Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Transmission Technology
Chapter 5 of Hiroshi Harada Book

Khurram Masood
200806100
 Outline
• Introduction
• Type of CDMA
– Averaging systems
– Avoidance systems
• Spreading code
– M-seuence
– Gold sequence
– Ortogonal Gold sequence
• Simulation and results

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 Type of Multiplexing:
1. Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

2. Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA).

3. Code-division Multiple-Access (CDMA)

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

• CDMA:
– A digital method for simultaneously transmitting signals over a shared
portion of the spectrum by coding each distinct signal with a unique code.
– CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the principle of
spread spectrum communication.
• Advantages
– Multiple access capability
– Protection against multipath interference
– Privacy
– Interference rejection
– Ant jamming capability
– Low probability of interception
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

There are different ways to spread the bandwidth of the

signal:
 Direct sequence
 Frequency hopping
 Time hopping
 Chirp spread spectrum
 Hybrid systems

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 Direct Sequence

Features:
o All users use same frequency and may transmit simultaneously
o Narrowband message signal multiplied by wideband spreading signal,
or codeword
o Each user has its own pseudo-codeword (orthogonal to others).
o Receivers detect only the desired codeword. All others appear as
noise.
o Receivers must know transmitter’s codeword.

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 Direct Sequence

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 Direct Sequence

Pseudo-Noise Spreading

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 Direct Sequence

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Example
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System
DSSS Example Using BPSK
 Direct Sequence
Processing Gain:

is the processing gain

fc is Chipping Frequency (the bit rate of the PN

code).
fi is Information Frequency (the bit rate of the digital data).

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 Direct Sequence

Advantages:
o Increased capacity
o Improved voice quality
o Eliminating the audible effects of multipath fading
o Enhanced privacy and security
o Reduced average transmitted power
o Reduced interference to other electronic devices

Disadvantages:
o Wide bandwidth per user required
o Precision code synchronization needed
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

signal is broadcast over seemingly random series of

frequencies
receiver hops between frequencies in sync with
transmitter
jamming on one frequency affects only a few bits
Frequency Hopping Example
FHSS (Transmitter)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum System
(Receiver)
 Slow and Fast FHSS

commonly use multiple FSK (MFSK)

have frequency shifted every T c seconds
duration of signal element is T s seconds
Slow FHSS has Tc  Ts
Fast FHSS has Tc < Ts
FHSS quite resistant to noise or jamming
with fast FHSS giving better performance
Slow MFSK FHSS
Fast MFSK FHSS
 Linear Feedback Shift Register
Implementation of PN Generator

•Output is periodic with max-period N=2n-1;

•LFSR can always give a period N sequence -> resulting in m-sequences.
•Different Ai allow generation of different m-sequences

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 Properties of M-Sequences
• Property 1:
– Has 2n-1 ones and 2n-1-1 zeros
• Property 2:
– For a window of length n slid along output for N (=2n-1) shifts, each n-tuple appears once,
except for the all zeros Sequence
• Property 3:
– Sequence contains one run of ones of length n
– One run of zeros of length n-1
– One run of ones and one run of zeros of length n-2
– Two runs of ones and two runs of zeros of length n-3
– 2n-3 runs of ones and 2n-3 runs of zeros of length 1

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 Advantages of Cross Correlation
• The cross correlation between an m-sequence and noise is low
– This property is useful to the receiver in filtering out Noise
• The cross correlation between two different msequences is low
– This property is useful for CDMA applications
– Enables a receiver to discriminate among spread spectrum signals
generated by different m-sequences

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 Gold Sequences
• Gold sequences constructed by the XOR of two m-sequences
with the same clocking
• Codes have well-defined cross correlation Properties
• Only simple circuitry needed to generate large number of
unique codes
• In following example two shift registers generate the two m-
sequences and these are then bitwise XORed

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 Gold Sequences

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 Orthogonal Codes

• Orthogonal codes
– All pairwise cross correlations are zero
– Fixed- and variable-length codes used in CDMA Systems
– For CDMA application, each mobile user uses one
sequence in the set as a spreading code
– Provides zero cross correlation among all users

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 BER performance of DS CDMA with
m-sequence in AWGN
0
BER performance of DS-CDMA with M-sequence in AWGN
10
QPSK AWGN theory
Number of users = 1
Number of users = 4
-1 Number of users = 7
10
BER

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/N0 [dB]

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 BER performance of DS CDMA with
Gold sequence in AWGN
0
BER performance of DS-CDMA with Gold sequence in AWGN
10
QPSK AWGN theory
Number of users = 1
Number of users = 4
-1 Number of users = 7
10
BER

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/N0 [dB]

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 BER performance of DS CDMA with
orthogonal Gold sequence in AWGN
0
BER performance of DS-CDMA with orthogonal Gold sequence in AWGN
10
QPSK AWGN theory
Number of users = 1
Number of users = 4
-1 Number of users = 7
10
BER

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/N0 [dB]

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 BER performance of DS CDMA with
m-sequence in Rayleigh fading
BER performance of DS-CDMA with M-sequence in Rayleigh fading
0
10
QPSK Rayleigh Fading theory
Number of users = 1
Number of users = 4
Number of users = 7

-1
10
BER

-2
10

-3
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/N0 [dB]

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BER performance of DS CDMA with orthogonal
Gold sequence in Rayleigh fading
BER performance of DS-CDMA with orthogonal Gold sequence in Rayleigh fading
0
10
QPSK Rayleigh Fading theory
Number of users = 1
Number of users = 4
Number of users = 7

-1
10
BER

-2
10

-3
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Eb/N0 [dB]

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