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1 - 28.08.24 - Ella - Summaries of Introduction

The document discusses various aspects of water quality, highlighting issues such as pollution, eutrophication, and salinity problems in agricultural contexts. It emphasizes the importance of assessing water quality using indices and guidelines to manage its suitability for different uses, including irrigation and drinking. The document also addresses the critical role of groundwater and the need for standards to ensure its quality amidst increasing demand and contamination risks.

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5 views6 pages

1 - 28.08.24 - Ella - Summaries of Introduction

The document discusses various aspects of water quality, highlighting issues such as pollution, eutrophication, and salinity problems in agricultural contexts. It emphasizes the importance of assessing water quality using indices and guidelines to manage its suitability for different uses, including irrigation and drinking. The document also addresses the critical role of groundwater and the need for standards to ensure its quality amidst increasing demand and contamination risks.

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ellapressure
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EMMANUELLA QUAINOO-ARTHUR

CAPE COAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY.


CIVIL ENGINEERING ,BTECH 300.

SUMMARIES ON ARTICLE INTRODUCTION.

1. ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS.

S. P. Gorde , M. V. Jadhav, Nov-Dec 2013.


India is grappling with a significant issue of natural resource scarcity,
particularly in water, due to population growth and economic development.
Most fresh water bodies worldwide are becoming polluted, reducing the
potability of water. Water is essential for all life and exists in various forms
such as oceans, rivers, lakes, clouds, rain, snow, and fog. Pure water, which is
low in dissolved solids and oxygen, is not available for a significant period in
nature. Lakes, which are large bodies of water surrounded by land, are
subjected to natural processes like the hydrologic cycle and human activities.
Eutrophication, a term used to describe the aging of a lake, is a major concern.
Eutrophication is caused by the accumulation of nutrients, sediments, silt, and
organic matter in the lake from the surrounding watershed. The main cause is
excessive phosphorus and nitrogen addition, leading to high algal biomass,
dominance by cyanobacteria, and loss of macrophytes.
2. WATER QUALITY FOR AGRICULTURE
R.S.AYERS &D .W. Westcot, FAO 1985.

i. WATER QUALITY EVALUATION .


Irrigated agriculture relies on a suitable water supply of usable quality, but water
quality concerns have often been overlooked due to the widespread availability of
good quality water supplies. This has led to new irrigation projects relying on
lower quality and less desirable sources. To avoid problems when using poor
quality water supplies, sound planning is necessary. Water quality refers to the
characteristics of a water supply that influence its suitability for a specific use,
influencing its ability to meet the needs of the user. The ideal situation is to have
several supplies, but usually only one is available. The cause and effect
relationship between a water constituent and the observed problem results in an
evaluation of quality or degree of acceptability. Guidelines related to suitability
for use are developed to improve predictive capability. The guidelines presented
in this paper are an updated version of those in the 1976 edition, providing
practical procedures for evaluating and managing water quality-related problems
in irrigated agriculture.
ii. SALINITY PROBLEMS.

Irrigation water contains salts that accumulate in soil, affecting yield.


Controlling salt concentrations below potential impact is crucial. Most
irrigation water is of good to excellent quality, but as water quality
decreases, it becomes more difficult to control salinity. Leaching salts from
the root zone or planting crops tolerant to expected root zone salinity is
necessary. This chapter aims to illustrate the effect of water quality on soil
salinity build-up and discusses techniques like leaching and crop selection
to manage intermediate quality water. Proper management is essential for
irrigated agriculture.
4.WATER QUALITY ASSESMENT IN TERMS OF WATER QUALITY INDEX.
Shweta Tyagi1 , Bhavtosh Sharma2,*, Prashant Singh1 , Rajendra
Dobhal2,3
August 05, 2013

Water, a vital natural resource, forms the core of ecosystems and plays a
significant role in various sectors of the economy. However, its availability
and quality have deteriorated due to factors like population growth,
industrialization, and urbanization. Water quality can be assessed using
physical, chemical, and biological parameters, which can be harmful if
exceeded. Water quality index (WQI) is an effective way to describe water
quality, utilizing water quality data to modify policies formulated by
environmental monitoring agencies. WQI reduces information into a
simplified and logical form, increasing understanding of water quality issues
by policymakers and the general public.
5. ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS
Devendra Dohare1 , Shriram Deshpande2 and Atul Kotiya3
17th May,2014.
Water is the most important in shaping the land and regulating
the climate. It is one of the most important compounds that
profoundly influence life. Groundwater is used for domestic and
industrial water supply and also for irrigation purposes in all
over the world. In the last few decades, there has been a
tremendous increase in the demand for fresh water due to rapid
growth of population and the accelerated pace of
industrialization. According to WHO organization, about 80%
of all the diseases in human beings are caused by water. Once
the groundwater is contaminated, its quality cannot be restored
back easily and to device ways and means to protect it. Water
quality index is one of the most effective tools to communicate
information on the quality of water to the concerned citizens and
policy makers. It, thus, becomes an important parameter for the
assessment and management of groundwater. The greater part of
the soluble constituents in ground water comes from soluble
minerals in soils and sedimentary rocks. The more common
soluble constituents include calcium, sodium, bicarbonate and
sulphate ions. Another common constituent is chloride ion
derived from intruded sea water, connate water, and
evapotranspiration concentrating salts, and sewage wastes for
example. Nitrate can be a natural constituent but high
concentrations often suggest a source of pollution. Water quality
standards are needed to determine whether ground water of a
certain quality is suitable for its intended use. Guidelines for
Drinking Water Quality have been published by IS: 10500-
2012. For Drinking water, quality is commonly expressed by
classes of relative Suitability, although most classification systems include
units on specific conductance, sodium content and boron concentration.

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