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Moment of Inertia

The document discusses the concepts of moments of inertia, including their calculation for differential areas, polar moments, and composite areas. It introduces the parallel-axis theorem and the radius of gyration, providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it covers the product of inertia and Mohr's circle for determining principal moments of inertia in structural mechanics.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views20 pages

Moment of Inertia

The document discusses the concepts of moments of inertia, including their calculation for differential areas, polar moments, and composite areas. It introduces the parallel-axis theorem and the radius of gyration, providing examples for clarity. Additionally, it covers the product of inertia and Mohr's circle for determining principal moments of inertia in structural mechanics.

Uploaded by

Ali Ece
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE-223

STATICS
Moment of Inertia
By definition, the moments of inertia of a differential area dA about the x and y axes
are dIx and dIy, respectively, fig. For the entire area A the moments of inertia are
determined by integration; i.e.,

We can also formulate this quantity for dA about the “pole” O or z axis, Fig.
This is referred to as the polar moment of inertia. It is defined as dJO = 𝑟𝑟 2 dA,
where r is the perpendicular distance from the pole (z axis) to the element dA.
For the entire area the polar moment of inertia is
This relation between JO and Ix, Iy is possible since , Fig.

From the above formulations it is seen that Ix, Iy, and JO will always be positive since they
involve the product of distance squared and area. Furthermore, the units for moment of
inertia involve length raised to the fourth power, e.g.,
Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area
The parallel-axis theorem can be used to find the moment of inertia of an area about any
axis that is parallel to an axis passing through the centroid and about which the moment
of inertia is known.

finally, for the polar moment of inertia, since and

we have
Radius of Gyration of an Area
The radius of gyration of an area about an axis has units of length and is a quantity that is often
used for the design of columns in structural mechanics. Provided the areas and moments of
inertia are known, the Radius of gyration are determined from the formulas

The form of these equations is easily remembered since it is similar to that for finding the
moment of inertia for a differential area about an axis. For example whereas for a
differential area,
EXAMPLE:

SOLUTION:

the polar moment of inertia about C is therefore


EXAMPLE: Determine the moment of inertia with respect to
the x axis for the circular area shown in Fig.

SOLUTION I:

SOLUTION II:
Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
A composite area consists of a series of connected “simpler” parts or shapes, such as
rectangles, triangles, and circles. Provided the moment of inertia of each of these parts is
known or can be determined about a common axis, then the moment of inertia for the
composite area about this axis equals the algebraic sum of the moments of inertia of all
its parts.
EXAMPLE:

Determine the moment of inertia of the area shown in Fig. about


the x axis.

SOLUTION:
The area can be obtained by subtracting the circle from the rectangle shown in Fig. The
centroid of each area is located in the figure.
Parallel-Axis Theorem
EXAMPLE: Determine the moments of inertia for
the cross-sectional area of the member shown in
Fig. about the x and y centroidal axes.

SOLUTION:
Parallel-Axis Theorem

Rectangles A and D
The moments of inertia for the entire cross section are thus
Product of Inertia for an Area
The product of inertia of the area in Fig. with
respect to the x and y axes is defined as

Like the moment of inertia, the product of inertia has units of


length raised to the fourth power,

However, since x or y may be negative, the product of inertia may either be positive,
negative, or zero, depending on the location and orientation of the coordinate axes. For
example, the product of inertia Ixy for an area will be zero if either the x or y axis is an axis
of symmetry for the area, as in Fig.
It also follows from the definition of Ixy that the “sign” of this quantity depends on
the quadrant where the area is located. As shown in fig., if the area is rotated from one
quadrant to another, the sign of Ixy will change.
Parallel-Axis Theorem.
Consider the shaded area shown in fig. , where 𝑥𝑥 ′ and 𝑦𝑦 ′ represent a set of axes
passing through the centroid of the area, and x and y represent a corresponding set of
parallel axes. Since the product of inertia of dA with respect to the x and y axes is
,then for the entire area,

It is important that the algebraic signs for dx and dy be maintained when applying this
equation.
EXAMPLE: Determine the product of inertia for
the cross-sectional area of the member shown in
Fig. a, about the x and y centroidal axes.

SOLUTION: The cross section can be subdivided into three


composite rectangular areas A, B, and D, Fig. b. The
coordinates for the centroid of each of these rectangles are
shown in the figure. Due to symmetry, the product of inertia of
each rectangle is zero about a set of x’, y’ axes that passes
through the centroid of each rectangle. Using the parallel-axis
theorem, we have
Moments of Inertia for an Area About Inclined Axes
Principal Moments of Inertia
Mohr’s Circle for Moments of Inertia
Equations 10–9 to 10–11 have a graphical solution that is convenient to use and generally easy
to remember. Squaring the first and third of Eqs. 10–9 and adding, it is found that

Here Ix, Iy, and Ixy are known constants. Thus,


the above equation may be written in compact
form as

When this equation is plotted on a set of axes that


represent the respective moment of inertia and the
product of inertia, as shown in Fig. 10–19, the
resulting graph represents a circle of radius

and having its center located at point (a, 0), where


a = (Ix + Iy)/2. The circle so constructed is called
Mohr’s circle, named after the German engineer
Otto Mohr (1835–1918).
EXAMPLE: Determine the principal moments of
inertia and the orientation of the principal axes for the
cross-sectional area of the member shown in Fig.a with
respect to an axis passing through the centroid.

SOLUTION:

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