Bài giảng môn học:

Hệ thống động lực tĩnh tại

(Propulsion System of Stationary Engine)

Bộ môn Cơ khí Động lực,

Khoa Cơ khí Giao thông,
Trường Đại học Bách khoa-ĐHĐN.
PGS. TS. Lê Minh Đức
E-mail: minhducle@dut.udn.vn
 REFERENCES
[1] Bùi Văn Ga et al, 2013, Động cơ Biogas, NXB Giáo dục Việt Nam
[2] Paul Brezee, 2005, Power Generation Technologies, Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan
Hill, Oxford,
[3] August 2021, ELECTRIC VESSEL PROPULSION, European Committee for
drawing up Standards in the field of Inland Navigation (CESNI)
[4] 2015, 3406C Generator Set Electric Power, CAT Co. Ltd.
[5] E.A.Ajav, Bachchan Singha, T.K.Bhattacharya, Performance of a stationary diesel
engine using vapourized ethanol as supplementary fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy, Volume
15, Issue 6, December 1998, Pages 493-502.
[6] CAT training data... INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS.
[7] https://www.cat.com/en_ID/products/new/power-systems/industrial.html
[8] https://www.energypower.com.au/
[9] http://www.puckettmachinery.com/divisions/puckett-power
 Syllabus
Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Propulsion System for Stationary Engine

Chapter 3: Propulsion System Control

Final Project: Discover a Propulsion System for

Stationary Engine
 CHAPTER 1:

Introduction
Propulsion System History
Anticipated trends in aviation fuels:
Vehicle propulsion systems:

(Spath et al., 2011)

(Ahad Al-Enazi et al., 2021)
Aircraft Propulsion Systems

(B. VARGA, 2018)

Stationary Propulsion Systems

(Chen et al., 2019)

Diesel Generator
Diesel Generator
10 Parts of Generator:
Gasoline Generator
Gasoline Generator
Chapter 2: Propulsion System for Stationary Engine

2.1. Energy sources

Global transportation demand by fuel:
Price of Fuels
1 US gallon = 3.78541178 liter
Common critical considerations for alternative fuels
for both CI and SI engines:
• Combustion properties (chemical properties, such as octane and
cetane number)
• Physical properties (spray or mixture formation for combustion, and
engine operability over a wide range of temperatures)
• Low heating value (LHV)
• Compatibility (including approval by engine and vehicle manufacturers
and costs)
• Manufacturing cost and infrastructures
Manufacturing
paths of fossil
and
regenerative
fuels
Natural gas

• Natural gas is an odorless, gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons-

predominantly made up of methane (CH4).

• Two forms of natural gas are currently used in vehicles:

compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
Both are domestically produced, relatively low priced, and
commercially available.
Ethanol
• Ethanol is a renewable fuel made from corn and other plant
materials. Ethanol use is widespread, and more than 98% of
gasoline in the U.S. contains some ethanol.
• The most common blend of ethanol is E10 (10% ethanol, 90%
gasoline). Ethanol is also available as E85 (or flex fuel)—a high-
level ethanol blend containing 51% to 83% ethanol, depending
on geography and season—for use in flexible fuel vehicles.
• E15, another blend, is increasing its market presence. It is
approved for use in model year 2001 and newer light-duty
conventional gas vehicles.
LPG
• Also known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or propane
autogas, propane is a clean-burning alternative fuel that's been
used for decades to power light-, medium-, and heavy-
duty propane vehicles.
• Propane is a three-carbon alkane gas (C3H8).
• Interest in propane as an alternative transportation fuel stems
from its domestic availability, high-energy density, clean-burning
qualities, and relatively low cost. It is the world's third most
common transportation fuel, behind gasoline and diesel, and is
considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of
1992.
Comparison of
the production
process and
characteristics
of various fuels
Annual worldwide ethanol production by country
(Million Gallons)
Fuel requirements for SI engines
• Octane number
• Flammability related to lean limit and combustion
stability
• Laminar burning velocity
• LHV (of air–fuel mixture)
• Volatility; boiling curve; vapor pressure
Comparison of alternative fuels for SI engines
Variable composition of LPG for auto-gas by country
Alternative fuels for CI engines
Quality of the diesel fuels:
• Cetane number
• Boiling point
• Narrow density and viscosity spread
• Low aromatic compounds (particularly polyaromatic
compounds) content
Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured domestically from
vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease.
Comparison of alternative fuels for CI engines
and commercial diesel fuel

JP-8 is a commercial kerosene-type jet fuel.

Challenges for gasoline and diesel engines
2.2. Diesel generator
a. Configuration
• What is the size of the load it is going to supply and what are the
amounts of both running loads (KW) and starting loads (KVA)?
• What type of loads are going to be supplied?
• Is there for example uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) loads or
heavy motor loads?
• Is there any noise restrictions?
• Is there any space limitation?
• What voltage and frequency of generator going to generate?
b. Sizing
• What is the size of this genset in terms of KW rating and what is
its reactive capability to withstand the transient loads?
Sizing a Diesel Generator Useful
Conversion Explanations:
• kW = kVA x PF.
• kVA = (V(L-L)x A x 1.732) / 1000.
• A = kW x 1000 (V(L-L)x PF x 1.732).
• HP = kW x 0.7335.
• PF = Power Factor
• Eff = Alternator Efficiency
• KWm = Engine kW Mechanical,
• kWe = kW (Electrical).
Example presents how to calculate the Diesel
Generator Size:
• The rated power Pn (kVA) of a Generator is the
maximum output power given an output power factor
(PF) of 0.75-0.8;
• It is necessary to calculate the corresponding input
power to determine the Diesel Generator power
rating;
• Therefore, a Diesel GENERATOR of 100 kVA supplies
the load with a maximum output power of 100 x 0.75
= 75 kW
How to explain Diesel Generator
Power Factor?

• Diesel Generators have a power factor of around

0.75-0.8
• Gas Generators have a power factor of around 0.50
• LPG Generators have a power factor of around 0.45
c. Design
(1) (2) (3)

(4) (5) (6)

d. Diesel Engine
• The diesel engine is the most important part of the genset. It is the
prime mover that drives the generator (alternator) to produce
electricity.
• All diesel engines are similar to each other in the concept but they
differ in many aspects such as the number of cylinders, if the
cylinders are line or V-type, how the fuel is delivered to the
cylinders, governing system, cooling system, air charging system, air
intake system, rotational speed and recently the engine tier for COx
and NOx emissions.
• Engines are rated in KW or HP. Their performance is measured in
their fuel consumption in liters or gallons per KWh produced, its
thermal efficiency, noise level, lube oil consumption and exhaust gas
emissions.
e. AC Generator (Alternator)
• The alternator should be selected to provide the required
KW at the specified voltage, frequency, ambient
temperature, altitude and it should be capable to withstand
the transient loads without exceeding the maximum
allowable voltage dips.
• The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is supplied as part of
the alternator to ensure the compatibility. The alternators
use rotating exciter generator to generate the excitation
(magnetization) current and voltage required by the main
rotor to be excited (magnetized).
 f. Speed Governing
• The two main parameters we must control in the
diesel generator sets are speed and voltage.
Controlling the speed is controlling the diesel
engine prime mover via controlling the fuel. On
the other hand controlling the voltage is
controlling the AC generator (alternator) via
controlling the excitation of the rotor
(magnetization of the rotor).
• Speed governing or some time we call it speed
control is like any other feedback control system.
It consists of sensing part that measure the
running speed of the diesel engine (magnetic
pickups).
• The most famous control is known as PID
(Proportional, Integral and Derivative).
Governors can also be mechanical hydraulic type.
g. Engine Auxiliary Systems and Instrumentation
• Each genset has auxiliary systems to
support its functions.
• Most if not all of these systems are
attached to the diesel engine.
• When the diesel engine burns the diesel,
fuel it Cooling system, fuel system,
lubrication system, air intake system,
exhaust system. Each one of these
systems can vary in the design specs
even for the same engine; this is
depending on the application and
configuration of the genset. Each of
these systems has instrumentation to
measure and indicate the operating
parameters.
 h. Safeties and Protection
• The genset consists of mechanical part represented
by the diesel engine and electrical part represented
by the AC generator (alternator).
• Each of these two major equipments must be
properly protected against abnormal operating
parameters.
• There are of course mechanical parameters and
electrical parameters.
• For example: the oil pressure and water temperature
are two of the mechanical parameters while the AC
current and voltage are two of the electrical
parameters which we must protect the genset
against abnormal values
2.3. Gasoline generator
Site operating conditions:
• The location of the generator system to be installed will have
substantial impact on how the system is built and arranged. If the
generator system is to be installed indoors in a designated room or
co-located with other building system equipment, an open-type
generator-set configuration can be used.
• Generator sets and ancillary equipment must be accessible for
operation and maintenance, building load-bearing capacity must be
adequate to house the generator set(s) and ancillary equipment,
construction must comply with applicable codes and regulations
(noise, emissions, vibration, etc.).
The structure of gasoline generators
• Internal combustion engine: The workhorse of the generator. Fuel is injected into
this chamber, where a spark is created, converting the fuel into mechanical
energy.
• Alternator: This is where the ‘magic’ happens. The alternator uses two parts to
convert the mechanical energy into electricity. A rotating component – often
called the rotator – creates a magnetic field around a group of wound coils, which
generates an excess of electrons.
• Starter: Simply put, the starter starts your generator. Sometimes the starter is
powered by a DC battery, and other times, it is a pull cord mechanism.
• Fuel tank: Typically, portable generators are fueled using gas, diesel, or
propane.
• Outlets: The number and configuration of outlets is dependent on the make and
model of your portable generator.
The working principle of gasoline
generators
 Chapter 3:
Propulsion System Control
(for stationary engine)
Micro-controller programming: Higher-level language: MikroC

• The ports of microcontrollers:

- Identify the input of the sensor and switches.
- Initialization of LCD ports.
- Activate the general Interrupt in the system
- Initializing of the timer setting.
- Identify the Output of the ports
- Initialization of external Clock Setting
- Activate the Emergency Interrupt
- Initializing of the counter with compare overflow set
https://www.mikroe.com/mikroc-pic
Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
The Control panel typically protects the diesel
Generator against:
•High Temperature;
•Cooling system;
•Fuel System;
•Emergency;
•Overspeed and High Amplitude.
The flowchart of the program:
MCB-Miniature Circuit Breaker
Input: The schematic of input sensor connected
to the Microcontroller pins
The schematic of the system output (Starter
Relay, Coolant pump)
Generator Differential
Protection
Object: To protect the generator from
destruction faults within the bounds from the
output circuit breaker, the load side, and
ground on the neutral side by shutting down
both the generator and the engine. This
shutdown circuit is required and is neither coin
Starting Circuitry -- This circuit is often duplicated, for redundancy
Speed Monitoring and Stop Circuitry
Fault Shutdown and Monitoring Circuits
The flowchart of the program in case of
high temperature and how it will respond

• Shutdown the generator immediately.

• Turn on the alarm LED.
• Display the error on the LCD
Lubricating system
• The lubrication system serves lubricate and cool the pairings of the
crankshaft drive, the valve train, and other moving components and to
remove local contaminants, wear particles and combustion residues.
• Sometimes oil press falls because of some reason such as too much
tolerance between the piston ring and cylinder or overheating in the
engine. So, any trouble in the system of lubrication will cause clattering
sounds coming from the engine during operation due to high friction in the
engine’s components, causing damage or wearing the engine.
• If the system receives a signal from the oil press sensor, it will respond to
this situation in the following steps :
• Shutdown the generator immediately.
• Turn on the alarm LED.
• Display the error on the LCD
Fuel System
• Sometimes due to a fault in Filters, Valves or Press controller,
etc.. which affects the fuel flow rate and press to the
injectors, this fault leads to a drop in the fuel system press,
which is needed to cause ignition in the diesel engine.
• The system will respond to this situation in the following
step:
• Shutdown the generator immediately.
• Turn on the alarm LED.
• Display the error on the LCD
Main Board

ATmega 32 comes with LCD The PCB for ATmega 8

Diesel Generator
Control-Panel-
Wiring-Diagram
Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia