y.
Even after transportation fees and tariff charges are added, it is still cheaper for a company to import radios
from country Q to Country Y than to produce radios in Country Y.
The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?
(A) Labor costs in country Q are 10 percent below those in Country Y.
(B) The tariff on a radio imported from country Q to country Y is less than 10 percent of the cost of
manufacturing the radio in country Y
(C) The fee for transporting a radio from country Q to Country Y is more than 10 percent of the cost of
manufacturing the radio in country Q
(D) It takes 10 percent less time to manufacture a radio in country Q than it does in Country Y.

7. High levels of fertilizer and pesticides, needed when farmers try to produce high yields of the same crop
year after year, pollute water supplies. Experts therefore urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate
their plantings yearly.
To receive governmental price-support benefits for a crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for
the past several years.
The statements above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) The rules for governmental support of farm prices work against efforts to reduce water pollution.
(B) Farmers can continue to make a profit by rotating diverse crops, thus reducing costs for chemicals, but
not by planting the same crop each year.
(C) New farming techniques will be developed to make it possible for farmers to reduce the application of
fertilizers and pesticides.
(D) Governmental price supports for farm products are set at levels that are not high enough to allow
farmers to get out of debt.

8. Stronger patent laws are needed to protect inventions from being pirated. With that protection,
manufacturers would be encouraged to invest in the development of new products and technologies. Such
investment frequently results in an increase in a manufacturer’s productivity.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?
(A) Stronger patent laws tend to benefit financial institutions as well as manufacturers.
(B) Increased productivity in manufacturing is likely to be accompanied by the creation of more
manufacturing jobs.
(C) Manufacturers will decrease investment in the development of new products and technologies unless
there are stronger patent laws.
(D) Stronger patent laws would stimulate improvements in productivity for many manufacturers.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
9. Sales taxes tend to be regressive, affecting poor people more severely than wealthy people. When all
purchases of consumer goods are taxed at a fixed percentage of the purchase price, poor people pay a larger
proportion of their income in sales taxes than wealthy people do.
It can be correctly inferred on the basis of the statements above that which of the following is true?
(A) Poor people constitute a larger proportion of the taxpaying population than wealthy people do.
(B) Poor people spend a larger proportion of their income on purchases of consumer goods than wealthy
people do.
(C) Wealthy people pay, on average, a larger amount of sales taxes than poor people do.
(D) The total amount spent by all poor people on purchases of consumer goods exceeds the total amount
spent by all wealthy people on consumer goods.

10. Social scientists are underrepresented on the advisory councils of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Since these councils advise NIH directors and recommend policy, the underrepresentation of social
scientists results in a relative lack of NIH financial support for research in the social sciences.
If the statements above are correct, they most strongly support which of the following?
(A) A significant increase in the representation of social scientists on NIH advisory councils would result
in an increase in NIH funding for social science research.
(B) A significant increase in funding for social science research would result in improved policy
recommendations to NIH directors.
(C) A significant increase in funding for the training of social scientists would result in an increase in the
number of social scientist on NIH advisory councils.
(D) A significant increase in the representation of social scientists on NIH advisory councils would have
to precede any increase in the number of NIH directors who are social scientists.

11. To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products
those industries were starting to make. As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several
export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete
effectively in their export markets.
Which of the following can be most properly inferred from the passage about the products whose
importation was banned?
(A) Those products had been cheaper to import than they were to make within country Z's fledgling
industries.
(B) Those products were ones that country Z was hoping to export in its turn, once the fledgling industries
matured.
(C) Those products used to be imported from just those countries to which country Z's exports went.
(D) Those products had become more and more expensive to import, which resulted in a foreign trade
deficit just before the ban.

12. The ability to analyze genomes—sequences of DNA—has grown more and more sophisticated. Scientists
are able to examine the biological past in finer detail and with greater accuracy. A new analysis of the
genetic links between early humans and chimpanzees has led to a hypothesis that the two species diverged
more recently than previous estimates indicated. This gives credence to a very startling new theory: the
ancestors of humans and chimpanzees might have hybridized to produce the lineage from which modern
humans eventually developed.
What can be inferred from the statements above?
(A) Hybridized species combine the best of both lineages.
(B) Future research will enable scientists to determine the exact characteristics of this hybrid ancestor of
modern man.
(C) Earlier genome analysis established genetic links between early humans and chimpanzees.
(D) Human DNA is more complex than that of chimpanzees.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
13. Holiday receipts—the total sales recorded in the fourth quarter of the year—determine the economic
success or failure of many retail businesses. Camco, a retailer selling just one camera model, is an excellent
example. Camco's holiday receipts, on average, account for a third of its yearly total receipts and about half
of its yearly profits.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true about Camco on the basis of them?
(A) Its fixed expenses per camera sold are higher during the fourth quarter than for any of the other three quarters.
(B) It makes more profit during the first and third quarters combined than during the fourth quarter.
(C) Its per-camera retail price is lower, on average, during the fourth quarter than during any one of the
first three quarters.
(D) It makes less profit, on average, for a given dollar amount of sales during the first three quarters
combined than during the fourth quarter.

14. United States Hospitals have traditionally relied primarily on revenues from paying patients to offset losses
from unreimbursed care. Almost all paying patients now rely on governmental or private health insurance
to pay hospital bills. Recently, insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of
insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?
(A) Although the advance of technology has made expensive medical procedures available to the wealthy,
such procedures are out of the reach of low-income patients.
(B) If hospitals do not find ways of raising additional income for unreimbursed care, they must either deny
some of that care or suffer losses if they give it.
(C) Some patients have incomes too high for eligibility for governmental health insurance but are unable
to afford private insurance for hospital care.
(D) If the hospitals reduce their costs in providing care, insurance companies will maintain the current
level of reimbursement, thereby providing more funds for unreimbursed care.

15. Among people who experience migraine headaches, some experience what doctors call "common"
migraines, whereas others experience "classical" migraines. Siblings and spouses of common migraine
sufferers are themselves twice as likely as the general population to experience common migraines. Siblings
of classical migraine sufferers are four times more likely than the general population to experience classical
migraines, whereas spouses of classical migraine sufferers are no more likely than the general population
to experience such headaches.
The information above provides the most support for which of the following hypotheses?
(A) Susceptibility to classical migraines is more dependent on hereditary factors than is susceptibility to
common migraines.
(B) Unmarried adults are more likely to suffer from classical migraines than they are to suffer from
common migraines.
(C) People who do not experience migraine headaches are unlikely to have spouses who are migraine
headache sufferers.
(D) Children of people who suffer from common migraines are more likely than the general population to
experience a common migraine.

16. Many athletes inhale pure oxygen after exercise in an attempt to increase muscular re-absorption of oxygen.
Measured continuously after exercise, however, the blood lactate levels of athletes who inhale pure oxygen
are practically identical, on average, to those of athletes who breathe normal air. The lower the blood lactate
level is, the higher the muscular re-absorption of oxygen is.
If the statements above are all true, they most strongly support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Athletes’ muscular re-absorption of oxygen is not increased when they inhale pure oxygen instead of
normal air.
(B) Blood lactate levels are a poor measure of oxygen re-absorption by muscles.
(C) The amount of oxygen reabsorbed by an athlete’s muscles always remains constant.
(D) The inhaling of pure oxygen has no legitimate role in athletics.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
17. A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of
those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollars sales and 40
percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.
Regarding the past three years, which of the following can properly be inferred from the statement above?
(A) Total dollars sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.
(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals
division.
(C) The chemical division has realized lower profits per dollars of sales than has the pharmaceuticals
division.
(D) Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of
the pharmaceuticals division's.

18. Ten years ago the number of taxpayers in Greenspace County was slightly greater than the number of
registered voters. The number of taxpayers has doubled over the last ten years, while the number of
registered voters has increased, but at a lower rate than has the number of taxpayers.
Which of the following must be true in Greenspace County if the statements above are true?
(A) Everyone who is a registered voter is also a taxpayer.
(B) The proportion of registered voters to taxpayers has increased over the last ten years.
(C) The proportion of registered voters to taxpayers has decreased over the last ten years.
(D) The proportion of registered voters to taxpayers has remained unchanged over the last ten years.

19. Useful protein drugs, such as insulin, must still be administered by the cumbersome procedure of injection
under the skin. If proteins are taken orally, they are digested and cannot reach their target cells. Certain
nonprotein drugs, however, contain chemical bonds that are not broken down by the digestive system. They
can, thus, be taken orally.
The statements above most strongly support a claim that a research procedure that successfully
accomplishes which of the following would be beneficial to users of protein drugs?
(A) Coating insulin with compounds that are broken down by target cells, but whose chemical bonds are
resistant to digestion
(B) Converting into protein compounds, by procedures that work in the laboratory, the nonprotein drugs
that resist digestion
(C) Removing permanently from the digestive system any substances that digest proteins
(D) Determining, in a systematic way, what enzymes and bacteria are present in the normal digestive
system and whether they tend to be broken down within the body

20. From 1973 to 1986, growth in the United States economy was over 33 percent, while the percent growth in
United States energy consumption was zero. The number of barrels of oil being saved per day by energy-
efficiency improvements made since 1973 is now 13 million.
If the information above is correct, which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn on the basis
of it?
(A) It is more difficult to find new sources of oil than to institute new energy-conservation measures.
(B) A reduction in the consumption of gasoline was the reason overall energy consumption remained
steady.
(C) It is possible for an economy to grow without consuming additional energy.
(D) The development of nontraditional energy sources will make it possible for the United States economy
to grow even faster.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
21. Humans get Lyme disease from infected ticks. Ticks get infected by feeding on animals with Lyme disease,
but the ease of transmission from host animal to tick varies. With most species of host animal, transmission
of Lyme disease to ticks is extremely rare, but white-footed mice are an exception, readily passing Lyme
disease to ticks. And white-footed mouse populations greatly expand, becoming the main food source for
ticks, in areas where biodiversity is in decline.
The information in the passage most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) In areas where many humans are infected with Lyme disease, the proportion of ticks infected with
Lyme disease is especially high.
(B) Very few animals that live in areas where there are no white-footed mice are infected with Lyme
disease.
(C) Humans are less at risk of contracting Lyme disease in areas where biodiversity is high.
(D) Ticks feed on white-footed mice only when other host species are not available to them.

22. There are fundamentally two possible changes in an economy that will each cause inflation unless other
compensating changes also occur. These changes are either reductions in the supply of goods and services
or increases in demand. In a pre-banking economy the quantity of money available, and hence the level of
demand, is equivalent to the quantity of gold available.
If the statements above are true, then it is also true that in a pre-banking economy
(A) if other factors in the economy are unchanged, increasing the quantity of gold available will lead to
inflation
(B) if there is a reduction in the quantity of gold available, then, other things being equal, inflation must
result
(C) the quantity of goods and services purchasable by a given amount of gold is constant
(D) whatever changes in demand occur, there will be compensating changes in the supply of goods and
services

23. Mechanicorp’s newest product costs so little to make that it appears doubtful the company will be able to
sell it without increasing the markup the company usually allows for profit: potential clients would simply
not believe that something so inexpensive would really work. Yet Mechanicorp’s reputation is built on fair
prices incorporating only modest profit margins.
The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following?
(A) Mechanicorp will encounter difficulties in trying to set a price for its newest product that will promote
sales without threatening to compromise the company’s reputation.
(B) Mechanicorp achieves large annual profits, despite small profits per unit sold, by means of a high
volume of sales.
(C) Mechanicorp’s newest product is intended to perform tasks that can be performed by other devices
costing less to manufacture.
(D) Mechanicorp’s production processes are designed with the same ingenuity as are the products that the
company makes.

24. The percentage of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is higher in Merton County
than in any other county. However, the percentage of households with an annual income of $60,000 or more
is higher in Sommer County.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true?
(A) The percentage of households with an annual income of $80,000 is higher in Sommer County than in
Merton County.
(B) Some households in Merton County have an annual income between $40,000 and $60,000.
(C) The number of households with an annual income of more than $40,000 is greater in Merton County
than in Sommer County.
(D) Average annual household income is higher in Sommer County than in Merton County.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
25. Partly because of bad weather, but also partly because some major pepper growers have switched to high-
priced cocoa, world production of pepper has been running well below worldwide sales for three years.
Pepper is consequently in relatively short supply. The price of pepper has soared in response: it now equals
that of cocoa.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A) World consumption of pepper has been unusually high for three years.
(B) World production of pepper will return to previous levels once normal weather returns.
(C) Surplus stocks of pepper have been reduced in the past three years.
(D) The profits that the growers of pepper have made in the past three years have been unprecedented.

26. Cheever College offers several online courses via remote computer connection, in addition to traditional
classroom-based courses. A study of student performance at Cheever found that, overall, the average
student grade for online courses matched that for classroom-based courses. In this calculation of the average
grade, course withdrawals were weighted as equivalent to a course failure, and the rate of withdrawal was
much lower for students enrolled in classroom-based courses than for students enrolled in online courses.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true of Cheever College?
(A) Among students who did not withdraw, students enrolled in online courses got higher grades, on
average, than students enrolled in classroom-based courses.
(B) The number of students enrolled per course at the start of the school term is much higher, on average,
for the online courses than for the classroom-based courses.
(C) There are no students who take both an online and a classroom-based course in the same school term.
(D) Among Cheever College students with the best grades, a significant majority take online, rather than
classroom-based, courses.

27. Proponents of the recently introduced tax on sales of new luxury boats had argued that a tax of this sort
would be an equitable way to increase government revenue because the admittedly heavy tax burden would
fall only on wealthy people and neither they nor anyone else would suffer any economic hardship. In fact,
however, 20 percent of the workers employed by manufacturers of luxury boats have lost their jobs as a
direct result of this tax.
The information given, if true, most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) The new tax would produce a net gain in tax revenue for the government only if the yearly total revenue
that it generates exceeds the total of any yearly tax-revenue decrease resulting from the workers' loss
of jobs.
(B) Because many people never buy luxury items, imposing a sales tax on luxury items is the kind of
legislative action that does not cost incumbent legislators much popular support.
(C) Before the tax was instituted, luxury boats were largely bought by people who were not wealthy.
(D) Taxes can be equitable only if their burden is evenly distributed over the entire population.

28. Advertisement: Today's customers expect high quality. Every advance in the quality of manufactured
products raises customer expectations. The company that is satisified with the current quality of its products
will soon find that its customers are not. At MegaCorp, meeting or exceeding customer expectations is our
goal!
Which of the following must be true on the basis of the statements in the advertisement above?
(A) A company that does not correctly anticipate the expectations of its customers is certain to fail in
advancing the quality of their products.
(B) MegaCorp's goal is possible to meet only if continuing advances in product quality are possible.
(C) If a company becomes satisifed with the quality of its products, then the quality of its products will
decline.
(D) MegaCorp's customers are currently satisfied with the quality of its products.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
29. Laws requiring the use of headlights during daylight hours can prevent automobile collisions. However,
since daylight visibility is worse in countries farther from the equator, any such laws would obviously be
more effective in preventing collisions in those countries. In fact, the only countries that actually have such
laws are farther from the equator than is the continental United States.
Which of the following conclusions could be most properly drawn from the information given above?
(A) Drivers in the continental United States who used their headlights during the day would be just as
likely to become involved in a collision as would drivers who did not use their headlights.
(B) In many countries that are farther from the equator than is the continental United States, poor daylight
visibility is the single most important factor in automobile collisions.
(C) Fewer automobile collisions probably occur each year in countries that have daytime headlight laws
than occur within the continental United States.
(D) Daytime headlight laws would probably do less to prevent automobile collisions in the continental
United States than they do in the countries that have the laws.

30. First-time computer buyers buying PXC home computers typically buy models that cost much less and
have a smaller profit margin per computer than do PXC computers bought by people replacing their
computers with more powerful models. Last year PXC's profits from computer sales were substantially
higher than the previous year, although about the same number of PXC computers were sold and the prices
and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged.
If the statements above are true, which of the following is most strongly supported by them?
(A) The number of people buying PXC computers who also bought PXC computer-related products, such
as printers, was larger last year than the previous year.
(B) Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the
proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than
the previous year.
(C) The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the
previous year.
(D) PXC's production costs for its computers were lower last year than they had been the previous year.

31. Light is registered in the retina when photons hit molecules of the pigment rhodopsin and change the
molecules’ shape. Even when they have not been struck by photons of light, rhodopsin molecules
sometimes change shape because of normal molecular motion, thereby introducing error into the visual
system. The amount of this molecular motion is directly proportional to the temperature of the retina.
Which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the information above?
(A) The temperature of an animal’s retina depends on the amount of light the retina is absorbing.
(B) The visual systems of animals whose body temperature matches that of their surroundings are more
error-prone in hot surroundings than in cold ones.
(C) As the temperature of the retina rises, rhodopsin molecules react more slowly to being struck by photons.
(D) Rhodopsin molecules are more sensitive to photons in animals whose retinas have large surface areas
than in animals whose retinas have small surface areas.

32. Box office receipts for independent movies for the first half of this year have increased by 20 percent over
the total receipts for independent movies for all of last year. Last year, 50 independent movies were
released, while so far this year only 20 independent movies have been released. The number of independent
movies slated for release in the second half of this year is roughly equal to the number released so far.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true?
(A) The total box office receipts for independent movies this year will be significantly more than 20
percent greater than the receipts for independent movies last year.
(B) The number of independent movies released in the first half of this year is equal to the number released
in the first half of last year.
(C) The average receipts for the independent films released during the first half of this year is greater than
that of all independent films released last year.
(D) The number of people seeing independent movies during the first half of this year is greater than the
number who saw independent movies last year.

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 Law Prep Tutorial/Class Sheet/Critical Reasoning/Inferential Reasoning
33. Telomerase is an enzyme that is produced only in cells that are actively dividing. For this reason it is
generally absent from body tissues in adults. Bone marrow is an exception to this rule, however, since even
in adults, bone marrow cells continually divide to replace old blood cells. Cancers are another exception,
because their cells are rapidly dividing.
The information provided most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) In children, the only body tissues from which telomerase is absent are those in which cells are not
rapidly dividing.
(B) The presence of telomerase in bone marrow is no indication of bone marrow cancer.
(C) Cancer of the bone marrow develops more rapidly than cancer growing in any other kind of adult
tissue.
(D) The level of telomerase production is always higher in cancerous tissue than in noncancerous tissue.

34. The percentage of local businesses with more than ten employees is higher in Grandview City than in any
another city in the state. However, the percentage of local businesses with 15 employees or more is higher
in Lakeshore City, which is in the same state, than in any other city in the state. If the statements above are
true, then which of the following must also be true?
(A) The percentage of local business with more than 18 employees is higher in Lakeshore city than in any
other city in the state.
(B) The number of local business with 15 or more employees is greater in Lakeshore city than in
Grandview city.
(C) Some local businesses in Grandview City have between 10 and 15 employees
(D) The average number of employees per business is higher in Lakeshore city than in Grandview City.

35. Either Perry’s faction or Tucker’s faction, but not both, will win control of the government. If Perry’s
faction wins, the nation will suffer economically. If Tucker’s faction wins, the nation will suffer militarily.
Given the statements in the passage, which one of the following statements must be true?
(A) It is possible, but not certain, that the nation will neither suffer economically nor suffer militarily.
(B) If the nation suffers economically, it is certain that Perry’s faction has won control of the government.
(C) It is certain that the nation will suffer either economically or militarily, and also certain that it will not
suffer both.
(D) If the nation suffers militarily, it is possible, but not certain, that Tucker’s faction has won control of
the government.

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