L-4rr-lICHE Date: 26/10/2022

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA

L-4rr-1 B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-2021

Sub: CUE 401 (Reaction Engineering)

Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Symbols indicate their usual meanings.
USE SEPARATE SCRlPTS FOR EACH SECTION

SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Question 1 is compulsory.
Attempt any TWO questions from the remaining three questions.

1. [Compulsory] (5+5+5+10+10+5=40)
(a) Consider the reaction between benzoquinone (B) and cyclopentadiene (C):
B +C ~ adduct
3
At 25°C the reaction is first-order in each reactant with a rate constant of 9.92 m /kmol.ks.
3
A feed stream containing equimolal quantities of B and C (0. I kmol/m ) is to be
3
processed at a rate of 0.1111 m /ks. A tubular reaction (ideal) with an effective volume of
3
2.20 m is available. Use the design charts to determine the following:
(i) What degree of conversion can be obtained in the tubular reactor?
(ii) What reactor size would be required to achieve the same conversion if a single
ideal CSTR were employed?
(iii) What degree of conversion would be obtained in a single CSTR equal in size to
the tubular reactor?
(iv) If two identical ideal CSTRs in series employed (each with a volume equal to that
determined in part (ii), by how large a factor can the flow rate of the feed stream be
increased while maintaining the conversion level constant at the value used in parts
(i) and (ii)?
(v) If one employs these same two ideal CSTRs in series and maintains a constant
feed rate, what conversion is achieved?
Note: You must attach the design charts, showing the calculation paths, with your script.
(b) The catalytic reaction (3+3+3+6=15)
A~B
takes place within a fixed bed containing spherical porous catalyst X22. Figure for Q. I(b)
shows the overall rates of reaction at a point in the reactor as a function of temperature
for various entering total molar flow rates, FTo.

(i) Under what conditions (i.e., T, FTo) is the reaction limited by external diffusion?
(ii) Under what conditions (i.e., T, FTo) is the reaction limited by the rate of the
surface reactions?
(iii) Under what conditions (i.e., T, FTo) is the reaction limited by the rate of internal
diffusion?
(iv) Estimate (if possible) the internal effectiveness factor, 1'], at 367 k.
Contd P/2
 =2=
CHE 401

2. Table for Q. 2 shows data for hydrogenation of i-octene to iso-octane. The data were
obtained using a differential reactor operated at 200°C. Deduce a rate law from the
experimental data. How would you evaluate the rate law parameters using the provided
data (no calculation required)? For the deduction of the rate law, you must list which sub-
set of the data you used for each of the decisions you made. (25)

3. For the competing reactions: (25)

A+B KD) D

A +B KU) U rU = Aue.Eu/RT C~2 C~2

Write the expression for instantaneous selectivity of desired product (D). Using this
expression suggest the best combinations of reactor type, flow pattern and operating
temperature for the following cases:
(a)a,>a2, P2>Pt, Eo>Eu
(b)a2>al, Pt>P2, Eu>Eo

(c) a2 > at, P2> Pt, ED> Eu

(d) a, >a2, Pt >P2, Eu>Eo

4. The violent oxidation of xylene simply produces C02 and H20; however, when oxidation
is gentle and carefully controlled, it can also produce useful quantities of valuable
pythalic anhydride as shown in Scheme for Q. 4. Also, there is a danger of explosion, and
the fraction of xylene in the reacting mixture must be kept below I %. The problem in this
process is to obtain a favorable product distribution. (25)
(a) In a plug flow reactor, what values (relative) of the three activation energies
would require that we operate at the maximum allowable temperature?
(b) Under what circumstances should the plug flow reactor operate at a falling
temperature progression?
Justify your answers for both part (a) and (b).

SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) Calculate the equilibrium composition of a mixture of the following species: (20)
N2 20.0 mol%
H20 50.0 mol%

C2H4 30.0 mol%

The mixture is maintained at a constant temperature of 545 K and a constant pressure of
265.0 bar. Assume that the only significant chemical reaction is
H20 (g) + C2H4 (g) B C2H50H (g)
Contd P/3
 =3=

CHE401
Contd ... Q. No. Sea)

The standard state of each species is taken as the pure material at unit fugacity. Use only
the following critical properties, thermochemical data, and a fugacity coefficient chart.
0 0
Compound t>.G 1298.16 t>.H1298. '6
Te(K) Pe (bar)
(kJ/mot) (kJ/mot)
H20 (g) 647.3 218.2 -228.705 -241.942

C2H4 (g) 283.1 50.5 68.156 52.308

C2HSOH (g) 516.3 63.0 -168.696 -235.421

(b) Under the influence of oxidizing agents, hypophosphorous acid is transformed ito
phosphorous acid:"- (15)
H 3 P0 oxidizing agent) H 3 P0
2 3

The kinetic of this transformation present the following features. At a low concentration
of oxidizing agent,
rH 3P03 = k[oxidizing agent][H 3Po21

At a high concentration of oxidizing agent,

rH3P03 =kllH+j[H3Po21
To explain the observed kinetics, it has been postulated that, with hydrogen ions as
catalyst, normal unreactive H3P02 is transformed reversibly into an active form, the
nature of which is unknown. This intermediate then reacts with the oxidizing agent to
give H3P03. Show that this scheme does explain the observed kinetics.

6. (a) Consider the following elementary reactions in series: (20)

A k] ) R k2) S; at t = 0 {C A = C AO
CRO =CSO =0
Find the maximum concentration of R and when it is reached considering
(i) k, * k2 and (ii) k, = k2
Graphically show the general characteristics of the concentration-time curves for these
three components.
(b) The stoichiometry of the decomposition is A ~ 2.5R. Find a rate equation which
satisfactorily represents this decomposition using the following data obtained at O°C in a
constant-volume batch reactor. (15)
Run Time, Partial Pressure Run Time, Partial Pressure
min ofA,mm min ofA,mm
I 0 760 6 10 275
2 2 600 7 12 240
3 4 475 8 14 215
4 6 390 9 "J 150
5 8 320
Contd P/4
 =4=

CUE 401

7. (a) The aqueous decomposition of A produces R as follows: (20)

A~R
The following results are obtained in a series of steady state runs, all having no R in the
feed stream.
Space Time, 't CAO, In Feed, CAf' In Exit Stream,
sec mol/liter moI/liter
50.0 2.00 1.00
16.0 1.20 0.80
60.0 .2.00 0.65
22.0 1.00 0.56
4.8 0.48 0.42
72.0 1.00 0.37
40.0 .0.48 0.28
112.0 0.48 0.20

From this kinetic information, find the size of reactor needed to achieve 75% conversion
ofa feed stream ofv = I liter/sec and CAO = 0.8 mol/liter. In the reactor the fluid follows
(i) plug flow,
(ii) mixed flow.
(b) In the presence of a homogeneous catalyst of given concentration, aqueous reactant A
is converted to product at the following rates, and CA, alone determines this rate: (15)
Run I 2 3 4 5 6 7
CA, mol/liter I 2 4 6 7 9 12

-rA, mol/liter.hr 0.06 0.10 0.25 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.50

We plan to run this reactor in a batch reactor at the same catalyst concentration as used in
getting the above data. Find the time needed to lower the concentration of A from
CAo= 10 mol/liter to CAf= 2 mol/liter.

8. (a) Pure gaseous reactant A at about 3 atm and 30°C (120 mmollliter) is fed into a I-liter
mixed flow reactor at various flow rates. There it decomposes (A ~ 3R), and the exit
concentration of A is measured for each flow rate. From the following data find a rate
equation to represent the kinetics of the decomposition of A. Assume that reactant A
alone affects the rate. (12)
Run I 2 3 5
vo, liter/min 0.06 0.48 1.5 8.1

CA, mmol/liter 30 60 80 lOS

Contd P/5
 =5=
CHE 401
Contd ... Q. NO.8

(b) A high molecular weight hydrocarbon gas A is fed continuously to a heated high
temperature mixed flow reactor where it thermally cracks (homogeneous gas reaction)
into lower molecular weight materials, collectively called R, by a stoichiometry
approximated by A ~ 5R. By changing the feed rate different extents of cracking are

obtained as follows: (12)

Run .I 2 3 5

FAD, liter/min 300 1000 3000 5000

CA ,out , mmol/liter 16 30 50 60

The internal void volume of the reactor is V = 0.1 liter, and at the temperature of the

reactor the feed concentration is CAD = 100 mmol/liter. Find a rate equation to represent
the cracking reaction.
(c) I liter/s of a 20% ozone-80% air mixture at 1.5 atm and 93°C passes through a plug

flow reactor. Under these conditions ozone decomposes by homogeneous reaction: (11)
2 liter
203 ~ 302 ; - rozone = kCozone; k = 0.05--
mol.s
What size reactor is needed for 50% decomposition of ozone?
,
.J

APPENDIX
Generalized Fugacity
B Coefficients of Pure Gases and
Liquids (Zc = O.27)
Reduced pressure, P,

0.2 0.3 0405 10. 20. 30. '.0. 6.0. 10. 20 30 '0. 60
01 1.6
1.5

,..•
1.'
I.
1••
1.3 ,..• 1.3

1.2
..,. 1.2

1/1/\
1.1
•••• ,.•• 1.1

UI5 - 1.0

1.00- -

0..6 \

0.5 \
\
0.., \ 0.'
\
0..3 \.
'\. ~~

0..2 \..
'- •..•.
0.' .•. 0.1

0. ••• 0.
0..1 0.2 0..3 0.' o.s 1.0. 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10. 20 30 40 60
R_ ojmure. P,
(Aeprlnted from Chemical Pro.cess Prlnclplas Charts, Third Edlllon, by O. A. Hougen, K. M. W_. end A. A.
Aegatz. CoPYrlllhl1984. Aeprlnted by perml •• lon of John Wiley end Bone, Inc.)

574
..
'JJ i
, f
7- =
(~~'{~:::0
-:::::.
/
Design Charts for Q1 (a)

30 b.'._H__.__ '
~ .... I
'-"-.0
I
+ """\"-'
i
Iii -".--1"-1."-_'
I
II I :"'---'-- -r...
I --.....
III II
_,.-.-+_. I--H.+
I II
I Fi~t.oide;--' . .
. I ' I
reactIon i
, ., ' I I
"
~ '" ;
.k' -:.<,0 I: 'i': I ,!
' I
I
1<! _0.
2 _---; '"
I
Ii'
' : , . ,
I 'I ;' I• . I:
1
I I
fF--.-t==t=t=ti:i--- iii
_ I I .' I

~ ~ 10
~ "S:
.:._ . .-:.' _.
:4__ !. "1
I i 1
1
I IiI
-l_._L
~J c( -
----I I ••••
-~o - L__
~ ,.;
II \0

..>:1 ~
:

~I•.
'"
II

--N"'3 -
N"'6
"'4

'- -
1
N= 10 .•.
0.01 0.1 1
CA
l-XA= -
CAO

Figure 6.5 Comparison of performance of a series of N equal-size mixed Dow

reactors with a plug ftow reactor for the ftrst-order reaction

Design Charts for Q1 (a)

100
",-" I

,
--~~-
,
.:~
"° 0
,
1'---
"'.
'-

1----
Third order (n = 3)
;-T''(h-
t- - ....•
--
"

-n------. -
~t--
I I
I !
-- .
..J
", "" K:--+-- i
,-- I....
----_._~";::. . I I I
f .. ..., .. -.
,
. .__ .... -.--. 0'-"-- -J-.- _.- --

,
°
----_._-- , .
0

'.
;

. --
", """ Secondorder
" ~', In= 2)
//6A =2
I~ " " "~
" ",

~::l
" " , ~=1
'\ ",
~~
S S
• • "~",
,
, ,
"," ,,

JJ "
..... '~"
"
,
" '
-11- 10 "
, x "'
- First or~~"

-I-t
'ol' ~'" ",
" ° ° 0

..
0
°0
- (••= 1) / /) "'
""

-?; -'~
• eo. ,,"", ",
.
--
_
6A= ~~,
=1
=0
'", ' ", ~", ,
,', "
'
"- ' "
"

- 2
=_1 /0,
,
"
", • • °0 °0•°0
,
"\. ,

"'-. ...•.•.• "

"
~
t'-.. r-.3
=_Z_' "
, . .',
"
.....
"
,,
,
..••.. ••••• "

'"'-
-r--_ "'"
"
" ",
" ",
<:. "~
l\
,
,

"'
,
..... ••=0.5"- "
" "
", ~
~
,

••= 1,2j " ", ~ ~

~
"0 ••

" ,,
1 ~
0,01 0.1 1.0
l-XA
Figure 6.1 Comparison of performance of single mixed flow and plug flow reactors
for the nlh-order reactions

A-products, -r" = kC~

.:'1.
r •
!
I ::::::-~.:;::;

Design Charts for Ql (a)

Second-order
1-- reaction

i / -
I
!/ I. ",rS'I.
I 1
[
L_L ;
j ~ / //1 1/- i
- -.:
{ / /
1/ I
'),rS'
<"S " 1/ I / / IrS'
:> '"0 10
~ •••
'" !l ~<J
~ /
\1

~11 ••••
/

/
/

'N"'61/
/ N", 10 "
/ ~ /
1 kZ:N = ClC (plug flow) /

0.01 0.1
CA
1-XA= CAO

Figure 6.6 Comparison of performance of a series of N equal.size mixed Dow

reactors with a plug Dow reactor for elementary second-order reactions

I
l 2.0
1.8 FTO = 5000 9 molih
I ,,
1.6
'FTO = 1000 9 moVh
'1.4

r. -tA J '.2
l;,moIIs'g CQy'.Q
0.8 'Fro = 100 9 mollh
O;~
0..4
O~
~
=
=----------..- -.~Fro:';; "..
to.9;fn9lJh

o 350 360 370 380 390 400

T(k)

Figure For Ql(b)

"
r =-qs:.
Table for Q2

Part;al Pn'ssllre (alm I

Rclfc'
RUII I mIllie
., -' III .
Hn/llll{t:1l
,
;-O,'lelle i-O,'Ultle

1 O.O.'C\:! I I 0
2 ~.O_;!.l') I 1
3 'O:O")U
.. _\-"~.>;~:.: 3' ,I. "1
~.
4 ~O;(~~15:! r 3.
S O.~I.:I" 1 I 3
6 ,O.O5.~ 10. I 0
7 P:O~jU) 1 LO ,
0' ,

8 ,o,oo3i 1 I' 10.

,
9
10
O~O.\gU
0,009(1
-"I -
't

I
•
••
II 0.0117 0.6 0.6 0:6
12 O.O56(, 5 S S

~CO""""'O + oxygen. CO , H 0
step 2 2 2
V-CO/
phthalic
~CH3 anhydride

,V-CH 3
xylene
CO2, H20

Scheme for, Q4

P_~?,0
,~'l'
i'.,,,,
!}J ~-- .~~, ~
, :=:-1 b -=-
Formula sheet for CHE401

dXA _ -TAV
NAo dt -

v _ FAoXA
-- -rA

dXA _ -rA
FAo dV -

dXA ,
FAO-dW- = -rA

FA Ao F (1 - XA) To P (1 - XA) To P
CA = - = ----.- - = CAO------
V vo(1 + CAXA) T Po (1 + CAXA) T Po

b b
FB FAo(MB -iiXA)To P (MB -iiXA)To P
CB = - = ------.- = CAO-------
V vo(1 + CAXA) T Po (1 + CAXA) T Po

. FlO Cto YiO

M,=-=-=-
FAo CAO YAO

deb
8=-+----1
a a a

k =k1eXP[~(:1-~) I
CA = CAOe -k' 1

e-k,' e-k")
CR = CAok1 ( k2 -Je1 + k1 - k2

In (kz/k1)
Tmax = k2 -k1

CR,max = (k1)k,/(k,-k,)
CAO k2

x dx 1
L --=In--
ol-x I-x

X, dx 1 1
i
X,
(1 - X)2 = 1- X2 - 1- Xl

(X . dx X

)0 (1-X)2 I-x

x dx 1
L o 1 + a = ,&In(1+ a)

(1 + a)dx "1
L
x
1 (1 + c)In -1- - a
o -x -x

E.~.~' ("'~
~-j':r~~
 ~H~
Formula sheet for CHE401

fX (1 + ex)dx => (1 + E)X

Eln--
1
J Jo (l-x)2 I-x 1-x

fX (1 + ex)2dx (1 + E)2X
J (1 - X)2 - 2&(1+ E) In(1 - x) + e2x + 1- x
o

Table 5.1 Performance EquBtions for nth-order Kinetics and 8", .••• 0
Plug Flow or Batch Mixed Flow

n=O Ie., CAD- C•••."" X Ie., C"o-C"':::X",

-'A "" k -~
C",
C
'"
A
(20)
c;."" CAO

n=1 CAO""ln_ _ l
(3.m k e
T~---~--X"
CAll - A
(l4D)
-'", "" kC", kT= InC; 1- X" C 1 - X" A

n~2 CAO-CA",,~ kT g (C", - CAl _ XA . (15)

k.,CAO= C" 1- X", (3.16i
-'11 •• k(1 Ci C.,(I- X.I'

any n
(n - 1)C"•••'kT ~
(C )'.'
C",
A -Ie (I - X)'.'-1
A
(129)
eM - eA Xit
-'A <:I kC1 kT- q. - ClO'el - X.J"

n ~ I
, C", \ (C", - C",) aXlvln (X",) k T ~ (C", - CA)(C",- C",) ~ XAX",
A~R , klT= ( 1-'C;Jln c,,-elw Xlw-X" I CAfJ(C",
- CAJ XAI - XA
Cia) l::I 0

GeneraJ rate T~
CMdC",
f C" --~
C fx,.,dX--A
(19) T~~~~---
CAf)X
eAIJ - eA A
(13)
-'", AD 0 -'11. -'AI -'AI

Table s.z Performance: Equations ror rlth-order Kinetics and 8" " 0
Plug Aow Mixed Aow
n~O h
_co XA (20)
h
-rio. .•••k
-=X"
• CAl> CAl>

•- I I
(Zl)
It. XA,(I + flAX..) (146)
.h "" (1 -+ 8'A)ln 1 _ X" - fl"X,. 'fl:J 1 - X.
-'A - ke"
.-2
-'", - kC1,
bCNI- 2&,,(1 t _,Jln(1 - XA) r aiX" .•.(£" + 1)='t ~~A (13)
he
AI>
• XA,(l to •••• X,JJ
(I - X.J' (15)

any. kf'O';l. X,,(I + -AX":'

-'A'- ,te1 AI> (I - X,J"

.-1
, tT Jr",
(:0)
l.!.. JrA(1 + .AJr,4)
A~rR X'" "" (I + 8,4Jr",)ln XIV _ X - eAXA X~ JrA
A XIII -

Cg-O
--
Oeaeral expression TO C M. r.=;:- dXA
(17) T"
CNJJrA
-'A
IU)

/i't~.~
~~~.-.-S>
--
L-4ff -l/CHE Date: 25/09/2022
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4/T -1 B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-2021
Sub: eRE 403 (process Control)
Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Symbols have their usual meanings.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

1. (a) Sketch a typical architecture of a DCS for process industries. (5)

(b) Justify the use oO-element control for controlling boiler drum level with the help ofa
well labelled diagram. (8)
(c) Describe how to eliminate proportional kick and derivative kick from a PID
controller. (6)
(d) An over-simplified schematic of a distillation column is shown in Fig. 1(d). The
control objective is to control the distillate composition. y, despite measureable
disturbances in feed flow rate, F and feed composition, z, by adjusting the distillate flow
rate, D. It is assumed that measurements of x and yare not available. Deisgn a
feedforward controller using steadYcstate mass balance. Draw the resulting feedforward
control loop. -- (10+6)
Distillate
D,y

Feed
F,z

Bottoms
B,x

Fig. 1(d): A Simple Distillation Column

2. (a) Find the characteristic equation for the control configuration shown in Fig. 2(a) (13)
~_~ Dz D,

Y",

Y",
0",
/' ...

• Fig. 2(a): A Typical Cascade Control Configuralion /'

-~._-------------- - , _.- Contd P/2
 l ~.'

=2=

(12)

If Ge2 = Kc2 = 4 and Gel = Kc, using Routh array find the maximum values of Kc, from
which the system remains stable,
(c) An RTD transducer is to be used to measure the temperature of a furnace varying fro
50°C to 850°C. If the output of the RTD transfer is 4 to 20 rnA, find the expression of the
output of the
, transducer as a function of its input (include the unit of each term), What are
the gain, zero and span of the transducer? (10)

3, (a) Calculate the the Amplitude Ratio and phage difference for the transfer function
2s
G(s)- (2s+ 1)e- (10+4)
- (Ss+lXIOs+l)
Sketch qualitatively the Bode plot for this transfer function.
,
(b) Describe the relay auto-tuning method for turiing PID controllers.
;
(8)
(c) Define 'gain crossover frequency and phase crossover frequency. How are they useful

in the analysis of stability of closed loop control systems? (4+4)

(d) What is integral wind up? How to eliminate it? (5)

4. (a) Derive the closed loop response relationship between Yand Ysp for the block diagram

shown in Fig, 4(a).

/ - \
(15)
./ D \
Od "

B' p
'I I
o Y I

Y-Y2 r
~--~- ,------.J.
Fi~A(~J:Fi~f5Y-lj~(~~).
, '

(b) For a Second Order Plus Time Delay (SOPTD) process, derive the design equation
for PID controller settings using Direct Synthesis method (if required, use Taylor series

approximation for the time delay). (14)

(c) Justify the use of split-range control using two industrial examples. (6)
Contd P/3
 =3=

CHE403
SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.
5. (a) Detennine the transfer function H(s)/Q(s) for the liquid level shown in Fig. Sea).
Resistance R) and R2 are linear. The flow rate from tank-3 is maintained constant at b by
means of a pump; the flow rate from tank 3 is independent of head h. The tanks are non-
q(t)
interacting.
.,
'J
AI
.. 'of.."
\ (15)

'" ~
hi
RI
ql
Tank-l

.-\3

"'."Tallk-3
h
+
,

Fig. Sea): Figure for Q. Sea)

(b) A stirred-tank blending system initially is full of water and is being fed pure water at
a constant flow rate, q. At a particular time, an operator shuts off the pure water flow and

adds caustic solution at the same volumetric flow rate q but with concentration cj• If the

liquid volume V is constant, the dynamic model for this process is

c
Vd-+qc=qc. -
dt I

With c(O)=O.
What is the concentration response of the reactor effluent stream, c(t)? Sketch it as a

function of time. (20)

6. (a) Two first-order systems in series results in an overall second-order system. (20)

Y(s)
~

The second-order system yields two alternative fonns of equations.

T2 + 2~T S + 1 = (T) S + 1 XT S + 1)
2

For the following underdamped process, draw the perfonnance characteristics for the step
response of U(s) by calculating rise time, time to first peak, settling time, overshoot,
decay ratio, and period'of oscillation.
Contd P/4
 =4=
CUE 403
Contd ... Q. No. 6(a)
Y(s) K
=-----
2
U(s) 4s +2s+1
(b) The ordinary diffemential equation of a reactor temperature, r is as follows
3 2
d T + d T + 11dT + 6T = 1
dt3 dt2 dt
With initial condition r(O) = T(O)=T'(O)=O

Find the temperature at time t = 12 s using Laplace and Inverse Laplace transformation. (15)

7. (a) A chemostat is a continuous stirred tank bioreactor that can carry out the fermentation
of a plant cell culture. Its dynamic behavior can be described by the following equations:

x = ,u(S)X -DX
S = -,u(S)X /YX1S -D(Sf -S)
X and S are the cell and substrate concentrations, respectively, and Sf is the substrate feed
concentration. The dilution rate D is defined as the feed flow rate divided by the
bioreactor volume. D is the input, while the cell concentration X and substrate
concentration S are the output variables.
Typically, the rate of reaction is referred to as the specific growth rate f.1 and is modeled

by a Monod equation, (30)

,u(S)= ,urnS
K, +S
Assume 11m = 0.20 h-I, Ks= 1.0 giL, YXiS =0.5 gig
Use a steady-state operating point of

D = O.lh-1,X = 2.25g/ L,S =1.0g / L, Sf = lag / L,

Using linearization, derive a transfer function relating the deviation variables for the cell

concentration (X - X) to the dilution ration (D - D).

(b) Draw a block diagram of the MIMO thermal mixing system with variable level for an

incompressible flowing fluid. (5)

8. (a) The second order model of the gas PM concentration C(s) from a brick field' with Coal
feed rate F(s) is as follows

C(s) Ke-es
F(s) = (rls+l)(r2s+l)

The output response of PM concentration C(t) has been obtained for the unit step change
of Coal feed rate. Using Smith's method as well as nonlinear regression, estimate the

parameters (rl, r2, K, fJ) in the second-order model from the experimental step response

data shown in Figure for Q. 8(a) (30)

Contd PIS
•
=5=

Contd ... Q. No. 8(a)

5.0

2.0

1.0
,
0.5

0.2

0.\ 2 4 i 8 W 12
0.3 0.4 0.5
"0 Tim!! (:rir.i
'60

Figure: Smith~ ~.1cth(ld Figure: linil SIC(1response

':'

Fig. 8(a): Figure for Q. 8(a)

Derive an approximate first-order plus time delay model from the estimated second order

C(s) Ke-lls .
model, -( ) = --, using two methods
F s r.s+!
(i) The Taylor series expansions (ii) Skogestad's half rule
You have to show the three output response (two approximate models response and
original model response) of C(t) for the unit step change of F(t).

(b) Find the transfer function of Y2(S) from the system shown in Figure for Q. 8(b). (5)

--- lMs) e-25 XII>:!

5s + 1
r,(s) 3 y:(s)
8s + 1 I
Uds) 2e-s X,(s)
~
3s + 1

Fig. 8(b): Figure for Q. 8(b)'

 .'
".

L-4ff-1ICHE Date: 01110/2022

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4/T -I B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-2021
Sub: CHE 405 (process Design I)
Full Marks : 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
All the symbols have their usual meaning.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION

, SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

I. (a) Write down the general aspects that need to be evaluated in selecting piping materials. . (5)
(b) List the stresses that you would consider while designing a large and tall packed

column during hydrostatic test. (5)

(c) Explain the factors that influence plate and column efficiency. (5)
(d) Select appropriate materials of construction for the following applications. Justify

your selection. (4x5=20)

(i) 75% phosphoric acid storage tank
(ii) Urea carbamate condenser
(iii) Transporting vessel for chlorine gas in presence of moisture
(iv) 10% aluminum sulfate solution storage tank
(v) 98%sulfuric acid storage tank.

2. It is desired to preheat 4 kg/s of Dowtherm from 10 to 70°C with a hot water condensate

that is to be cooled from 95 to 60 DC.Two double-pipe heat exchangers, one without fins
and one with fins on the outer surface of the inner tube, are being considered for this
heat-transfer process. Compare the area and exchanger length required for these two

exchangers fabricated with copper tubes and fins to meet the service. (35)
Dimensions are as follows:
Tube dimension: OJ = 0.0483 m, and 02 = 0.0408 m
Shell dimension: Dos = 0.0889 m, and Ds = 0.0779 m
Fin height, Lr= 0.0127 m
Fin thickness, t[= 0.0027 m
Number of fins, Nr= 24 longitudinal fins

6?ntd -- -- .-_. P/2.

 =2=

CHE405

3. (a) A centrifugal pump running at 1,000 rpm produced the following relation between
head and discharge:
Discharge (m2/min) 0 4.5 9.0 13.5 18.0 22.5
Head (m) 22.5 22.2 21.6 19.5 14.1 0
The diameter of both suction and discharge pipe is 300 mm and the total length of pipe is
69 m. The atmospheric'discharging point of the pump is IS m above sump level. The
entrance loss is equivalent to an additional 6 m of pipe and f is assumed as 0.024.
Calculate the discharge in m3 per minute. If it is required to adjust the flow by regulating
the pump speed, estimate the speed to reduce the' flow to one-half. Assume reasonable
values for any missing data.

(b) What are the major NOEs? Describe one of them. (7)

4. (a) A distillation column is separating a feed that is 50 mol% n-hexane and 50 mol%
n-heptane. Feed is a saturated liquid. Average column pressure is I atm and average
column temperature 69°C. Distillate composition is XD = 0.99 (mol fraction ofn-hexane)
and XB = 0.001. Feed rate is 1000 Ib molelhr and internal reflux ratio LIV is 0.8. The
column has a total reboiler and a total condenser. Plastic pall rings with 25 mm size
having void fraction 0.9 and surface area per volume, ap = 267 m2/m3 has been used as
random packing materials. Calculate the required packing height and diameter of the

column. (Hint: Use shortcut method to determine the equilibrium number of stages). (35)
Physical properties for pure n-hexane at 69°C are given below:
Liquid sp.gr = 0.659
Surface tension, cr = 13.2 dynes/em
Saturated vapor density = 0.1917 Ib/ft2
Use relative volatility is 2.5

r
Correlations are given below:
s
Vnj 0.38(~)02(PL ;Pv
=

D forD::; 0.5 m
HETP = 0.5D°.3 for D > 0.5 m
DO.)for absorption coJum with D> 0.5 m

Contd P/3
 =3=
CHE405
SECTION-B
,
There are FOUR questions in this section. Question NO.5 is compulsory and Answer any
. TWO from the rest.
All notations have their usual meanings.
A booklet of design data needs to the needs to be supplied.

5. This Question is compulsory

Consider the following process in which liquid feed material A is reacted with gaseous
feed material G to produce main product C and by-product S via the following reactions:
A+G~C+S
Both reacta~ts enter the process at ambient temperature and pressure. The reaction occurs
in the gas phase at 250°C and 10 bar. Product C is very soluble in water but G and S are
insoluble. The single-phase conversion through the reactor is 40% for feed A, and the
ratio of G to A in the feed to the reactor should be maintained at 4: I to minimize the
chance of other unwanted side reactions. Table for Question no 5 resents the boiling point
and water solubility of all components.
I

Table for Question no 5

Component Boiling Point Solubility i
A (reactant llOoC - I
I G (reactant -200° Insoluble in water
I. I
C (product) -120° Vert soluble in water
I S by-product) I -150° I Insoluble in water I I
Develop the following for the above-mentioned process: (35)
(i) Input-output model
(ii) Recycle and pure scheme (if any)
(iii) ~eparation scheme: What unit operations do you suggest for the separato~s?
Justify your choices.
(iv) Scheme for T, P
(v) The raw material A is toxic and combustible. What recommendations would you
provide to make the process safer following the 'Inherent Safety Technique'?

6. (a) Pentaerythritol is used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and
cosmetics. The purchased-equipment cost for a plant that produces pentaerythritol (solid- .
fluid processing plant) is $300,000. The plant is to be an addition to an existing
formaldehyde plant, which is a raw material for pentaerythritol. The major part of the
building cost will be for indoor construction. The contractor's fee will be 7 percent of the
direct plant cost. All other costs are close to the average values found for typical chemical

plants. (25)

Coritd P/4 .'

 =4= :' <

CHE 405
Contd ... Q. No. 6(a)

(i) On the basis of this information, estimate the total direct plant cost, the fixed-
capital investment, and the total capital investment.
(ii) If the plant is to be established as a grass root plant, what changes would it bring
to the cost estimation?
(b) The total capital investment for a chemical plant is $ I million, and the working capital
is $100,000. If the plant can produce an average of 8000 kg of final product per day'!
during a 365-day year, what selling price in dollars per kilogram of the product would be

necessary to give a turnover of 1.0? . (10)

7. (a) The total capital investment for a conventional chemical plant is $1,500,000 and the
plant produces 3 million kg of product annually. The selling price of the product is
$0.82/kg. Working capital amounts to 15 percent of the total capital investment. The
investment is from company funds, and no interest is charged. Delivered raw materials
cost for the product are $0.09/kg; labor: $.0.08/kg; utilities: $.0.05/kg. Distribution costs
are 5 percent of the total product cost. Estimate the manufacturing cost per kilogram of

product. (20)'
(b) A company sells water bottles. The annual fixed costs of the company consist of
property taxed, and lease; and executive salaries, which add up to $100,000. The variable
cost associated with producing one water bottle is $2 per unit. FCI of the water bottle
producing plant is $10 MM. The water bottle is sold at a price of $12. What is break-even

production of water bottles per day? (15)

8: (a) Give two examples of each of the following: (8)

(i) hazard identification method
(ii) risk assessment method'
(b) Consider the reactor system shown in the Figure for Question no. 8(b). The reaction is .
endothermic, but the product tends to dissociate at high temperatures. Steam is used to
heat the system. The reactor is kept at a constant temperature by a temperature controller.

.Perform a HAZOP study on the reactor vessel to prevent accidents. (27)

•
5'=

Feed in

Steam
SP
Reaelor
..•--- ".I:'H..'kl.,t"

o Condensate
A.S.
L Product out

TY: Temperature relay/transducer

TIC: Temperature indicator and controller
TT: Temperature transmitter
TV: Temperature control valve
'.
L-4IT-lIChE Date: 16/1012022
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERlNG AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4/T -I B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-2021

Sub: eRE 453 (Transport Phenomena)

Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
USE SEPARATE SCRlPTS FOR EACH SECTION
SECTION -A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.
Symbols have their usual meanings.

1. (a) Consider a system of two colliding diatomic homonuc1ear molecules. A and B where
molecules do not interact chemically; see Fig. for Q. I(a). Develop equations for mass,
momentum and energy balance after the collision using fundamental laws of mass,
momentum and energy, respectively. (11)
(b) An incompressible Newtonian fluid is in laminar flow in a narrow slit formed by two
parallel walls a distance 2B apart; see Fig. for Q. 1(b). It is understood that B « Wand
B << L, so that "edge effects" are unimportant. (6+8+ 10=24)
(i) Make a shell momentum balance.
(ii) Obtain the expressions for the viscous momentum-flux and velocity distribution.
(iii) What is the ratio of the average velocity to the maximum velocity for this flow?

2. (a) An incompressible liquid is flowing upwards in the annular region between two
coaxial circular cylinders of radii KR and R (where K<I.0) at steady-state condition.

System is shown in Fig. for Q.2(a). (6+ 10+8=24)

(i) Set up a momentum balance over a shell of thickness Lir in the annulus.
(ii) List relevant assumptions and develop equations for viscous momentum-flux
distribution and the velocity distribution.
(iii) Obtain expressions for average velocity and volume flow rate of the fluid in the
annulus.
(b) A vertical annulus, 25 ft in length, has an inner radius of 0.4 in. and an order radius of
1.0 in. In the annular region a 60% aqueous solution of sucrose is to be pumped at 20°C.
Determine volume flow rate of sucrose solution when absolute/modified pressure
difference is 5.6 psi. Check whether this is laminar or turbulent flow. (11)
Data Given:
Solution density = 80.3 Ibm/ft3at 20°C
Solution viscosity = 136.8 Ibm/ft.hr at 20°C

3. (a) The viscosity of a fluid can be determined by measuring the torque required to tum a
solid object in contact with a fluid. The fluid is placed in the outer cylinder or "cup," and
the inner cylinder or "bob" is then made to rotate by applying a specified torque T z about
the z axis with a motor placed above. The system is shown in Fig. for Q. 3. The applied
Contd P/2
 =2=
CHE453
Contd ... Q. No. 3(.)

torque causes the suspended bob to rotate with angular speed Oi that is measured by the
instrument. A steady flow is obtained when the extemally applied torque is balanced by
the torque exerted by the fluid on the inner cylinder. (6+10+8=24)
(i) List relevant assumptions and simplify equation of motion (attached).
(ii) Apply boundary conditions and derive an expression of velocity distribution.
(iii) Use Newton's Law of Viscosity (attached) and derive expression for the torque
exerted by the inner cylinder on the fluid.
(b) It is desired to measure the viscosity of 60% sucrose solutions (density = 1.29 g/cm3)
at 20°C with a rotating-cylinder viscometer shown in Fig. for Q. 3. This instrument has a
rotating inner cylinder 4.00 cm in diameter surrounded by a stationary concentric
cylinder 4.50 cm in diameter. The length L is 4.00 cm. Torque exerted by the inner
cylinder on the sucrose solution is 10,000 dyne-cm. This applied torque causes the
suspended bob to rotate with angular speed of 18.3 radians/s. Estimate the viscosity of
60% sucrose solution at 20°C in centipoise (cP). Check whether the flow remains in
laminar regime. Factors for unit conversion are attached. (11)

4. (a) Derive the equations of continuity and motion for turbulent flow of water in terms of
time-smoothed velocity from the general form of equation of continuity and Navier-
Stokes equation. Consider isothermal flow of water which behaves as incompressible
Newtonian fluid, (18)
General form of equation of continuity:
(\7.u) = 0
Navier - Stokes equation: p Du = - \7 P + j.N2u + pg
Dt
(b) Water is flowing at a steadily driven turbulent rate in a long, smooth, round tube.
Determine the ratio of eddy transport, Il" to molecular momentum transport,

f.J. at y = OAR for this system. (17)

Consider the expression for the time-smoothed momentum flux is

-(t) du. (I) du.

Trz = ~j.J. dr- - j.J. dr-
,
Given Data:
• Tube Radius, R = 3 in.
• Wall Shear Stress = 2.36 x 10-5 psi
• Density of water = 62A Ibm/ft3
• Kinematic Viscosity = 1.1 x 10-5 ft2/s
• Factors for unit conversion are attached
• Additional Data can be found from Fig. for Q. 4

Contd .... ;..... P/3

 =3=
CHE 453
SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. A system with two concentric porous spherical shell of radii kR and R is shown Fig. for
Q. 5. The inner surface of the outer shell is at temperature T, and the outer surface of the
inner shell is at a lower temperature T k. Dry air at T k is blown outward radially from the
inner shell into the intervening space and then through the outer Shell. Develop an
expression for the required rate of heat removal from the inner sphere as a function of the

mass rate of flow of the gas. (35)

6. Consider a simple model for a catalytic reactor such as that shown in Fig. for Q. 6; in
which a reaction 2A ~ B is being carried out. An example of a reaction of the type
would be the solid-catalyzed dimerization of CH).CH __ ••••••••.•
CH2• At the catalyst

surface we assume that reaction 2A ~ B occurs instantaneously. Derive an expression

for the local rate of conversion from A to B. (35)

7. An example of practical application of heat conduction is the calculation of efficiency of

a cooling fin. Fins are used to increase the area available for heat transfer between metal
walls and poorly conducting fluids such as gases as shown in Fig. for Q. 7. Derive an

expression for the calculation of the efficiency of fin. (35)

8. A copper wire of 0.04 in diameter is insulated uniformly with plastic to an outer diameter
of 0.012 in and is exposed to surroundings at lOO°F. The heat transfer coefficient from
the outer surface of the plastic to the surroundings is 1.5 Btu/hr.ft2F. What is maximum
steady current, in amperes?

Given: (35)
k(Btu/hr.ft.F) ke(ohm I.cml)
Copper 220 5.1 xl05
Plastic 0.20 0.0
 •..,
"- ~
. 2
,
1 /"
-- --
~ /
I I
Molecule A before collision' / : Molecule B before collision
I
I
\
I
I
\
,
",' •..
I
I

/
Molecule A after collision
~
Molecule B after collision

AtomA2

Center of mass
of molecule A

o
Arbitrary origin
fixed in space

Fig. for Q.l(a)

Fluid in
!
\
I.
I
,

x I
L I, I
I
I I
I
I
2B \ I

r"'~ I
I
I
I-)'I~ I
1
I
I I

Fluid out IJ~

~ I

Fig. for Q.2(Cl)

Fig. for Q.l(b)
 ~"',.
.'...T
;:~1
.J
•
I
Inner cylinder~
rotating Q;
"

/
II
~ " (n)
I
I I :. Fig. for Q.3

r
20

15 •

,.' 10

, I

,;'

:iJ.
,
o 5 10 20 50 100
I
•
~.~ 1
Fig.4.5-3. Oimc!,sionlcss velocity distribution for turbulent flow in circular tubes, presented as I'''' = v)v~\'5.
y-- = yt.'.p/Jl, where 1.'+"= vTolp and TO is the wall shear stress. The solid C1.;lrvcs are those suggested by Un, Moulton. and
Putnam (Ind. Ells. 01C1II., 45. 636-640 (1953)1:

il
O<y+<S: v+ = y+ [1- ~(y+/14.5)3]
il v+ = SIn (y+ + 0.205) - 3.27
S<y+<30:
30"< y+: v+ = 2.5 In y+ + 5.5

SB.1
d
1/ JJ
NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY
I
Fig. for Q. 4

J [T = -~(Vv + (Vv)t) + (~~.

- x)(V . v)6J

Cartesian coordinates (x.y,z):

[au,]
(B.l-l)'
f = -"r 2- 2
+ (-" - x)(V . v)

I
xx oX 3'"

= -~ auy] 2
+ (-~ - (B.1-2)'
f
yy [2-ay 3
X)(V. v)

[au,] 2 (B.1-3)"
f = -~ 2- + (-~ - x)(V . v)
%Z iJz 3

f =f = _~ [auy + au,] (B.1-4) ,

ry Y' ax ay
auz auy] (B.1-5)
fy' = f,y = -~ [ ay + az
,.' f
%X
= = _~ [au,
f
X% nz + au
ax]
z (B.1-6)

I
tI~' in which au auy au (B.1-7)
(V . v) = -'
ax + -ay + -'
az
,
o
'

I
."When the fluid is Assumed to have constant density. the tenn containing (\7 . v) may be omitted.
FOTmonatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity K is zero. .
720
:to ...•.• --"\
I
 -~-
-0- SB.I Newton's law of viscosity (continued) 721

NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY (continued)

Cylindricalcoordinates(r,O,z):

,
rr
= -p 2- [ av,]
or
2
+ (-p
3
- K)(V . v) (8.1-8)'

, =-p av,
2 1--+- V,)] 2
+(-p-K)(V,V) (8.1-9)'
os [ ( rao r 3

, = -p 2-
n [av,]oz 2
+ (-p -
3
K)(V . v) (8.1-10)'

'rlJ = '" = -p [r.£.

ar r
(V,) +1.r av,]
ao
(8.1-11)

1 av, av,]
TOZ = 'zo = -11 [;. jjjj + az (B.1-12)

av, av,]
1"2;f = Tn = -p [ az + ar (B.1-13)

in which 1a I av, av,

(V .v) = --(rv)+ -- +- (B.1-14)
rar' rae OZ

nWhcn the fluid is assumed to have constant density. the term containing (\7 . v) may be omitted.
For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity J( is zero.

Sphericalcoordinates(r,O,,p):

, = -p 2-
rr [ av,]
or
2
+ (-p
3
- K)(V . v) (8.1-15)'

'os = -p [2 U-~-: V;)] + + (~p- ,)(V. v)

(8.1-16)'

1 avo v,+v, cot 0)] 2 (8.1-17)'

,•• =-p
[ 2 ( -r-sl-n-O-a-,p
+ -'--'-r-- +(jP-K)(V,V)

'" = '" = _p [r.£.

ar r
(VO) +!r av,]
ao
(8.1-18)

sin 0 a ( v.) 1 av,] (B.I-19)

'oo.= ' •• = -p [ -r- ao sin 0 + r sin 0 ai
r = T = _p
0' '.
[_1__
av_, +,2.. (Vo)]
rsinOa,p ar r
(8.1-20)

in which
I a I a. I avo (B.1-2I)
(V.v)= --(r'-v )+---(v, sm 0)+---
rzar 'rsinOaO rsinoa,p

"When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (\7 . v) may be omitted.
For monatomic gases at low dC!nsity, the dilatational viscosity" is 7..ero.
 .... i,-."
!f
: ~,:f;;,:,:"
v:.~
..•. : .
". ' I

FACTORS FOR UNIT CONVERSIONS

Quantity Equivalent Values

Mass I kg = 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton (tonne) = 2.20462 Ibm = 35.27392 oz

I Ibm = 160z = 5 X 10-4 ton = 453.593 g = 0.453593 kg
10
Length I m = 100 em = 1000 mm = 106 microns (JIm) = 10 angstroms (A)
= 39.37 in ~ 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile
I ft = 12 in = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 em
3
Volume 1m3 = 1000 L = 106 cm3 = 106 mL = 35.3145 ft
= 219.97 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal = 1056.68 qt
3
I ft3 = 1728 in3 = 7.4805 gal = 29.922qt = 0.028317 m = 28.317 L

Density J glcm3 = 1000 kglm3 = 62.43 Ibm/ft3

I = density of liquid water at 4°C (reference for specific gravities)

Force J N = I kg.mls2 = lOS dynes = lOS g.cmls2 = 0.22481Ibr

I
I
I Ibr = 32.174 Ibm.ftIs2 = 4.4482 N = 4.4482 X lOSdynes

Pressure I atm = 1.01325 X 10' N/m2 (pa) = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar
= 1.01325 X 106 dynes/cm2 = 14.696 Ibr/in2 (psi)
I
= 760 mm Hg at O°C (torr) = 10.333 m H20(l) at 4°C
= 29.921 inches Hg at O°C = 406.8 inches H20(!) at 4°C
2 2
Energy I J = I N.m = 10' ergs = 10' dyne.cm = I kg.m /s
I
= 2.778 X 10-' kW.h = 3
0.23901 cal = 0.23901 x 10- kcal (food calorie)
= 0.7376ft.lbr = 9.486 X 10-4 Btu
Power I W = I J/s = I N .mls = 0.23901 calls = 0.7376 ft.lbrls
= 9.486 X 10-4 Btuls = 1.341 X 10-3 hp

. . (2.20462 Ibm) (I Ibm )

Example: The factor to convert grams to Ibm IS 1000 g or 453.593 g .

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

oT (8.2-1)
qx = -k ox
q =-k-
oT (8.2-2)
y oy
oT (B.2-3)
q, = -k OZ

Cylindrical coordinates (r,9,z):

aT (B.2-4)
q, = -k or
10T (8.2-5)
q.=-k--
r 09
q,=-koz
oT (8.Hi)

Spherical coordinates (r,9,~):

aT (B.2-7)
q, = -k or
10T (B.2-8) .
q. =-k--
r 09
=_k_1_oT (8.2-9)
q. r sin 9 o~
"For mixtures, the term r./HaIMa)ja must be added to -kVT (see Eq. 19.3-3).
:'
"
..
"f~ '
: ",
I ~;,

"" "' ' ',""

_
.- ,'
.• '
_....
~ ,,' I
Ll"
__0
'0
_

SBA The Equation of Continuity 723

,tof '..~",c ',-,, !,:/sB.3 FICK'S (~IRST) LAW OF BINARY DIFFUSION"

.•
'.. -'
'" ~',
.~t. [jA = -P9'lAB VWA]
h~,.'
,
---------------------------------
Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):
} --------------------------------
(8.3-1)

(6.3-2)

(8.3-3)

Cylindrical coordinates (r,B,z):

(6.3-4)

(8.3-5)

(8.3-6)

Spherical coordinates (r,B,</I):

, aWA
lA, = -P9'lABar (6.3-7)

, 1 aWA
1M = -P9'lAB-- (6,3-8)
r aB
. I aWA
IAI> = -p9'l AB r sin B a</l (6.3-9)

/ITo get the molar fluxes with respect to the molar average velocity. replace jA' P, and wA by J;. c, and x ••••
"

SB.4 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY"

rap/at + (V. pv) = 0] (6.4-1)

Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z):

(8.4--2)

Cylindrical coordinates (r,B,z):

apIa 1a a
- + --(pro)+ --(pv)+ -(pv )=0 (8.4--3)
at rar ' raB 0 az '

Spherical coordinates (r,B,</I):

ap I a,
-+-,-(prv,)+--.--(Pvo
I a ' I
sm B)+-,--(pv~)=O
a (8.4--4)
at rar rsmBaB rsmBa</l

/IWhen the fluid is assumed to have constant mASSdensity p, the equation simplifies to (V . v) = O.

/
 -
-9--
The Fluxesand the Equationsof Change

fpDv IDt ; - Vp - [V . T) + pgl

Cartesiancoordinates(x,y,z):'

ov, ov, ov, OV,) op [ 0 0 0]

p( at + v, 'ox + VyiiY + v'az ; - ox - ox 'xx + oy'Y' + OZ'xx + Pg, (B.5-1)

oVy oVy avy ovy) op [0 0 0]

P ( -+v
at
-+v
' ox y
-+v
oy
-
, az
;---
oy
-,
ox xy
+-, +-,
oy yy oz 'y
+Pg
y
(B.5-2)

P (OV,
-+v OV,
-+v OV,
-+v -OV,) ap [-T
=--- 0 0
+-1" 0]
+-T +p'CT (B.5-3)
ot ' oX Y oy , az oz ox xx oy Y' OZ xx 0'

'lThese equations have been written without making the assumption that T is symmetric. This means, for
example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, Try and lp may be
interchanged.

Cylindricalcoordinates(r,9,z):b

OV, OV, v. ov,

P -+V-+--+V--- OV, rr. ) ;--- op [1--"0 ( ) +--,
0 0
+-,1-- '00] +Pg (B.5-4)
( at r or r de Z OZ r ar T ar " r 00 8r dZ U r r

OV. OV. v. OV.

P ( -+V-+--+V-+-- OV. v,v.) ;---- 1 op -- 0
[1 r,
(.2 ) 1 0
+--, +-,0 'Iff -
+--- , •.•]
+pu. (B.5-5)
at 'ar rao %az T rao ,2iJr rtJ TiJOOO iJzZO r 0

P (OV, iJv,
-+V-+--+V- V. OV, OV,) ;--- op [1--("0 ) +--,
0 1 0]
+-, +pu (B.5-6)
ot ' or r 09 ' OZ OZ r or '" r 09" oz" 0'

bThese equations have been written without making the assumption that T is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
assumption is made that the stress ten,sar is symmetric, TrlJ - 'Or = O.

Sphericalcoordinates(r,9,t/!):'

p (OV, + v OV, + v. OV, + ~ OV,_ rr. + ~) ; _ op

at ' or r 09 r sin 9 ot/! r or
1 0
- [-- Y2,rr) 1
+----(,
0 .
SIn
9)+----,
. 1 0
-
'00 + '001] +p (B.5-7)
r2iJr( rsinoiJO (R rsin(Jat:P~r T g,

OV. + v OV. + v. av. + ~ OV. + V,v. - ~ col 9) ; _2 op

p ( ot 'or r 09 r sin 9 ot/! r r09
1 0 1 O. 1 0 ('", - ' •.•) - '001 col 9] (B.5-8)
- [ ::;--0 (,." •.•) + -'--0 9)+
('00 SIn -'--0 ' •• + ------- +Pg.
r-T rsmOO rsmOt/> r

p (OV. + v OV. + V.OV. + ~

at ' or r 09 r sin 9
av. + v.v, + v.v. col
ot/!. r
9) ; 1_ op
r sin 90t/!

- [1-- 0 ..,
r, +---(,
1 O.
9)+---'
SIn
1 0
+
('., - ',.) + '.' col 9] + (B.5-9)
r3 or ( ,.) T sin 909 DO r sin 90t/! •• r pg.

'These equations have been wrftten without making the assumption that T is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual
assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric,. rrl1- rOr= O.
 9B.6 The Equation of Motion for a Newtonian Fluid with Constant p and ~ 725

THE EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID WITH .

CONSTANT p AND ~
[PDv/Dt = -'fIp + ~Vzv + pgl

(B.6-1)

(B.6-2)

(B.6-3)

Cylindricalmordinates(r,e,z):
p av, av, v, av,
-+v-+--.-+v--- av,,r,) ap
=--+~ -or
[a (I--a (TV)) +--+----
1 aZv, aZv,2 2 av,] +Pg (B.6-4)
( at ar
r r de Z ilz r or r ar' ,2 ae2 az ,2 oe r

p (av, av, v, av,

-+v-+--+v-+-
at ' ar r ae
av,
' az
V,Vo) =---+~
r
1 ap
r ae
[a- (I--a (TV)) +---+--+--
ar r ar'
1 a'v, aZv,
rZ ao> azZ
2 av,]
rZ ae +Pg'
(B.6-5)

av, av, v, av,

p ( -+v-+--+v- av, ) ap a ( av,) [1aZv, a'v,] 1 (B.6-6)
at 'ar rae 'az =--+~
az -- r-
rzao> azZ +Pg'
rar ar +---+--

Sphericalcoordinates(r,e,.p):
p (av, +v av, +v, av, +2.....av, _ ,r, +~) =_ap
at ' ar r ae r sin e a.p r ar
1 az
+P [--,zv 1 a (. av,) + 1 aZv,] + (B.6-7)'
rzarz( ,) + rZsin eae Sin e-ae rZsinzea.p> Pg,

p (av, +v av, +v, av, +2.....av, +v,v, - ~ cot e) =_! ap

at ' ar r ae r sin e a.p r r ae

1 a (,zavo) 1 a ( 1 a ( ')) 1 aZv, 2 av, av

2 cot e .] (B.6-8)
+P [;;.ar -a-r +;;.ae S-in-e ae v, Sin e +-rZ-s-i-nZ-e
-a-.p>~
+;;.-a-e- -a.p- +pg,
-rZ--si-n-e-

p(av. +v avo +v,av. +2.....av. +v.v,+vov. cot e) = __ I_ap

at 'ar rae rsinea.p r rsinea.p

+ 1__ a ( ,av.) 1 a ( 1 a . ) 1 aZv. + 2 av, + 2 cot e av,] + (B.6-9)

P [ rZ ar r- ar +-- --- v Sin e +
rZ ae sin e ae ( • ) rZ sinz e a.p> rZ sin e a.p r2 sin e a.p pg.
tiThe quantity in the brackets in Eq. B.6-7 is riot what one would expect from Eq. (M) for lV, Vv) in Table A.7-3, because we have added
to Eq. (M) the expression for (2/T)(V' . v), which is zero for fluids with conc;tanl p. This gives a much simpler equation.
 /
! =//=
. / Appendix B The Fluxes and the Equations of Change
/
.. , jB.7 THE DISSIPATION FUNCTION "'v FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
f,/ (SEE EQ. 3.3-3)

Cartesian coordinates (r,y,>.):

2
avx)2 (avy)2 (av,)2] [avy avx]2 [av, aVy]2 [avx av,]2 2 [avx . avy av,]
'" =2 [( -
var
+ -ay + -az + -+-
aray
+ -+-
ayaz
+ -+-
azar --3arayaz
-+-+-
. (B.7-1)

Cylindrical coordinales (r,9,z):

2

+ 1..-ra9
av,)2 1 av,
'" = 2 [( -
v or -avo +-V,)2
+ (1-ra9 r
+ (av,)2]
-az + [ar- (VO) 1 av,]2
or -r +-ra9
- - +-avo] [av, av,]2
az + -oz +-or.
_ ~[!.£.
ror
3
(rv)
'
oVo + OV,]2
+1.
r 09 OZ
(B.7-2)

Spherical coordinates (r,9,</»:

OV,)2 (10Vo V,)2 ( 1 ov. v,+VOCO(9)2]

'" =2 [( -
v or
+ --+-
roO T
+ ---+~~--
rsinOot/J r

r +;:a9 + [sin
2
0 (VO) 1 av,]2
B 0 ( v.) 1 OVo] [ 1 ov, 0 (VO)]2
+ [r or -r- 09 sin 9 + r sin B o</> + r sin 9 o</>+r or r
2[1 0 1 0 1 OV.]2 (B.7-3)
- 3 7i or ("v,) + r sin 909(V, sin 9) + r sin 9 ai

gB.8 THE EQUATION OF ENERGY IN TERMS OF q

(PCpDT lOt = - (V .q) - (0 In plo In DpDplDt - (<= Vv)]

Carlesian coordinates (r,y,>.):

pC_ (OT
-+v
p ot x
oT
-+v
or
oT
y-+v
oy
-OT) =- [Oqx
, OZ
oqy Oq,]
-+-+-
or oy OZ - --
p)
0 In T
(oln p
Dp
--(T:VV)
DI
(B.8-1)'

Cylindrical coordinates (r,9,z):

pC (OT +v oT + Vo oT +v OT) = _
p ot ' or r oB ' OZ r or
(rq) +1.
'
oq, + Oq,] _
r 09 OZ
[!.£. (oln
0
p)
In T p
Dp
01
-(T:VV) (8.8-2)'

Spherical coordinales (r,9,</»:

0
C (OT +v oT +v,oT +~OT) =_ [2..£.(1 )+_1_.£.( sin B)+_1_ q.]
p p ot ' or r 09 r sin B a</> r2 or q, r sin 9 09 q, r sin 9 o</>
OlnP)OP
- ( ;JI;T pill - (<= Vv) (B.8-3)'

liThe viscous dissipation term, -('t': Vv), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1, A.7-2, and A.7-3. This term may usuaUy be neglected,
except for systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (iJ 1n pliJ In Dp is zero for nuids with constanl p.
 ----------,

=12-=
gB.ID The Equation of Continuity for Species a in Terms' of ia 727

THE EQUATION OF ENERGY FOR PURE NEWTONIAN FLUIDS WITH

CONSTANT" p AND k

Carlesian coordinales (x,y,z):

2 2 (B.9-1)b
pLA (aT aT
_+v-+v-+v- aT aT) =k [a-+-+-
T a T a2T1
z +p4J
pal 'ax Yay 'az ax2 ay2 az •

Cylindrical coordinates (r,e,z):

pC (aT
pat
+ v aT + v. aT + v aT) = k
'ar rae 'az
[!.£.
rar
(r aT)
ar
+ l. aZT + aZT}
rzae> azz
+ pel>
•
(B.9-2)b

Spherical coordinates (r,6,4'):

(B.9-3)b
_f'
P'- (aT
p al
aT
' ar
v.aT
-+v-+--+--
r ae
v. aT)
r sin e a</>
= k[l--rZ ara (2aT)
r-
ar Z
1
+-----
r
a (.SIn v-
sin e ae
Z
I 2 aZT} +P'"~,
oaT) +--_.-
ae r sin e a"" •

lIThis form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumption.<; k = constant and (0 In pIa in DpDp/Dt = O.The
assumption p = constant is given in the table heading because it is the assumption more often made.
bThe function 4>(1is given in ~B.7. The tcnn p4Jv is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients.

gB.l0 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES a

IN TERMS" OF ja
[pDw.IDt = -(V. j,) + r,J

Carlesian coordinates (x,y,z):

aw. aw, aw, aw,) (aj"" aj.. aj,,) (B.10-1)

p -+v -+v -+v _ =- -+-+- +r
( at 'ax Yay 'az ax ay az '

Cylindrical coordinales (r,e,z):

p
aw, aw,
_+v-+--+v-
r aT
v. aw, aw,) [1
=- --a (r].) +--+-
aj" aj",,}
+r
I (B.10-2)
( iJt r iJe Z iJz r or or r ae iJz II

Spherical coordinates (r,e,</»:

p
aw, aw,
-+v-+--+---
v. aw, v. aw,)
=-
[1--('J
a .2'
)+--0 1
a..
sme)+-- a ,.}
+r
1 j
(B.10-3)
( at ' ar r ae r sin e a</> rZ ar " r sin e ae •• r sin e a</> '

/IToobtain the corresponding equations in terms of J: make the following replacements:

Replace P wa io v r II N

by c J,' v' Ra-xa£.J

~R fl
,6",1

-
,

THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES A IN TERMS

OF WA FOR CONSTANT" P~AB .

Carlesian coardinales (x,y,z):

oWA oWA OWA OWA) [02WA o2WA 02W] (B.ll-I)

P ( at + Vx ax + vy ay + v, az = p9!!AB axz + ayz + azzA + rA

Cylindrical coordinales (r,e,z):

p(
awA
at +
v,
aWA v. aWA
aT aWA)
+ r ae + v, az = p9J AB
[1r a ( aWA)
ar r ar
1 aw
2

+;:2 ae>A + azzA + rA

a w}
2
(B.11-2)

Spherical coordinales (r,e,~):

OWA oWA ve oWA v~ awA)

p ( -+v,-+--+---
at ar rae rsinea</>

=P9!!AB [l..£. (,zawA)

rZ ar ar
+ 1
rZ sm eae
a (SineawA)
ae +,2
1 ,)Zw
sin2 e a</>Z +r
A]
A (B.11-3)

aTo obtain the corresponding equations in terms of xA' make the following replacements:
Replace P wA v rA
B

______ by C__ X_A__ V.. XBR_A_-_XA_R_ _ _ _ .JI

 '.~"
=- 12;1---------
-
=

"
,

,
4.

,
.. '

-' r _ ._"

GasA

,
.,.
I
";, of catalytic material !
:' (n) 1= L

Edge of hypothetical

z=Oo-
I
x~ ~B_ -7:------'T _L
xAO A
~t~g~~~
~~~~ - ~-
I xB x
t A Catalytic surface
z where2A ~ B
I irreversibly and
I
I instantaneously
z=8

Heat
out by
conduction
c__
Wall temperature
known to be T.w

F~
~.
'.

,
. L-4/T-l/ChE' Date: 20/10/2022
BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4fT - I B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-2021
Sub: CHE 475 (Biochemical Engineering II)
Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
SECTION-A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

I. (a) Read the following passage:

"Protein G binds IgG over a wide pH range and thus permits the selection of buffer pH
relevant for any particular application. There is a strong affinity between protein G and
IgG at pH 7.0. To elute the IgG it is necessary to lower the pH to about 2.5-3.0 depending
on the sample. As a safety measure to preserve the activity of acid labile IgGs, we
recommend the addition of 60-200 III of I M Tris-HCI, pH 9.0, to those tubes destined to
collect fractions containing IgG. In this way the final pH of the sample will be
approximately neutral. The column can be operated with a syringe, peristaltic pump. A
binding buffer of 20 mM sodium phosphate can be used. The sample should be adjusted
to the composition of the binding buffer. This can be done by either diluting the sample
with binding buffer or by buffer exchange using HiPrep TM 26/1 0 Desalting. The sample
was applied, using a syringe fitted to the adaptor or by pumping it onto the column. The
binding buffer was passed for 30 minutes or until no material appears in the effluent. The
elution buffer was passed for 6-10 minutes column yolumes of elution buffer. Longer
times may be required if the interaction is difficult to break. After IgG collection the
binding buffer was passed at high flow rates of 5 mUmin for 10 minutes. (3+22=25)
(i) What class of chromatography is being described in the above passage? What
protein is being separated?
(ii) Describe in your own words the steps of the chromatography mentioned in the
passage. For each step, mention the buffer used. Is there any step(s) that has not been
mentioned?
(b) Describe diagrammatically how differential pressures can be used to prevent
contaminants entering "cleaner" areas an exiting "less cleaner" areas. (10)

2. (a) What are the similarities and differences between precipitation and centrifugation in
the context of bioprocessing industries? (15)
(b) The partially filled purification table below describes a method of a senes of
chromatographic operations to isolate a native protein from canine pancreatic
mlcrosomes. (20)
Copy and complete the purification table.
(i) Mention units of specific' activity, recovery and relative purification when
completing the table (not given in table).
(ii) What are the columns that have been used for purification? Classify them as lEC
(specify anion/cation exchange), affinity, HIC, HAPC or GPC.
Contd P/2
 =2=
CHE475
Contd ... Q. No. 2(b)

(iii) What are the recoveries and relative purification values at each step? On the basis
of these results comment on' the importance of chromatographic columns for
downstream processing.

~
I
Activity Protein Specific Relative I
Recovery ,
Samnlc. (U) (mg) activity Purification
I
. Microsome extract 400000 655 I

Sephadex G-50 400,000 279

I
Medium
,
DEAE - Sephadex 246,750 92
OAE-Sephadex 156,000 37
SP-Sephadex 79,926 21.2
..
Ottyl Sepharose 46,539 3.56
Hydroxylapatite 36,188 1.58
column.
.Protein A Seoharose 8773 0.34
~. J

3. (a) With a neat block diagram, show the steps of intracellular bioproduct recovery (10)
(b) State any four methods oflinking probe elements to biosensing surfaces. What are the
major considerations when choosing these methods? (10)
(c) What is a clean room and why is it important in bioprocessing industries? Describe
briefly 4 considerations in designing a clean room. (15)

4. (a) Consider the following schematic diagram of a biosensing surface described below: (6+6+3+1 0=25)
"Graphcnc oxide suspension is drop-casted onto glass carbon electrode (GeE),
followed by addition of a chemical linker to attach the probe DNA to detect Escherichia
coli cells. The detected DNA concentration was converted into the number of E. coli cells
and a linear relationship was observed. The biosensor could detect as low as 4.22x I OS
cells/mL, which is comparable to other traditional methods such as ELISA-based ones."
(i) Based on your knowledge of biosensors, state what parts of the biosensor are
formed by the DNA, graphcnc oxide and glass carbon electrode.
(ii) In your opinion, what is the probable type of transducing mechanism of this
biosensor? Describe any example of this transducing mechanism.
(iii) What class of biosensor has been described?
(iv) Based on what you know about ideal characteristics of biosensors and description
provided, comment on this biosensor's "idealness".
 Contd P/3
=3=
CHE 475
Contd ... Q. No. 4(0)

_---.:.---~-~ DNA

Graphene oxide

_~---,- Glass Carbon

electrode

Fi

(b) Describe briefly the five stages ofbiomanufacturing.

OR
(b) Draw the block diagram involved in the five stages ofbiomanufacturing.

DO NOT DO BOTH (10)

SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) With a neat schematic, explain the steps involved in typical signal transduction
process. (10)
(b) What are the main components of a PCR reaction? Briefly explain how PCR works. (10)
(c) You would like to use PCR to amplify (make many copies of) the underlined section
of the DNA sequence below: (5+5+5=15)
5'ACGACCGATAGACGACGTAGGACTTACTTACTTACGTAGGCA3'
The sequences of the primers you ordered were:

Primer #1: 5' ATAGAC 3' Primer #2: 5' ACTT AC 3'

(i) Which of the two primers is wrong, and why won't it work?
(ii) Give the sequence of a primer that will work and could be used instead of the
wrong one.
(iii) Write down the protein sequence that will translated after the cloning.
Contd P/4
,
,

=4=
CHE475
6. (a) What are the possible cloning problems related to re-ligation and misorientation? How
would you deal with the issues? (12)
(b) Explain the differences between selectable and screenable markers used in cloning. (8)
(c) A chemostat study was performed with yeast. The median of flow rate was varied and
the steady-state concentration of cells and glucose in the fermenter were measured and
recorded. The inlet concentration of glucose was set at 100 giL. The volume of the
fermenter contents was 500 mL. The inlet stream was sterile. (10+5=15)

_._~-----_._- --.---_.
Flow rate Cell Substrate
mLlhr concentration, concentration,
gIL Q/L
31 5.97 0.5
,
50 5.94 1.0
71 5.88 2.0
91 5.76 4.0
200 0 100 !

(i) Find the parameters of the Monod's equation for cell growth.
(ii) What should be the maximum flow rate to prevent washout of the cells?

7. (a) Briefly discuss three non-fluorescence microscopy techniques. With the help of a
schematic, explain the working mechanism of fluorescence microscopy. (10)
(b) List some examples of air-driven and mechanically driven bioreactors. Briefly discuss
the benefits and challenges of both types ofbioreactor configurations. (8)
(c) Briefly explain the principle of similarly. Consider the scale-up of a fermentation
from a 10 L to 10,000 L vessel. The small fermenter has a height-to-diameter ratio of 3.
The impeller diameter is 30% of the tank diameter. Agitator speed is 500 rpm and three
Rushton impellers are used. Determine the dimension of the large fermenter and agitator
speed for: (i) Constant PN (ii) Constant impeller tip speed (iii) Constant Reynold's
number. Assume geometric similarity. (5+12=17)

8. (a) Briefly discuss the differences between traditional refinery and biorefinery. (12)
(b) With the help of a schematic, briefly explain the steps of aseptic inoculation system of
an industrial fermenter. (11)
(c) A cylindrical tank (1.22 m diameter) is filled with water to an operating level equal to
the tank diameter. The tank is equipped with four equally spaced baffles whose width is
one tenth of the tank diameter. The tank is agitated with a 0.36 m diameter flat six-blade
disk turbine. The impeller rotational speed is 2.8 rps and blade width is 7.2 cm. The air
enters through an open-ended tube situated below the impeller and its volumetric flow
rate is 0.00416 m3/s at 1.08 atm and 25°C. The viscosity and density of water at 25°C is
8.904x I 0-4 kglm3s and 997.08 kglm3, respectively. Calculate the power requirement.
How much will the power requirement change if the impellers are replaced with flat
blade type impeller? (12)
 Second Letter
, 1'., . T.!;~ '.lI:1 If. ". . <L'""..111_'
I t ~
..• 11,_: A
,'~ i ••
:dl:IIAt' ~G "' ""I:
.,br.

.• TTT} . TCT} - I TAT} :' TGT} - .~'

TTC Phe TCC TAC Tyr ; 'mc Cys .0',
T TTA} Leu TCA Ser TAA Stop ~ TGA Stop A'
iii TTG . . TCG TAG Stop i TGG Trp" ,@',
; crt} ,,
I

cct} ,

..
,

,C .,CTC
-
~;

CTA
Leu cce
I' , CCA
Pro ~
CAT}
CAC His
CAA}
CGT}
I'CGC
: CGA Arg
., CAG Gin
"
CTa I CCG . ; CGG
~
.•..•••
i

•
-J .~ ---.. ~.. - , ~.
-
,

f ,
A
AAT}
AAC Asn
MA}
;,'MG Lys

GCD
'. GCe
GCA
Ala
GAT}
GAC Asp
GM} Glu
GC GAG
,
- .-.,', ..;...- -~ -- i--~--'>

Figure for Question No. 5(c)

500

I-

W *=* ***1-
1 2 3 4 5 6

100

50 "-
WID = 115 WID = 115 WID = 118 WID = lIB WID = lIB WID =118
N . ~ ~
p
10
I~ "-

5 7
~" ~ 1
",,-(5
Glassed Steel I" ~ 3

1 - ~[[J "- ""

'--- ....
----
..
::is
6'

7
\.4 "\..5;-

0.5
1 10
Re
Figure for Question No. 8(c)

'II'
 ,

L-4ff-l/CHE Date: 20/1012022

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DHAKA
L-4/T - I B. Sc. Engineering Examinations 2020-202 I
Sub: PMRE 413 (Natural Gas Engineering)
Full Marks: 210 Time: 3 Hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
USE SEPARATE SCRIPTS FOR EACH SECTION
SECTION -A
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

1. (a) Compare wet gas and dry reservoir with appropriate 'phase diagrams. Justify their
names. (10)
(b) Write short notes on the following topics: (10)
(i) Gas flaring
(iii) Cleanest burning fossil fuel
(c) A gas reservoir has the following gas compositions: the initial reservoir pressure and
temperature are 3,000 psi a and 180°F, respectively. Calculate the specific gas gravity and

gas compressibility factor under initial reservoir conditions. (15)

Component Mole Fraction

CO2 0.02

N2 0.01
C1 0.85

C2 0.04
C3 0.03
i-C4 0.03
n-Cs 0.02

2. (a) Write down the importance of separator in natural gas production system. Describe

the common operating problems in a liquid vapor separator. (10)

(b) Compare between horizontal and vertical separator. Which one is more suitable if

production stream contains sand and other sediments? (10)

(c) Design a vertical separator based on the following given data. (15)
Gas flow rate 15 MMCFD
Specific gas gravity 0.6 (air =1)
Gas compressibility factor 0.85
Gas viscosity 0.013 cP
Oil flow rate 2100 BOPD (40° API)
Operating pressure 1000 psia
Operating temperature 60° F
Droplet size removal 140 micron
Retention time 3 min.
Contd P/2
PMRE 413(CHE)

3. (a) Define sour gas and sweet gas. Explain the importance of natural gas sweetening. (10)
(b) Compare between molecular sieve process and alkanol-amine process for natural gas

sweetening. (10)
(c) Design an iron sponge unit based on the following given data. (15)
Gas flow rate 3 MMCFD
Specific gas gravity 0.6 (air =1)
Gas compressibility factor 0.85
H2S concentration 19 ppm
Operating pressure 1000 psig
Operating temperature 100° F
Cycle time I month
Amount of iron 10 IbfBu
Efficiency 0.8

4. (a) Describe the condensate stabilization. Explain the importance of using multiple stages

at isothermal con~ensate stabilization process. (10)

(b) Write down the primary sources of wastes In natural gas production. Describe

associated wastes. (10)

(c) Describe the methods of management and treatment of wastes In petroleum

production. (15)
SECTION-B
There are FOUR questions in this section. Answer any THREE.

5. (a) Write down the names of the companies that are responsible for distribution and
marketing of Natural Gas in Bangladesh. Also mention the franchise area of each

company. (18)
(b) Write down the names of the companies which are responsible for Natural Gas

Production in Bangladesh. (10)

(c) Which are the sectors to consume Natural Gas in Bangladesh? For what purpose the

maximum amount of Natural Gas is consumed? (7)

6. (a) Suppose there is Natural Gas pipe line, 250 km long, 30 inch dia, supplying gas from
location A to B. After 10 years, the demand of gas has doubled. What options are there

for supplying the additional gas to meet the increasing demand? (8)
(b) Following data are given for a horizontal Natural Gas pipe line. Estimate the upstream
pressure if the required flow rate is 24 MMSCF/Day. Use Weymouth equation without

the friction factor. (15)

Contd P/3
 =3=

PMRE 413(CHE}
ID = 12.09 inch Length = 200 miles E = 0.0006 inch
Average temperature = 80°F Base temperature 60°F
Base pressure = 14.7 psi a Gas specific gravity = 0.70
Downstream pressure = 200 psia
(c) Suppose there is a pipeline of length L miles, 4 inch !D. If a parallel line is set up with

6 inch. !D, what will be the capacity increase of the system? (12)

7. (a) Write a short note on LNG. (15)

(b) Explain Linde process for the liquefaction of natural gas. (12)
(c) Write down the factors that should be considered in a long distance pipeline design. (8)

8. (a) What are the main components of a Natural Gas production system? (8)
(b) What are casing and liner? Why are they cemented to the formation? (5)
(c) Draw and label a Christmas tree, and describe its functions. (7)
(d) Draw a sketch of production pressure profile, showing the pressure drops from the

reservoir to the stock tank. (15)

 Iron Sponge Unit Design

Minimum diameter for gas velocity Z QTZ

dmin = 360 P
'Minimum diameter for deposition d~;n = 5.34 106 x Q x MF
X
Maximum diameter to prevent channeling Z. _ QTZ .
dmax - 1800 D
Minimum contact time QTZ
dZH ;:: 3600 p
Cycle time -8 FedzHe
te = 3.14 x 10 x 0 x MF
Iron sponge volume Bu = 4.4 x 10 3dzH

Vertical Separator Design

Gas Capacity Constraint

dZ g
= 5040--TZQ
P
[ Pg x ~
PI - P. dm
t z

Liquid capacity constraint 2 tr x Qo

dh= n1?

Seam to seam length h + 76 h + d + 40

Lss = or, Lss = 1?
1?
Slenderness ratio Lss
Sg =rn
Terminal Velocity l/Z
PI - Pg d
Vt = 0.0119 x- m
P. cD

Reynolds Number
NRe = 0.0049 Pg~:dm

Drag Coefficient 24 3
CD =N+~+0.34
Re. NRe

--~----- --- .--------,. ---_. ---~- -----.=---._--

Pipeline Design

Gas flow rate Tsc [sP 2 -

1 PZ2) D'6/31°.s
.qh (cfh) =. 18.062 Psc yTLz -I
Parallel Flow
jD:6/3+ jD;6/3 + jD~6/3
qt
-=
q1
D16/3
'J 1

~-- ••---~--- ---w..--- r -----._- ---- -----------

 Compressibility Factors for Natural Gases as a
Function of Pseudoreduced Pressure and Temperature.

1.1
o 1.1

1.0

. .1
0.9
.~.,.
'" )

0.8 1.7

N
0.7 1.6
..:
0
'0
as
LL 1.5
0.6
~
:a
'iii
(Jl
Gl 0.5 "' 1.4
~
0-
E ' ..
0
() 0.4 1.3

0.3 1.2

'~
0.25
1.1 -t-~"~"I" /

J ' ';
l _~
Compressibility of
, .1
Nalural Gases I
'1
t. .1 (Jan. 1,1941) .....•.. 1.0
1.0 i. .•

."" ~,~_..- .•...•

,
.•. "
' ~ •.• 4

, .
.~. _ ••••••..•~-<_.'" .-- "
..l __ ~.~~ 0.9
0.9 _Po _., -

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Pseudo Reduced Pressure, Pr i
I

.. J
,,
Physical Constants of Some Gases

Molecular
i Critical Critical
Weight
. I Temperature Pressure
Component .. ; Ibmllb-mole oR psia

N2 is.013 227.16 493.1

CO2
!
44.010 547.5S 1071.0
!

H~ 34.0S0 672.12 1300.0

CH. I: 16.043 343.00 666.4

C2~ I 30.070 549.49 706.5

. I, 616.0
C)HS I' 44.097 665.73
I; 734.13 527.9
j-C.H,o (' 58.123

n-e.H,o I: 58.123 765.29 550.6

j-CjH12 72.150 828.77 490.4

n-CSH'2 72.150 845.47 488.6

Ct;H,. 86.177 913.27 436.9

C7+ 193.72 - -