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Nutrition in Animals

The document provides a comprehensive overview of nutrition in animals, detailing the steps of digestion including ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It specifically describes the human digestive system and its components, as well as the digestion process in ruminants and unicellular organisms like amoeba. Key definitions related to digestion and nutrition are also included.

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12 views25 pages

Nutrition in Animals

The document provides a comprehensive overview of nutrition in animals, detailing the steps of digestion including ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion. It specifically describes the human digestive system and its components, as well as the digestion process in ruminants and unicellular organisms like amoeba. Key definitions related to digestion and nutrition are also included.

Uploaded by

trackview2312
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Endless Knowledge Coaching

Classes
Worksheet -Nutrition in
Animals

Class 7 Science – Nutrition in Animals


(Detailed Notes)

1. What is Nutrition?

Nutrition is the process of consuming


food and utilizing it for energy, growth,
repair, and maintenance of the body.

Animals are heterotrophs, which means


they cannot make their own food and
depend on plants or other animals for
it.
2. Steps of Nutrition in Animals

There are five main steps involved in


animal nutrition:

a. Ingestion

The process of taking food into the


body.

Example: Humans use the mouth for


ingestion.

b. Digestion

Conversion of complex food into


simpler forms that can be absorbed.
Takes place both mechanically
(chewing) and chemically (enzymes and
digestive juices).

c. Absorption

Digested food passes into the blood or


lymph through the intestinal walls.

d. Assimilation

The absorbed food is utilized by the


body cells for energy, growth, and
repair.

Example: Glucose is broken down in


cells for energy.
e. Egestion

Removal of undigested and unabsorbed


food as feces through the anus.

3. Human Digestive System

It is a long tube called the alimentary


canal and includes several organs and
glands:

a. Mouth and Buccal Cavity

Teeth: Cut, tear, and grind food.

Types: Incisors (cutting), Canines


(tearing), Premolars and Molars
(grinding).
Tongue: Helps mix food and taste.

Saliva: Secreted by salivary glands;


contains amylase which digests starch.

b. Oesophagus (Food Pipe)

Connects mouth to stomach.

Food moves through peristalsis (wave-


like muscular movements).

c. Stomach

A muscular J-shaped organ.


Produces gastric juices:

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) – kills germs


and activates enzymes.

Pepsin – breaks down proteins.

Mucus – protects the stomach lining.

d. Small Intestine

Longest part (6–7 meters).

Major site of digestion and absorption.

Receives:
Bile juice from the liver – emulsifies
fats.

Pancreatic juice from the pancreas –


digests carbohydrates, proteins, fats.

Inner surface has villi – finger-like


projections that increase surface area
for absorption.

e. Large Intestine

Absorbs water from undigested food.

Forms solid waste (feces).

f. Rectum and Anus


Rectum stores feces temporarily.

Feces are expelled through the anus


(egestion).

4. Digestive Glands
5. Digestion in Ruminants (Cattle,
Deer, Goats)

Ruminants eat grass (rich in cellulose).

Cannot digest cellulose directly.

Have a four-chambered stomach:

1. Rumen – Stores partially


digested food.
Microorganisms help digest cellulose.
Food returns to the mouth as cud for
re-chewing (rumination).

2. Reticulum – Further softens food.

3. Omasum – Absorbs water.

4. Abomasum – True stomach;


completes digestion with enzymes.
5. Nutrition in Amoeba

Amoeba is a unicellular organism.

Uses pseudopodia (false feet) to


surround and engulf food.

Forms a food vacuole inside which


digestion occurs.

Absorbed nutrients are used by the


cell; waste is expelled.

6.Important definations
7.Summary

Nutrition is essential for survival and


health.

Animals have different ways of


obtaining and digesting food.

The human digestive system includes


mechanical and chemical processes.

Specialized structures in animals (like


ruminant stomachs or amoeba’s
pseudopodia) help them digest food in
their own ways.

Digestion in Humans (Detailed


Notes)
Human digestion is a complex process
that involves the breakdown of food
into simpler substances that the body
can absorb and use. This process takes
place in the alimentary canal (also
known as the digestive tract) with the
help of various digestive glands.

1. Human Digestive System

The digestive system includes the


alimentary canal and digestive glands.

Alimentary Canal Parts:

1. Mouth

2. Oesophagus
3. Stomach

4. Small Intestine

5. Large Intestine

6. Rectum

7. Anus

Digestive Glands:

Salivary glands
Liver

Pancreas

2. Step-by-Step Digestion in
Humans

a. Mouth and Buccal Cavity

Ingestion begins here (food is taken


in).

Teeth grind and chew food (mechanical


digestion).

Tongue mixes food with saliva and


helps in swallowing.
Saliva is secreted by salivary glands
and contains the enzyme salivary
amylase (also called ptyalin), which
starts the digestion of starch into
sugars.

b. Oesophagus (Food Pipe)

A muscular tube that connects the


mouth to the stomach.

Food moves down through a process


called peristalsis – wave-like muscle
contractions that push food forward.

No digestion occurs here.

c. Stomach
A thick, muscular, J-shaped organ
located on the left side of the
abdomen.

Acts as a mixer and grinder.

Gastric glands in the stomach lining


secrete:

1. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) – Kills


harmful bacteria and creates acidic
conditions.

2. Pepsin – An enzyme that digests


proteins into simpler substances.

3. Mucus – Protects the stomach


wall from the acid.
Food stays here for about 3–4 hours
and turns into a semi-liquid called
chyme.

d. Small Intestine

Longest part of the alimentary canal


(6–7 meters).

Divided into three parts: duodenum,


jejunum, and ileum.

Most digestion and all absorption takes


place here.

Important Secretions:
Bile juice (from liver, stored in
gallbladder): Breaks down fats into
smaller droplets (emulsification); bile is
alkaline and neutralizes stomach acid.

Pancreatic juice (from pancreas):


Contains enzymes to digest
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Intestinal juice (from walls of the small


intestine): Completes digestion.

Digestion of Food in Small Intestine:

Carbohydrates → simple sugars (e.g.,


glucose)

Proteins → amino acids

Fats → fatty acids and glycerol


Absorption:

Villi: Tiny finger-like projections lining


the inner wall.

Increase surface area for absorption.

Contain blood vessels to absorb


nutrients into the bloodstream.

e. Large Intestine

About 1.5 meters long.

No digestion happens here.

Main functions:
Absorbs water and some salts from
undigested food.

Forms solid feces.

f. Rectum and Anus

Rectum: Stores feces temporarily.

Anus: Opens to the outside for the


removal of waste during egestion.

3. Summary of Digestive Enzymes


and Functions
4. Important Terms

Ingestion: Taking food into the mouth.

Digestion: Breaking down complex food


into simple nutrients.

Absorption: Movement of digested food


into the blood.

Assimilation: Use of absorbed nutrients


by body cells.

Egestion: Removal of undigested


waste.

Peristalsis: Muscular movement


pushing food through the digestive
tract.
Villi: Finger-like projections that absorb
nutrients in the small intestine.

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