Reference from Optogenetic Manipulation of Activity and Temporally Controlled Cell-Specific

Ablation Reveal a Role for MCH Neurons in Sleep/Wake Regulation Tomomi Tsunematsu, Takafum
Ueno, Sawako Tabuchi, Ayumu Inutsuka, Kenji F. Tanaka, Hidetoshi Hasuwa, Thomas S.
Kilduff, Akira Terao and Akihiro Yamanaka, Journal of Neuroscience 14 May 2014, 34 (20) 6896-
6909; https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5344-13.2014

Title: Science of Sleep

Introduction: Welcome to the world of sleep! Sleep is a vital process that allows our bodies and
minds to rest and regenerate. It is during sleep that our brains solidify memories, analyze
information repair tissues, and regulate hormones.

Main section: Sleep process,

Importance of sleep ( include; brain waves during sleep, cognitive function)

Stage 1 (Light
Sleep)
Acts as a transition between wakefulness and
Tips for better sleep sleep.
Stage 2 (Deeper Light
Sleep)begins processing
Brain
information.
Sleep spindles occur, aiding in stabilizing new
Visuals: memories.

Stage 3 (Deep Sleep or Slow-Wave

Sleep)
Vital for consolidating declarative memory (facts,
Conclusion: knowledge).
The brain strengthens important memories and
clears unnecessary ones.
REM
Sleep

*Sleep spindles are brief bursts of brain activity for Dreaming and emotional
memory consolidation. processing.procedural memory (skills, habits) and creative
Consolidating
*K-complexes are long, slow brain waves that help thinking.
Strengthens neural connections, making learning more flexible and
Neural maturation
maintain
1.

2.
sleep
Facilitation of learning or memory
adaptive.
3. Targeted erasure of synapses to "forget" unimportant information that might
clutter the synaptic network
4. Cognition
5. Clearance of metabolic waste products generated by neural activity in the awake
brain
A typical night's sleep consists of 4 to 5 sleep
6. Conservation of progression
cycles, with the metabolic energy
of sleep stages in the
following order: N1, N2, N3, N2, REM.[15] A
complete sleep cycle takes roughly 90 to 110
In conclusion, sleep is essential for effective learning, immune system, body functions, and memory. Non-REM sleep, particularly deep sleep, consolidates factual knowledg
minutes.
and filters important information, while REM sleep enhances emotional processing, creativity, and skill learning. Together, these stages ensure a well-rounded integration of
knowledge and skills, making quality sleep critical for optimizing learning outcomes.

Patel AK, Reddy V, Shumway KR, et al. Physiology, “Sleep Stages”. [Updated 2024 Jan].
In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available
from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526132/
National Institutes of Health • Department of Health and Human Services, “Good Sleep
for Good Health”. [Updated 2021 April]. Available from:
https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2021/04/good-sleep-good-health
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Erik-Roberts/publication/
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 Sleep Myths and
Truths
adults need less sleep as they Older adults still need the same
get older amount
One bad night’s sleep and a nap, or sleeping longer the next night
you can “catch up” on your can
But benefit you worth of little sleep, you can’t catch up on the weekends
with week’s
days off

if you’re sleeping more than nine hours a night and you still don’t feel refreshed, there may be some
underlying medical issue

Getting a Better Night’s Sleep

Stick to a sleep schedule. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on the weekends.
Get some exercise every day. But not close to bedtime.
Go outside. Try to get natural sunlight for at least 30 minutes every day.
Avoid nicotine and caffeine. Both are stimulants that keep you awake. Caffeine can take 6–8 hours to wear off completely.
Don’t take naps after mid-afternoon. And keep them short.
Avoid alcohol and large meals before bedtime. Both can prevent deep, restorative sleep.
Limit electronics before bed. Try reading a book, listening to soothing music, or another relaxing activity instead.
Create a good sleeping environment. Keep the temperature cool if possible. Get rid of sound and light distractions. Make it dark.
Silence your cell phone.
Don’t lie in bed awake. If you can’t fall asleep after 20 minutes, get up and do a relaxing activity until you feel sleepy again.
See your health care provider if nothing you try helps. They can determine if you need further testing. They can also help you learn
new ways to manage stress.

Getting a Better Night’s Sleep

Sleep schedule.
Exercise. But not close to bedtime.
Go outside. Sunlight is essential for good
night’s sleep
Avoid nicotine and caffeine.
No naps after mid-afternoon.
Avoid alcohol and large meals before Stage 1 (Light
bedtime. Sleep)
Transition between wakefulness
Limit electronics before bed. and sleep.
Good sleeping environment. Stage 2 (Deeper Light
Don’t lie in bed awake. Sleep)
Begins processing
information.
Sleep spindles, stabilizing new
memories.
Stage 3 (Deep Sleep or Slow-
Wave Sleep)
Consolidating declarative memory (facts,
knowledge).
Strengthens important memories
and clears unnecessary ones.
REM
Sleep
Creative
thinking. and emotional
Dreaming
processing. neural connections,
Strengthens
making learning more flexible and
adaptive.
 Science of Sleep Bumchin Dolgormaa
School of Science, Nagoya
University
Sleep, a nightly journey into the unknown, is a fundamental process
often overlooked, especially during hectic times like exam periods.
Despite its importance, we frequently sacrifice sleep for study sessions,
assignments, and reports. This poster dives into the science behind
sleep, exploring its stages, brain functions, and the impact of sleep
deprivation on our cognitive abilities. We'll also provide practical tips to
optimize your sleep hygiene for better rest and enhanced learning.
https://dailybruin.com/2023/01/12/ucla-study-
https://sleepopolis.com/education/sleep-
posits-connection-between-rem-sleep-body-
and-the-brain/
temperature

Stages of The Importance of

Sleep
・ Wake/ Sleep
Alert
EEG(electroencephalogram) recording: Sleep plays a crucial role in many
beta waves - highest frequency, aspects of our health and well- According to a study on
lowest amplitude (alpha waves are being, including: mouse: While REM sleeping
seen during quiet/relaxed wakefulness) the brain repeats the same
・ NREM 1(light sleep
activities with induced speed
5%)
EEG recording: theta waves - low
of roughly 10 times.
voltage. This is the lightest stage of
sleep with the length of 1-5 minutes and Cognitive Function: Sleep is
begins when more than 50% of the essential for memory
waves are low-amplitude mixed- consolidation,
Stage 1 (Light learning, and
frequency
・ NREM 2(LAMF)
(deeperactivity.
sleep Sleep)
problem-solving.
Transition between wakefulness
45%) Physical
and sleep. Health: Sleep helps to
Stage 2 (Deeper Light
regulate
Sleep) hormones that control
Begins processing
EEG recording: brief bursts of brain appetite, metabolism, and
information.
Sleep spindles, stabilizing new
activity for memory consolidation, growth.
memories.
long, slow brain waves that help Stage 3 (Deep Sleep or Slow-
maintain sleep, and temperature Wave Sleep)
Consolidating declarative memory (facts,
decrease. knowledge).
Strengthens important memories
With length of 25 minutes in the first and clears unnecessary ones.
sleep cycle and gets longer in later cycles,
・ NREMup3about
making (Deepest
45% of Non-REM
total sleep time.
REM
Sleep
sleep25%)
EEG recording:
Teeth delta waves
grinding occurs during- lowest
this stage.
Creative
thinking. and emotional
Dreaming
frequency, highest amplitude. Slow-
processing. neural connections,
wave sleep, large, slow waves are called Strengthens
making learning more flexible and
delta waves. Difficult to wake up, feel
adaptive.
groggy when waken up. During deep sleep,
your body repairs itself, builds muscle, and
strengthens the immune system. This is
also when sleepwalking, night terrors, and
・ REM
bedwetting occur.
(25%)
REM sleep is associated with dreaming. Conclusi
Although your brain is very active during
REM sleep, your body is almost completely on
In conclusion, sleep is essential for effective learning, immune
system, body functions, and memory. Non-REM sleep,
paralyzed. REM sleep is important for particularly deep sleep, consolidates factual knowledge and
learning and memory consolidation. filters important information, while REM sleep enhances
Nightmares, vivid dreams occur. As the emotional processing, creativity, and skill learning. Together,
night progresses, REM sleep cycles these stages ensure a well-rounded integration of knowledge
become longer and more frequent. and skills, making quality sleep critical for optimizing learning
outcomes.

Referen
ces