, .,. ....

CHA

Metals and Non-Metals

You have studied in the previous class that materials, made up of same kind of
particles, are known as pure substances. A sample, of a given element, or a given
compound, is a 'pure substance '. This is because a given element (/compound) is
made up of atoms (/molecules) of the same kind . Different elements/ compounds
differ from each other in their physical and chemical properties as they are made up
of atoms/molecules of different kind .

► Classification of Elements
There are about 118 elements known at present. It is difficult to study and describe
all the properties of all these elements separately. Hence, elements, showing similar
properties , are grouped together and their general characteristics are studied. Such
'grouping' of elements is called classification of elements.

The elements have been broadly classified into two categories : metals and non-
metals; this classification is based on the differences in their physical and chemical
properties .

0
 Oc.ru, rente of Elernents
Metals exis t in abund . · m is the most
m etn l· it is f ance in the earth 's crust. Alum1n 1u d' abu 11<J
' o 11 owed b • . . I like so 1um Pot-
aluminiun1 a d Y iron. Highly reactive m . eta s, h . ' as
n zinc . . .f oft e,r compou 51 l
oxides 5 1 L • ' are found in nature ,n the orm . l"lds (
' u p,11de s a d , tals like gold s·1
1 ,
Plat1
·n
um, occu ·
n ca rbon ates). Less reactive me
· 5t te
' ' Ver .
'
r in nature in their elemental, or native a ·

~~ny non-metals are found in their free state in the atmosphere. Oxygeri •
ogen are two well kn f h non-metals. Several non~rn ,.
exi • - own examp Ies o sue . •11 ~1

extt in_nature in the form of their compounds (like oxides and nitrates). Su1p1
sul sts rn the free state as well as in the combined state (a_s sulphides a
. phates). Carbon exists in its native state as diamond, graphite and fullere
rt_also exists in the form of its compounds like carbon dioxide, carbonates a
bicarbonates.

a Minerals and Ores

A mineral is a naturally occuring inorganic substance found deep under t
surface of the earth. An ore is a mineral from which one or more metals can
~xtracted profitably. For example, aluminium is extracted from its bauxite ore a
~ro.n from its haematite ore. The sequence of processes, use~ to extract a met
,n its pure form from its ore, is called metallurgy. The extraction of a metal, frc
its ore, genera~y involves tlJ.eJettbwing steps:

• Concentration of ore: It is the process of removal of impurities from the 01

• Reduction: It is the process of 'treating the metal ore' to get the metal in 1

free state.

• Refining of metal: The metal, obtained by reduction, is generally impur

'Refining is the process of purification of this impure metal.

Let us now study and compare the physical and chemical properties of meta
and non-metals.

► Physical Properties
1. Physical state: All metals (except mercury, which is a liquid) are solid at roor
temperature. Iron, copper, aluminium, gold and silver are some of the example
of metals. (
0 ,__
 seous state.
Non -mr tal~ l,H , oom tt)rt1pr rc1ture) rnay pxist in solid. liquid or g~etals which
CMbon , ~ulphur, phosphoru s and iodine r11e a few examples of non-
and
exist in the solid state. Bromine exists ac; a liquid while chlorine, oxygen
st
nitrogen Me e\amples of non met als which exist in the ga srous ate.

2. Melting_point and boiling point: Meta ls genernlly have high melting as w~I~
as
hr~h bolling ~oi nts. For exa mple, melting point of iron Is 1536°( and i.tc; borl~ng
point 15 3ooo C. Some metal s, however, have an excep tionally low melting point.
For example, the meltin g point of caesi um metal is only 28.?°C.
le,
Non-metals generally have low melting as well as low boiling points. For examp
the melting point of sulphur is 119°(. However, there are exceptions in non-metals
also. The melting point of diamond (form of carbon) is very high, i.e. 3723°C.

3. Density: Metals generally have a high density. Non-metals generally have a low
are
density. However, there are some exceptions. Sodium and potassium, which
metals, have quite a low density; their density value is less than that of water.

4. Hardness: Most metals are very hard. They can withstand quite high pressures
without getting distorted. Non-metals are generally not hard; they are brittle and
easily break into pieces when hammered.

Again there are some exceptions. Sodium and potassium are metals but they
are so soft that they can be easily cut with a knife or a razor blade. On the
st
other hand, diamond (a non-metal), which is a form of carbon , is the harde
substance known.

Activity 1
Take some crysta ls of iodine and beat them with a I I
duster. What do you observe? The crystals easily break
into small pieces.

Lustre: Metals have a shining surface. This is known as metallic lustre.

Non-
S.
metals generally have a dull appearance, that is, they are non-lustrous . Iodine
is the only non-metal which has a natural lustre.

G)
 J • ·• 'I .,
ff • 1
f - 1 If
· •n , 1 f l r
•; ~
( ' ) t
d
't
I
( f
1 I ·t •• , .. • l (; I ' ·"t 1
~ • r ..,, · · ' I(
Ir
{1 ,
r-
I
( ,t'< \• ii, . I , rl-< "L" "' .
•~ • . I I I 1hc r " t '

6.
Malteabitit . hammered into t"1n
\heet\ wrth~- Metal~ arp m;,lleable. th at 1s. they can be
ut bre~k,nq

Non -rnetal s mmered ,nto sheF:t)

They ar b are non -malleable, that 1s , they cannot be ha
e rttlle, and break into pieces on being hammered.

Activity 2
Take a ~mall t - •
str ik . P e\.. e ol zinc metal (zinc granul e) and
. e ll gently w1'tl1 h -
Th . , a amm cr. Wh at do you observe
b e
2 111 •
c piece s prea ds a little .
and become~ thinner.
ut does not break.

7. D uc t 1·1·•ty: Metals can be drawn into

th in wi res. This property of metals is
• Gold and silver are highly malleable.
known as ductility. Copper, aluminium Gold can be converted into a foil
and iron wires are commonly used for which is only 2.0 x 10 ; mm thick.
electrical fittings, making net doors and • Gold is the most ductile metal. A two
wi re meshes, and so on. kilometre long wire can be drawn
from only one gram of gold.
Non-metals are non-ductile, that is, they
cannot be drawn into wires.

8. Tensile strength: It is the property due to which a substance can bear a lot of
strain without breaking. Metals have high tensile strength due to their ductility
and malleability. Non-metals generally do not have high tensile strength (except
carbon -fibre).

9. Conductivity: The ability of a material, to transfer heat energy, or electrical

conductivity.
current, from one point to another, is taken as an indicator of its
We gen erally speak of two types of conductivities: thermal conductivity and
electrical conductivity.

GD
 · I /s a mc,i<; urr.
(il) Thermal Cond du<tlvity of a mat N lcl '
( f uctivlty: Th0 tlH:'rn)d l ron
0 I10 i whk h h('ill cnc ,qy cun now tl1r~ 119li it.
t ell~e will

Activity 3
T1tkr ~omc. hot w,1 '
, j,... c.,, . ,lil t I pI:ICl' on e
tn in '\ !) l,l
.
Ill II. TnuL-1) ti h .:' Ol Il l'r C' IH I o r I )l'
I
end ol. ,\11 iron rod
.
rod nltr r so mt' l1m c. \\' hat d)l )'Oil o l)Sr rvr? It ,ilso
'
becomes ho1 .
- t = ::,i

·
This acti vity shows tha t met a Isca n eas•ily con duc t hea t energy from on e poin t
. pro per ty
. due to this
to ano ther. Thu s metals are good thermal con duc tors. It 1 s
. ' · · · er
·
that metals like cop per and iron are used for makrng cooking utensils and wat
boilers.

l con duc tivit y, of a mat eria l, is a

(b) Electrical Conductivity: The elec trica
ent can flow thro ugh it.
measure of the ease with whi ch electric curr

Activity 4
two
Con nec t two term inal s of a batt ery with the
1

s as
term inals of a sma ll bulb, usin g cop per wire
shown in the figure. Wh at do you obse rve? The
bulb star ts glow ing. This shows that cop per wires
ery
readily con duc t elec tric curr ent from the batt
Batte ry
'
Copper w ire
to the bulb . - - - -- -

ductors of electricity. It is due to this

This acti vity shows that metals are goo d con
wires) are used in elec trica l fitti ngs .
pro per ty tha t met al wires (generally cop per

of hea t and elec trici ty. Mos t of the m

Non -me tals are gen eral ly poo r conductors
r, graphite, whi ch is a form of carb on,
are non -con duc tors or 'insulators'. Howeve
in batteries.
is a goo d con duc tor of elec trici ty; it is used

Do you Know?
, followed by copper and aluminium. Among
Silve r is the best conductor of heat and electricity
meta ls, mercury is the poorest conductor.

0
 - -- - -ll \

l
10. s . . . .
hard, a ringing sound
isono~os,ty. W~en a piece of metal is struck
with some thI.; 9. metals are, th erefore
~~~ u~ed. This property of metals is known as sonoros
• are used for makin~ f'
~a\1 ~ e sonorous. It is due to this property
that meta s
e s. on-metals are non -sonorous.
It is on the b . .
disting . h asis of these differences in their . roperties that one can
physica 1~ their properties have
b uis metals from non -metals. These differences
in
een summarised in Table 1.
Tabl
e 1: Physical Properties of Metals an d Non-Metals
Property - - Metals
Non-me tals
1. Physical They may be solid , liquid or
They are all solids, except
state 1
mercury (which is a liquid). gaseous.
I
2. Melting They generally have high I They generally have low
and boiling I melting as well as high I melting as well as low
point I boiling points. 1 boiling points.
I
I 3. Density They (generally) have a high They (generally) have a low

I
I density. I I
density.
4. Hardness They are quite hard (with I They are not hard (except
, exceptions of sodium and 1 diamond).
potassium).
! 5. Lustre I
They possess a natural I They generally have a dull
shine. I appearance.
1 6. Malleability They are malleable and 1 They are not malleable and
I and ductility , ductile. ductile; they are brittle.
7. Tensile They have high tensile They do not have tensile
strength strength.
I strength (except carbon
I fibre) .
8. Thermal and They are good thermal They are non -conductors or
electrical
1

as well as good electrical insulators (except graphite).

conductivity conductors.
9. Sonorosity They are sonorous .
They are not sonorous.
There are some elements which show some
properties of metals as well as
non-metals . Such elements are called metalloids.
Silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) ,
arsenic (As) are the well-known examples of met
alloids.
GD
► Chernic.al P, oper t,rs Let
. r< Prfie S also
Me tals tH1d ,10 11 rne1~l1, cii ff()r 110111 eac h other in thPtr chemrrnl p JP
us comparr th t? chenll ca l propertiPs of mPtals with those of non mPtal s.

1. Reaction with Oxygen

Activity 5
11t1id a mag nt'~i um ribbon wi th a pair ol tong<; and
it:,nit'-' it. ~ l«gnc~i um ribbon burn ~ with a bright whil e
light .rn~ tonns a white pmv dcr. The white powder
fo nned 1s mag nesi um o>..iJ c. \,
'.

2J\1g(s)
'-

Magne,ium
+ 0 / g)
Oxygen
(from air)
2M g0(s)
Magnesium oxide
(white powder)
!L -., ,.♦•
;.,... j_
Collec t this white powder and di ssolve it in water.
Dip a strip of red litmus paper in this solution . The
red litmus turns blue, indicating that the solution is
:1lkalin e. Thi s happens because magen sium oxide Red litmus

dissulves in water to form magnesium hydroxide

(which is an alkali and (hence) turns red litmus blue).

MgO(s) + H 20(l) ~ Mg(OH\(aq )

Magnesium Water Magnesium
oxi de hydroxide

This activity shows that metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides which
are basic in nature. Potassium (K), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) are highly
reactive metals. They react with the oxygen present in the air, even at room
temperature, to form their respective oxides.

Activity 6
Take a small piece of charcoal (a form of carbon) in a deflagrating spoon and ignite
it. Put the spoon in a gas jar and cover it with a lid. Remove the spoon from the jar
after sometime. Add some water in the jar and cover it again. Mix the contents in
the gas jar by shaking it well. Pour the solution in a watch glass and put a strip of

GD
 blue litmus paper in it Tl
red indicating that l · l e _blue litmus turns
happens becaus It le solution is acidic. This ~
presence of O •
e c 1arcoal (carbon) burns, .Ill
l
t
xyoen t 0 fi
gas which di' °ves '· onn carbon dioxide ~
sso 1

~ -
Blue litmus
(carbonic acid). In Water to form an acid

C(s)
Charcoal
+ O} g)
(fro111 air)
➔ CO/g)
Carbon dioxide
L
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

CO/g) + H lO(l) ➔
Carbonic acid
The acid , th us, ct0rmed turns blue litmus red.

Th · · • to form non-metallic
is activity shows that non-metals can react with oxygen
oxides which are acidic in nature.

Do you Know?
Al · · f · and water, a protective
ummmm cookers are anodised from inside so that in the pressure arr of alumrnm
O . .
Iayer Of Al o gets formed there. This layer then prevents further oxi·d_at'on
1 __ m.
2 3

2. Reaction with Water

Activity 7
Take a piece of magnesium
ribbon. Clean its surface by
rubbing it with a sand paper to
remove the layer of its oxide.
Put it in a boiling tube; half
fill the tube with water. Invert
another boiling tube over the
mouth of the first boiling ••
C ••
Water

tube and gently warm the 0

Mg piece

lower tube over the flame of

a bunsen burner (as shown in
the figure) .
(i) (,ii)
You will observe the evolutio n
of a gas in the form of bubbles.

0
 R,·1\\\1\ ,' lht' 1,11 1 11 \' l I ' I I . IJ1()\llh O
f the upr'*"•
' ,H, l l1 l\' h1 inµ 11h\1111111µ spll111 e1 ll l',11 l ' ' - . b CCtltlSt.:
\1t\\i' tkd' h,,d1n r l 11 I I
,, w t 1'11, n~ "ii h n 1..1 ,11.. kl Ing s(1111 llI• l'I11 q h ·i' ptH' t
ll S
burns
Ill \ ~1 \\' , \ \ 11\\ t I'll\. I, ' ·11 l1 .
. ,.. . ' \, ,, 1r1 lln hl'll l l ng .rnd llh1: rn lc" Lr\ }'(.I I·P!\C' 11 k · \cVhiC l
I I
,. , , ~

" ,th .1 l' 'l'l'1t1g ,,,und

1

.'11 ,l) l/) l k .11 11 .,(~)

~ Mt-i(O l l ) ,(,1,1)
\ \ .\~l\f ~1111\l
\\\ 11l'1 M,1~11c:;lu 111 l l)'drogl'n
h)'drm:l dt·

l'hl\ ad ,vity shows th~t some metals can redct with water to liberate hydrogen gas.

Metals differ in their reactivity towards water. For example,~dium and potassium
inetob I t\'lCt ~~ry ~igorously with water; thi s reaction gives out so much heat
th at th e hydrogen evolved catches
fire. Therefore, these metals are stored under
~~rosent.\ or paraffin wax. Magnesium does not react with cold water but reacts
on heating. Zinc reacts with boiling water and iron reacts with steam, indicating
that it is very IT'1uch less reactive. Metals like copper, silver, gold, platinum and
mercury do not react with water at all.

Non-metals do not react with water. Therefore, some reactive non-metals are
stored in water to prevent their reaction with air. For example, phosphorus is
kept in water to prevent its contact with air; it catches fire on reaction with ~

3. Reaction with Acids

Activity 8
Take some iron nails and clean their surface by rubbing them with sand paper. Put
tht'm in J test tube and then add some dilute hydrochloric acid to the tube. Invert
,11wther k st tube over the mouth of the first test tube. You will observe the evolution
of a gas in th~ form of bubbles.

( Jrt'iully bring a burning splinter near the mouth

of the im·er ted test tube. It burns with a popping
sound whkh shows the evolution of hydrogen.
1
Rt>pc>at the activity by taking magnesium ribbon and
zinc gra nules; allow them to react with other acids dil. --+4_
0
-+ 0 c
like diluk sulphuric acid. HCI 0

Compare the observations. (i) (ii)

GD
 1
I l ydrogt·n ga~ i, rcka !-.c I . .
t a~ Per th e following rca, ti ons.
H/g)
1-'l' (_\)
21ICl(aq) FeCl/a q) t ly<lrogen
lrn 11
I fydroch lori( Iron chloride
.tLid H ~(g)
1/.n(s) t·
znso/aq) 1tydrogc11
I.inc Zinc !:,lllphatc
Sulphuric
ncid
This activ • . acids to liberate hydrogen
,ty shows that most metals react with dilute
gas and form metal salts. .
Som . dilute hydrochloric acid.
1th t liberate hydrogen
e metals, like copper and lead do not react w
They . ' . h y do no
react with sulphuric acid and nitric acid butt . e ilute acids.
gas. Metals, like gold and platinum, do not react wi th d
tals like sulphur and
Non-metals generally do not react with acids. Som: no~d:~ nit~ic acid, but they
phosphorus, react with hot concentrated sulphuric aci '
do not liberate hydrogen gas.

Do you Know ?
, . . cid. They should not be
Certain food stuffs like citrus fruits, curd, pickles, tamarind, etc., contain a . LI1 e food stuff reacts
• made of iron, copper or aluminium as the ac i'd P1·esent 111
st~re d ·in utensils
with the metal and forms compou nds which may be toxic.

4. Reaction with Alkalies

. . . d 21·nc can however react
Most metals do not react with alkalis. Aluminium an ' .'
· h · · • ·d t f m their salts and liberate
wit sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydrox1 e, o or
hydrogen gas.

► Reactivity of Metals
The tendency of an element to react with other substances to form compounds is an
indicator of its reactivity. The more is the tendency of an element to form compounds,
the more is its reactivity.

All metals do not have the same reactivity. Some are more reactive than the others,
that is, they have a greater tendency to form compounds. Such metals occur in the
form of their compounds in earth's crust. Lesser reactive metals occur in their native
G)
 labfe 2: Reactivity S-etles of Metaf s
~ymbol of th• Nan,, of the Symbol of the Name of the
element
•••rnent elem•nt •••m.nt
K Pot;,,,\11Jm fin
'>n
Na Sodi um Lf:!ad
Ph
Ca Ca lcium Cu Copper
Mg Magnesium Hg Mercury
Al Aluminium Ag Silver
Zn Zinc Au Gold
Fe Iron Pt Platinum

Potassium is the most reactive metal while platinum is the least reac tive.

Displacement Reactions
You have already learnt about displacement reactions. Reaction of a metal, wit h
an acid, is an example of a displacement reaction in which the metal displaces
hydrogen from the acid. A reaction, in which a more reactive metal displaces a
lesser reactive metal from the aqueous solution of its salt, is another example of
a displacement reaction .
Let us perform an activity to understand this better.

Activity 9
Take 50 ml of water in a beaker and dissolve
a few crystal!> of copper sulphate in it. A
Magnesium ribbon - -
blu e coloured soluti on is ob tain ed. Dip a

M
CJ
magnesiu m ri bbon in thi !> w lution. You will
Coppe, sulphate
observe th at th e blue colour of the solution
solutioo-W
fades and afte r so metim e, the solution
becomes colourl e5s. Also, th e magnesium ( i) (ii)

ribbon gets coated wi th a brown laye r.

0
 Thi s h~
It f PPf\ n s b ela
'1
rorn co U \0 rn -
th e c.o ppe ~Pe r \ u l ph at e<l9 n E'siurn , b eing more reactiv e than ~oppe r,
d.
isplac~s
b , o wn coa _meta l, that . Th e m agnes ium sulpha te form e~ is colour l ess
ane1
e quauo . tin g . t hi s di 9 et~ depo~ ited on the magnesiu m ribbon , appea rs as a
n. Sp lacerne nt reaction can b e represented by t he foll owing
Mg(s)
Mag nesiu,'11 + Cu so4(aq )
Mg50 4 (aq) + Cu (s)
Co pper Copper
Magnesi um
sulphat e
su lphate
Re p (blu e) (colourl ess)
w· e_
a t the activit y b . d. .
ire 1n it. Re Y taking a solutio n of silver nitrate and ,ppm~ a copper
chemi cal r Po_rt Y?ur observ ation to the teache r and write the equati on for
the
►
i
eact1on involv ed

Noble Metals
.
As seen from th . .
With air e r_eact1v1ty series, platinu m is the least reactive metal. It does not react
a simila ' wbather, ~c1ds, bases and most other substances. Anoth er metal, which
r e av1our · shows
I I
' is go d. Gold and platinu m are called noble meta 5 ·
Since noble .
sub t metal s are least reactiv e they are not chemi cally affect ed by the
s ances arou d h ' . h . I
f n t em. Hence they do not get tarnish ed, and retain
or a very long time. ' t e1r ustre

Both thes bl
. ' e no e metals are also highly ductile and mallea ble; they can be drawn
into extrem ely thin wires and can be beaten into very thin foils. It is becau
se of these
prope rties that gold and platinu m are used for makin g jewelle ry. Gold
can also be
~sed f~r platin g other metals , like coppe r and silver. Platinu m is used in dentis
try and
in makin g scient ific instrum ents.

Pure gold is very soft. Theref ore, it canno t be used for makin g jewell ery
in its pure
form. Hence , for makin g jewelle ry, it is often mixed with silver or coppe
r to make it
appro priate ly hard.

The purity of gold is expres sed in terms of carats (or karats).

The carat numb er gives the numb er of parts of gold presen t
in 24 parts of a mixtu re of gold with the other metals . For
exam ple, 22 carat gold means that 22 parts of pure gold is
prese nt in 24 parts of a mixtur e of gold with coppe r (or silver).
This implie s that pure gold would be rated as: '24 carat gold'.
Gold jewellery
► U1,es of MPt als, Alloys and Non Metals

MP! r1lc.. hi3VI".' bPf>n ,m ,,,tPqr ,11 pM1 of our d,Hly ltfP ~1 n ( P
anl. irn t I imr<, Tl-'IPy h~vP r,l,3yPrl iin rn oorta nt p;Jrt ,n
tlw dPvelopmPnt of d1fierPn1 ( ,viltsiJt ions FvPn tod~,
rn etal~ arP usPcl for a variPty of purposes in our d;iy
to day life. 1he most lOmmonly u<ied metals, in every
day life, are iron, copper, aluminium and silver.
Iron 1s the most widely used metal. It is used for making
cooking vessels, water boilers, stoves, toys, tools, pipes,
agricultural implement s, chain s, wires, nails, bolts,
electromagnets, and so on .
Aluminium, being a very light metal, is used for making
aircraft bodi es. It is also used for making cooking Aluminium
vessels. Its thin foil s are used for packaging of food
stuffs and medicines.
Copper is the most widely used metal for maki ng
electrica l cables and other electrical goods. It is also
used for making cooking vessels.
Silver is used for making jewellery, decoration pieces,
tableware, etc. Silver, being highly malleable, can Copper

be converted into very thin foils which are used for

decorating food items. Silver is a very good conductor
of electricity, but it is not commonly used for electrical
fitting s because it is very expensive. Silver and Gold
wires are, however, used for high precision electrical
contacts in computers.
Silver

Uses of Alloys
Besides being used in their pure form, metals are also often used in the form
of th eir alloys. An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals, or a
metal and a non-metal. By adding appropriate amount of other metals, or non-
metals, to form the alloys, the properties of a given metal can be (significantly)
modified. Alloys are generally strong er, hard er and more resistant to corrosion

0
 on aII oY
s are mentioned in
-
than the (p ure) meta l it se lf. Uses of some co mm
Ta ble 3 (g iven below).
own Alloys
Table 3: Uses of some well-kn
Name of the used for making
Alloy Made From
ction material,
Steel constru
iron + carbon machine parts
. g utensils and cutlery,
Stainless steel
coo k,n
iron +chromium+ nickel . al implements
surg1c
utensils, decorative
Brass
,
coo k'1n 9
1 copper+ zinc nuts and bolts
I sta t ues,
Bronze copper+ tin
coo king utensils, coins, .
medals, statues, decorative
I
items
J -
German Silver
1
copper+ zinc+ nickel tableware
- - --- aircraft bodies, automobile
1
Duralumin aluminium+ copper+
1 parts, undersea vessels
magnesium + manganese
Alnico / aluminium+ nickel+ magnets
I
cobalt
Gun metal copper+ tin+ zinc gun-barrels
---------- --

Uses of Non-Metals
Some of the common uses, of some of the well-known non-metals, are given
below:
1. Nitrogen, in the form of fertilisers, is essential for the growth and development
of seeds and plants.
2. Phosphorus is used in matchbox industry and in fertilisers.
3. Iodine is used as an antiseptic.
4. Sulphur is used for making fire crackers, gun powder and sulphuric acid.
5. Oxygen is essential for survival of all living beings.
6. Diamond (a form of carbon) is used in making jewellery, in cutting glass and
for grinding of tools.
7. Graphite (also a form of carbon) is used in batteries and in pencils.
0
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alloy ,, ►, ,,, Id
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conductrvf ty
lh<• at'J''•l; 0f d moter1al to transfer heat energy, or electrical
r urrtnt, from on~ point to another.

ductJlity th '= prr,,p'.:'rt; of metals due to which they ca n be drawn into thin
•11ir~'..

malleability
thE propHty of metals due to which they can be hammered into
thin ~ht2Hs.

metalloid elements which show (some) properties of metals as well as

non-mHals.

metallurgy the sequenc€ of processes used to extract a metal from its ore in
its pur~ form .

mineral a natural occuring inorganic substance found deep under the

surface of eart h.

noble metals those metals which are least reactive and so are not chemically
affectEd by the substances around them.

ore it is a mineral from which one, or more, metals can be extracted.

reactivity the tendency of an element to react with other substances to

fo rm compounds.