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(NABL Accredited Laboratory)

TABLE OF CONTENTS Sheet No.

1.0 INTRODUCTION: 2

1.1 Project Description 2

1.2 Purposes of Study 2

2.0 FIELD TESTING: 2

2.1 Soil Borings 2

2.2 Disturbed Sampling (Soil) in Boreholes 3

2.3 Undisturbed Sampling (Soil) in boreholes 3

2.4 Groundwater 3

3.0 LABORATORY TESTS: 3

4.0 GENERAL SITE CONDITIONS 4

4.1 Site Stratigraphy 4

4.2 Hydrogeology 4

5.0 CONCEPTS FOR FOUNDATION ANALYSIS 5

5.1 Liquefaction Potential 5

5.2 Definition of Gross and Net Bearing Pressure 6

6.0 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: 8

6.1 General 8

6.2 Recommendations 8

6.3 Variability in Subsurface Conditions 9

7.0 CLOSURE 9
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(NABL Accredited Laboratory)

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

1.1 Project Description:

M/s. . has Proposed to taking up the soil investigation work for

In view of this M/s. MTLS ENGINEERS PVT LTD has carried out the
Geotechnical Investigation at the site. This report includes the details of methodology of
investigation, collections of samples, field test results, and laboratory test results including their
interpretation/ analysis, recommendations for the properties essential to the design of foundations and
recommendations.

1.2 Purpose of Study:

The overall purposes of this study are to investigate the stratigraphy at the site and to develop
geotechnical recommendations for foundation design and construction of different structures
along the alignment of the proposed stretch.

To accomplish these purposes, the study was conducted in the following phases:

(a) Drilling Three (03) boreholes to required depth in order to investigate the site stratigraphy
and collect disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for laboratory testing;

(b) Testing selected soil samples in the laboratory to determine pertinent index and engineering
properties of the strata; and

(c) Analyzing all field and laboratory data in order to develop engineering recommendations for
foundation design and construction

2.0 FIELD TESTING:

2.1 Soil Borings & SPT:

The borings were progressed by Rotary to the specified depth or refusal, whichever is

encountered earlier. The work was in general accordance with IS: 1892-1979.

Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) is conducted by connecting a split spoon sampler to ‘A’ rods
and driving it by 45 cm using a 63.5 kg hammer falling freely from a height of 75 cm.
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(NABL Accredited Laboratory)

The tests were conducted in accordance with IS: 2131-1981. The number of blows for each 15
cm of penetration of the split spoon sampler was recorded.

The blows required to penetrate the initial 15 cm of the split spoon for seating the sampler is
ignored due to the possible presence of loose materials or cuttings from the drilling operation.
The cumulative number of blows required to penetrate the balance 30 cm of the 45 cm split spoon
sampler is termed the SPT value or the ‘N’ value. The ‘N’ values are presented on the soil profile
for each borehole. Refusal to further boring penetration was considered when the ‘N’ values
exceed 100.

2.2 Disturbed Sampling (Soil) in boreholes:

Disturbed soil collected in the SPT sampler was preserved in polythene covers and transported to
the laboratory. One more polythene cover was provided to prevent the loss of moisture during the
transit period.

2.3 Undisturbed Sampling (Soil) in boreholes:

Undisturbed samples were collected by attaching 100 mm diameter thin walled ‘Shelby’ tubes
and driving the sampler by light hammering using a 63.5 kg hammer in accordance with IS: 2132-
1986. The tubes were sealed with wax at both ends. Collection of undisturbed samples in refusal
strata is practically not possible. All samples were transported to our laboratory at Hyderabad for
further examination and testing.

2.4 Groundwater:
Groundwater level was measured in the boreholes 24 hours after drilling and sampling was
completed. The measured water levels are recorded on the individual soil profiles.

3.0 LABORATORY TESTS:

Laboratory tests were conducted on selected soil samples, groundwater samples to determine its
index and engineering properties. The testing procedures were in accordance with current
applicable IS specifications. The following tests were conducted on selected samples recovered
from the boreholes.
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(NABL Accredited Laboratory)

On Soil:
Name of Test IS Code No.
Bulk Density By Calculation
Grain size analysis IS : 2720 (Part-4)-1985
Specific gravity IS : 2720 (Part-3)-1980
Unconsolidated undrained Direct Shear Test IS : 2720 (Part-13)-1986

On Rock:

Name of Test IS Code No.

Bulk density IS : 13030-1991
Specific Gravity IS : 2720 (Part-3)-1980
Water absorption IS : 13030-1991
Crushing strength IS: 9143-1979
All the test results are presented in the Annexure section of this report.

4.0 GENERAL SITE CONDITIONS:

4.1 Site Stratigraphy:

Based on the boring information, the following subsoil profile was inferred up to final depth of
boreholes:

Depth (m)
BH No. Strata Description
From To
1 0.00 1.50 Stiff silty clay
1.00 6.00 Soft Disintegrated Rock or completely weathered Rock
2 0.00 6.00 Soft Disintegrated Rock or completely weathered Rock
3 0.00 6.00 Soft Disintegrated Rock or completely weathered Rock

4.2 Hydrogeology:

Based on the measurements in the completed boreholes, water was not met below existing
ground level during the period of our field investigation (April, 2025).
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(NABL Accredited Laboratory)

5.0 CONCEPTS FOR FOUNDATION ANALYSIS:

5.1 Liquefaction Potential:

Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of a granular material from a solid to a liquefied

state as a consequence of increased pore-water pressure and reduced effective stress (Marcuson,
1978)(1). Increased pore pressure may be induced by the tendency of granular materials to
compact when subjected to cyclic shear deformation, such as in the event of an earthquake.

As per IS: 1893-2002, liquefaction is likely to occur in fine sand (SP) below water table for SPT
value less than 15. As per stratigraphy, Subsurface consists either non-cohesive soil with high
standard penetration resistance, followed by bed rock.

Reviewing all the soil conditions, SPT values and soil gradation, we are of the opinion that the
liquefaction at the site is not likely to occur during earthquakes.

As per IS: 1893-2002, the project site is in earthquake Zone-II. The design parameters applicable
for Zone-II should be used for the structural design.

Open Foundations on Soil:

Bearing capacity analysis was carried out based on the shear parameters (c- ), as interpreted
from field and laboratory tests to determine the safe net bearing capacity (shear criterion).

The bearing capacity equation used is as follows:

qnet safe = 1 [cNcζc dc+ p(Nq -1) ζq dq+ 0.5 Bϒ Nγζγ dγ Rw] F
where :

qnet safe = safe net bearing capacity of soil, based on the shear failure
criterion.

c = cohesion intercept

 = angle of internal friction

 = total unit weight of soil

p = overburden pressure

B = width of foundation
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Rw = water table correction factor

F = Factor of safety, taken as equal to 2.5 in accordance with IS:1904

Nc,Nq,N = Bearing capacity factors which are a function of .

ζc, ζq, ζγ = Shape factors.

For Strip footings, ζc = ζq = ζγ = 1
For Square footing = ζc = 1.3, ζq = 1.2, ζγ = 0.6 dc ,dq, dγ =
Depth factors
For φ ≤ 10, dc = 1 + 0.2 tan (45 + φ/2) D/B, dq = dγ = 1
For φ > 10, dq = dγ = 1 + 0.1 tan (45 + φ / 2) D/B

Appropriate values have been substituted into the bearing capacity equation given above to
compute the safe net bearing capacity. The values have been checked to determine the
settlement of the foundation under the safe bearing pressure. The allowable bearing pressure
has been taken as the lower of the two values computed from the bearing capacity shear
failure criterion as well as that computed from the tolerable settlement criterion.

In predominantly granular soils, settlement analysis has been performed based on the SPT
values in accordance with Clause 9.1.4 of IS 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 Fig.9.Where applicable
(typically where substantial incremental stresses are anticipated in cohesive strata below
groundwater table), settlement analysis has been performed based on classical theory; as the
sum of elastic settlement and consolidation settlements. The elastic settlement is calculated in
accordance with Clause 9.2.3 of IS 8009 Part 1-1976. The consolidation settlement is
computed in accordance with Clause 9.2.2 of IS 8009 (Part 1)-1976.

5.2 Definition of Gross and Net Bearing Pressure:

For the purposes of this report, the net allowable bearing pressure should be calculated as the
difference between total load on the foundation and the weight of the soil overlying the
foundation divided by the effective area of the foundation. The gross bearing pressure is the
total pressure at the foundation level including overburden pressure and surcharge load.

The following equations may be used –

qnet = [(Ps + Wf +Ws) / Af] - Sv

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(NABL Accredited Laboratory)

qgross = qnet + Sv = (Ps + Wf + Ws) / Af

where:
qnet = net allowable bearing pressure

qgross = gross bearing pressure

Ps = superimposed static load on foundation

Wf = weight of foundation
Ws = weight of soil overlying foundation

Af = effective area of foundation

Sv = overburden pressure at foundation level

Pile Foundations:

Reviewing all the soil conditions, SPT values and soil gradation, we are of the opinion that the
liquefaction at the site is not likely to occur during earthquakes.
The axial capacity for bored piles has been computed based on static analysis using c-ϕ values
as interpreted from the site stratigraphy, SPT values and laboratory test results.
The ultimate pile compressive capacity has been computed using the following equation as
given in IS 2911 Part-I Sections 1 & 2.

Qult = (Ap x (0.5 D N + PD Nq )+∑ K Pdi tan Asi)+ CAsL

Qult = Ultimate pile capacity

Ap = pile cross sectional area
D = Diameter of Pile shaft
ϒ = Effective unit weight of the soil at pile tip,
Nc ,Nq = bearing capacity factors, which are a function of ϕ in the bearing strata
PD = Overburden pressure at centre of ith layer
α = Adhesion factor
C = Cohesion intercept in ith layer
k = Coefficient of lateral earth pressure
As = Surface area of pile per m length
qu = unit end bearing
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qp = overburden pressure in bearing strata

The over burden pressure is usually assumed to become constant below a depth of about 18
pile diameters. For computation of pull out resistance, the second term in the above equation is
ignored.

Lateral Load Capacity:

The lateral load carrying capacity of bored pile has been computed based on Appendix, Clause
5.5.2 of IS: 2911 (Part 1/Sect.2)-1979. The pile head is considered to be Free.The depth of
fixity has been computed as per Fig.2 of Appendix C, Clause 5.5.2 of IS:2911, Part 1, Section
2. The lateral load carrying capacity of pile has been computed for a permissible horizontal
deflection of 5 mm and 1% of pile diameter using the following equation for free head pile.
Where :
H = lateral load
E = the Young’s modulus of pile material
I = moment of inertia of pile cross section.
Lf = depth of fixity
L1 = length of pile section below cut-off-level that may not contribute significantly to lateral
resistance (in loose/weak soils)
y = horizontal deflection

6.0 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 General:
A suitable foundation for any structure should have an adequate factor of safety against
exceeding the bearing capacity of the supporting soils. Also the vertical movements due to
compression of the soils should be within tolerable limits for the structure. We consider that
foundation designed in accordance with the recommendations given herein will satisfy these
criteria.

6.2 Recommendations:
Our suggested values of net allowable bearing pressure for Pile foundations are presented
below.
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 Pile Foundation are Recommended.

 The following table presents our recommended safe pile capacities for 300 mm
diameter RCC bored cast-in-situ piles
Recommended Safe Pile Capacity, Tones

Location Length Lateral Capacity

Vertical Capacity of Up Lift
of the horizontal
Piles(T) Capacity(T)
Pile, M deflection (T)

1 1.50 2.91 1.74 0.50

2.00 5.97 1.78 0.82
2.50 9.39 2.97 1.27
3.00 14.02 4.16 1.78
2&3 1.50 3.27 1.24 0.50
2.00 5.71 2.01 0.82
2.50 9.15 2.99 1.27
3.00 13.81 4.18 1.78

 The actual size and depth of the foundations will be based on the requirements of the super
structure.

6.3 Variability in Subsurface Conditions:

Subsurface conditions encountered during construction may vary somewhat from the conditions
encountered during the site investigation. In case significant variations are encountered during
construction, we request to be notified so that our engineers may review the recommendations in
this report in light of these variations.

5.0 CLOSURE:

We appreciate the opportunity to perform this investigation for you and have pleasure in
submitting this report. Please contact us when we can be of further service to you.

for MTLS Eng. Pvt Ltd.

Authorized Signatory