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PROBABILITY

The document discusses the history and basic concepts of probability, tracing its origins to Girolamo Cardano's work on gambling in the 16th century and later contributions by Abraham de Moivre. It defines probability as a measure of belief in the occurrence of events, expressed qualitatively and quantitatively, and introduces key terms such as experiment, results, sample space, events, and sets. Additionally, it provides examples of probability applications in decision-making and committee elections.

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11 views4 pages

PROBABILITY

The document discusses the history and basic concepts of probability, tracing its origins to Girolamo Cardano's work on gambling in the 16th century and later contributions by Abraham de Moivre. It defines probability as a measure of belief in the occurrence of events, expressed qualitatively and quantitatively, and introduces key terms such as experiment, results, sample space, events, and sets. Additionally, it provides examples of probability applications in decision-making and committee elections.

Uploaded by

Wardah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBABILITY

History of Probability

The theory of probability or probability was originally inspired by

problems gambling. Originally carried out by the Italian

mathematician and physicist who named Girolamo Cardano (1501-

1576). Cardano was born on the 24th September 1501. Cardano was a

gambler at that time. Even though gambling has a bad effect on his

family, gambling is also spurred him on to study opportunities. In his

book, Liber de Ludo Aleae (Book on Games of Changes) in 1565,

Cardano discusses the basic concept of opportunity which contains

the problem gambling. Unfortunately it was never published until

1663. Girolamo is one of the fathers of probability. In 1711, Abraham

de Moivre who was born in French Hugesenot in 26 May 1667, and

died in London 27 November 1754, published a book entitled

Doctrine of Chances, which includes Ars Conjectandi. In addition to

containing Ars Conjectandi, this book also contains about the theory

of permutations and combinations that stem from probability.

Basic Idea of Probability


Probability or chance is a person's level of belief to determine the

occurrence or non-occurrence of an event (event) that will happen in

the future. Qualitatively, the probability can be expressed in the form

of an adjective for indicates the possibility of a situation such as

“good”, “weak”, “strong”, “poor”, “a little” and so on. Quantitatively,

the odds expressed as numeric values both in the form of fractions

and decimal between 0 and 1. An equal probability of 0 means an

event is not can happen while the probability is equal to 1 means the

event is certain happen. One way to express the probability of an

event is use of Venn diagrams. the benefit of probability is to help in

making the right decisions, because life in the world is uncertain and

information is imperfect.

Example of Probability

In probability, there are 5 important terms, namely experiment,

results, sample space, events and sets.

1. An experiment is an activity that produces an event.

For example:

the activity of throwing money, will result in an image

appearing event
or numbers.

2. The result is a result of an experiment, that is, a picture or

number appears.

3. The sample space is the set of all possible outcomes on test.

4. Events or events are the results that occur from an event.

5. A set is a collection of objects that are clearly defined and can

be distinguished.

Consider the following example:

1. Experiment : Tossing a dice

2. Result: Dice numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 . appear

3. Sample space : S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

4. Events:

A = An even number of dice appears = {2,4,6}

B = Prime dice appear = {2,3,4}

C = Appears factor number from 6 = {1,2,3,6}

Applications Probability

1. In a class there will be an election for a student familiarity

committee consisting of a chairperson, vice-chairman and

treasurer. The number of students in the class is 30 people. The


number of possible committee compositions can be done by

applying probability theory.

2. For example, there are two blue and black pants and 3 yellow,

red and white shirts. How many pairs of pants and shirt colors

can be formed? The number of pairs of pants and shirt colors

that can be formed can be determined by probability theory

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