Lesson 1 Summary:

Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law, was passed on June 12, 1956, to require
the examination of Dr. Jose Rizal's life, works, and writings in all educational institutions in
the Philippines, especially at the tertiary level. The legislation was supported by notable
legislators, including Claro Mayo Recto, recognized as the "Father of the Rizal Law." The
law mandates that both public and private schools educate students about Rizal’s life and
his two significant novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, to promote nationalism,
patriotism, civic duty, and character growth among Filipino youth.

Claro Mayo Recto was a nationalist and lawyer who significantly contributed to the
advancement of the Rizal Law. He promoted the instruction of Rizal's works to motivate the
youth to comprehend and value their national identity and culture. Recto's intellectual and
political heritage is connected to his dedication to advancing freedom and nationalism in the
Philippines.

The Rizal Law requires that all educational institutions offer Rizal’s works in their libraries
and ensure access to translations of his writings in key Philippine languages. It also
necessitates the development of textbooks and primers for educational purposes. The
legislation highlights the significance of teaching students about Rizal's sacrifices and
principles, and seeks to foster a sense of responsibility toward the country.

Dr. Jose Rizal, born on June 19, 1861, was selected as the national hero of the
Philippines for his role in promoting Filipino nationalism, his nonviolent methods of reform,
and his supreme sacrifice. Rizal's writings, especially his novels, ignited the Filipino people's
yearning for freedom and significantly contributed to the uprising against Spanish
domination. In contrast to other national heroes who battled with arms, Rizal utilized his
writing to motivate transformation.

Rizal's legacy is honored in various ways, including the establishment of monuments,

schools, and institutions named after him, and his image appearing on currency and stamps.
His life and writings continue to serve as a source of inspiration for Filipinos striving for
justice, freedom, and nation-building.

The Rizal Law ensures that the lessons from Rizal’s life continue to shape the values of
Filipino youth and contribute to the ongoing process of national development.
Lesson 1 Reflection:

The Rizal Law, or Republic Act 1425, serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of Dr.
Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. Passed on June 12, 1956, this legislation
mandates the study of Rizal's life, works, and writings in all educational institutions, aiming to
promote nationalism, patriotism, and civic duty among Filipino youth ¹.

Rizal's remarkable life and writings, particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
Filibusterismo," ignited the Filipino people's desire for freedom, contributing significantly to
the uprising against Spanish domination. Unlike other national heroes who fought with arms,
Rizal harnessed the power of writing to inspire transformation.

The law's emphasis on teaching Rizal's sacrifices and principles fosters a sense of
responsibility toward the country. By studying his works, Filipino youth can gain valuable
insights into their national identity, culture, and history. Claro Mayo Recto, recognized as the
"Father of the Rizal Law," played a pivotal role in advancing this legislation, driven by his
dedication to freedom and nationalism.

Today, Rizal's legacy extends far beyond the classroom, with monuments, schools, and
institutions bearing his name, and his image appearing on currency and stamps. His life and
writings continue to inspire Filipinos striving for justice, freedom, and nation-building. The
Rizal Law ensures that the lessons from Rizal's life remain integral to shaping the values of
Filipino youth, contributing to the ongoing process of national development.
Lesson 2 Summary:

This lesson provides a historical account of the colonial rule of the Philippines by Spain in
the 19th century. It highlights the corrupt and oppressive governance of the Spanish officials,
including the governor generals, who abused their power for personal gain. The lack of
representation of the Filipino people in the Spanish Cortes led to worsening conditions and
the inability to address colonial injustices. The denial of human rights, such as freedom of
speech and press, to the Filipino population further exacerbated their plight. The document
also emphasizes the inequality before the law and the exploitation of the local population by
the colonial administration. The instability of colonial governance due to frequent changes in
officials hindered the political and economic development of the Philippines. Additionally, it
sheds light on specific instances of abuse, such as the execution of innocent individuals and
the ruthless policies implemented by certain governor generals. Overall, the document
portrays a grim picture of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines, characterized by
corruption, oppression, and the denial of basic rights to the Filipino people.
Lesson 2 Reflection:

The Rizal Law underscores the profound impact of colonialism on Philippine society.
Historical accounts vividly depict the injustices and hardships Filipinos endured under
Spanish rule, marked by corruption, abuse of power and blatant disregard for human rights.
Colonial officials exploited their positions for personal gain, while the administration's
instability and lack of representation in the Spanish Cortes exacerbated Filipino suffering.

These legacies serve as a reminder of governance's crucial role in upholding justice,

equality and human rights. Rizal's works, particularly "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
Filibusterismo," masterfully captured the era's complexities, inspiring generations to seek
freedom and reform.

Today, Rizal's legacy extends beyond the classroom, symbolizing resilience and national
pride. His influence reminds Filipinos of their collective responsibility to promote civic duty,
patriotism and national development, ensuring the lessons of history shape a brighter future.
Lesson 3 Summary:

Lesson 3 focuses on the early life, family background, and formative years of Dr. José P.
Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna,
as the seventh of eleven children in an affluent and principled family belonging to the
principalia, an aristocratic class in Filipino society. His parents, Francisco Mercado and
Teodora Alonso, instilled in their children values of faith, discipline, and education. Francisco
was a hardworking farmer and Teodora a well-educated and resourceful woman who
influenced Rizal’s intellectual growth.

The Rizal family’s roots can be traced back to Domingo Lamco, a Chinese immigrant who
adopted the surname “Mercado” to avoid discrimination and became a successful
entrepreneur. Subsequent generations integrated Spanish, Japanese, and Filipino
influences, culminating in Rizal’s rich ancestry. The family led a simple but prosperous life,
marked by frugality and community involvement.

Rizal’s siblings played various roles in his life. His older brother Paciano was a confidant
and key supporter, encouraging Rizal’s studies in Europe. His sisters, such as Saturnina and
Narcisa, also contributed to the family’s cultural and political endeavors. Tragically, the early
death of his younger sister Concepcion deeply affected Rizal.

Rizal was baptized on June 22, 1861, with his name reflecting Spanish traditions and his
family's aspirations. Known for his extraordinary intellect and character from an early age,
Rizal pursued rigorous education at institutions such as Ateneo Municipal de Manila and the
University of Santo Tomas, later earning degrees in Medicine and Philosophy in Europe.

His family’s values and experiences, combined with his exposure to multiple cultures and
the injustices under Spanish rule, shaped Rizal into a polymath and reformist. These traits
and his eventual writings, including Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, would catalyze
the Philippine nationalist movement, though his life was cut short by execution in 1896. His
legacy as a visionary hero endures.
Lesson 3 Reflection:

Dr. José P. Rizal's remarkable life serves as a testament to the transformative power
of family values, education and cultural heritage. Born into an affluent yet principled family,
Rizal's upbringing emphasized faith, discipline and intellectual pursuits. His parents,
Francisco and Teodora, instilled in him a strong moral compass, while his siblings provided
support and inspiration.

Rizal's multicultural ancestry, comprising Chinese, Spanish, Japanese and Filipino

influences, broadened his perspective. His family's commitment to community and simplicity
despite their prosperity demonstrates the importance of humility.

Rizal's academic excellence and exposure to injustices under Spanish rule shaped his
revolutionary spirit. His works, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," ignited the
Philippine nationalist movement.

Rizal's legacy extends beyond his tragic execution in 1896. He remains a visionary
hero, symbolizing resilience, intellectual curiosity and patriotism. His life serves as a
poignant reminder of the impact one person can have on shaping a nation's history.
Lesson 4 Summary:

This lesson focuses on the early life, family, and education of Dr. Jose Rizal, exploring the
significant influences that shaped his character and ideals. Rizal was born into a happy,
nurturing family, though he was a frail and sickly child. His early memories include time
spent in nature, listening to birds, and enjoying family traditions such as evening prayers and
stories told by his nursemaid.

A pivotal moment in Rizal's early life was the death of his sister Concha, which marked
his first encounter with grief. His mother, Doña Teodora, was his first teacher, instilling in him
a love for learning and storytelling. One of the stories that left a deep impact on him was the
"Story of the Moth," which would later resonate with his own life’s sacrifice.
Rizal’s education was further shaped by private tutors and his uncles, who emphasized
physical well-being, intellectual growth, and independence in thought. His mother recognized
his literary talent and encouraged him to write. By age eight, Rizal had written his first poem,
"Sa Aking Mga Kabata," expressing an early love for his native language and nationalist
sentiment.

Growing up, Rizal also witnessed the abuses of the Spanish authorities, which stirred his
deep sense of justice and fueled his resolve to fight for freedom. These experiences,
combined with his love for family and education, laid the foundation for his future as a
national hero.
Lesson 4 Reflection:

Dr. Jose Rizal's upbringing played a pivotal role in shaping his character and ideals. Born
into a loving family in Calamba, Laguna, Rizal's early life was marked by a deep connection
with nature and his family's traditions. His mother, Doña Teodora, was instrumental in
instilling a love for learning and storytelling, recognizing his literary talent and encouraging
him to write.

Rizal's education was well-rounded, with private tutors and uncles emphasizing physical
well-being, intellectual growth, and independence in thought. By the age of eight, he had
already written his first poem, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata," showcasing his emerging nationalist
sentiment.

The death of his sister Concha had a profound impact on Rizal, marking his first
encounter with grief. This experience, combined with witnessing the abuses of Spanish
authorities, stirred his sense of justice and resolve to fight for freedom.

Rizal's family background, particularly his parents' values and education, laid the
foundation for his future as a national hero. His father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, was a
hardworking farmer, while his mother was a well-educated woman with literary talents. The
Rizal family's commitment to education and their exposure to multiple cultures shaped
Rizal's perspective and fueled his passion for reform.

Overall, Rizal's early life experiences, family values, and education instilled in him the
courage, intellect, and passion that would define his legacy as a national hero.
Lesson 5 Summary:

This chapter delves into Dr. Jose P. Rizal's educational journey, tracing his development
from Biñan to Ateneo de Manila, and his achievements as a student.

Education in Biñan, Laguna:

Rizal studied under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz, a strict disciplinarian. Despite initial
challenges, including a fight with a class bully, Rizal excelled in his studies, particularly in
Spanish and Latin. He also apprenticed under a painter, Juancho, and emerged as one of
the class's best artists.

Education in Ateneo:
In 1872, Rizal enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal after being initially rejected. The Jesuit
education system emphasized discipline, physical and intellectual development, and
religious teachings. Rizal rapidly excelled, becoming the top student and receiving his first
award, a religious picture. During his leisure time, he took private Spanish lessons and read
extensively, including The Count of Monte Cristo and Travels in the Philippines.

Literary Contributions:
Under the guidance of Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez, Rizal developed his skills in
rhetoric and poetry. His poem "Through Education the Motherland Receives Light"
emphasized the role of education in national progress. Other works from his Ateneo years
include Mi Primera Inspiracion, written for his mother, and several pieces reflecting themes
of religion, education, and historical events.

Significance of His Work:

Rizal’s writings during his formative years showcased his intellectual growth and deep
patriotism. His literary pieces underscored his high regard for education, faith, and the
pursuit of knowledge as means to uplift the Filipino people.

This chapter highlights how Rizal’s academic and literary achievements, combined with his
diligence and ideals, shaped him into a national hero and advocate for Philippine
independence.
Lesson 5 Reflection:

Dr. Jose Rizal's educational journey played a pivotal role in shaping his remarkable life.
Initially studying under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Rizal demonstrated
exceptional aptitude in Spanish and Latin. Despite early challenges, including a
confrontation with a classmate, his determination prevailed. His artistic talents flourished
under painter Juancho's guidance.

At Ateneo Municipal de Manila, Rizal's intellectual curiosity and discipline earned him top
honors. Under Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez's mentorship, he honed his rhetorical
and poetic skills. Notable works from this period include "Through Education the Motherland
Receives Light" and "Mi Primera Inspiracion," reflecting his burgeoning patriotism.

Rizal's educational experiences cultivated his passion for knowledge, artistic expression
and national pride. His remarkable achievements demonstrate the transformative power of
education in shaping individuals and societies. Through perseverance, intellectual curiosity
and creativity, Rizal laid the foundation for his future as a visionary leader and champion of
Philippine independence. His legacy continues to inspire generations, underscoring the vital
role education plays in fostering national identity, critical thinking and progressive change.
Lesson 6 Summary:

This lesson discusses the higher education and early life abroad of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. It
begins with his remarkable academic achievements at Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877), where
he earned high honors and was praised as the "Pride of the Jesuits" due to his consistent
excellent grades. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, marking the beginning of his
pursuit of higher education.

After Ateneo, Rizal enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas (UST) in 1877 for higher
studies. Simultaneously, he took a vocational course in surveying at Ateneo. His family had
mixed feelings about his decision to study in Manila—his father supported him, while his
mother was concerned due to the risks intelligent Filipinos faced under Spanish colonial rule.
During his time at UST, Rizal encountered prejudice, racial discrimination, and experienced
the Spanish colonial brutality firsthand when a civil guard physically assaulted him for not
showing deference. This event left him deeply scarred and disillusioned.

Despite the negative atmosphere at UST, Rizal's literary brilliance shone. He participated
in literary contests and won awards for his works, such as the iconic poem A La Juventud
Filipina (To the Filipino Youth), which emphasized the importance of Filipino youth in
shaping the nation's future. Another notable work was El Consejo de los Dioses (The
Council of the Gods), an allegory that highlighted the literary greatness of Homer, Virgil, and
Cervantes. His works during this period subtly promoted nationalist ideals and challenged
Spanish superiority.

Rizal became dissatisfied with the education at UST due to its stifling environment and
the discrimination he faced. This dissatisfaction, coupled with his growing desire for
intellectual freedom and a better education, prompted him to leave for Europe in 1882.
Although his family believed he was continuing his medical studies, Rizal sought more than
that—he wanted to expand his knowledge, observe European society, and make a name for
himself as a writer and intellectual. This decision marked a pivotal step in his journey
towards becoming a prominent nationalist and reform advocate.
Lesson 6 Reflection:

Dr. Jose Rizal's pursuit of higher education was marked by remarkable achievements
and transformative experiences. At Ateneo de Manila, he earned high honors, while at the
University of Santo Tomas, he faced prejudice and discrimination. Despite this, Rizal's
literary brilliance shone through works like "A La Juventud Filipina" and "El Consejo de los
Dioses," subtly promoting nationalist ideals.

His dissatisfaction with UST's stifling environment and discriminatory treatment led him
to seek intellectual freedom in Europe. This bold decision, hidden from his family,
showcased Rizal's determination to broaden his horizons, challenge Spanish superiority and
emerge as a prominent writer and intellectual.

Rizal's experiences abroad shaped his nationalist sentiments, fueling his advocacy for
reform and independence. His journey exemplifies the power of education in fostering critical
thinking, creativity and progressive change. Through perseverance and intellectual curiosity,
Rizal transformed challenges into opportunities, inspiring generations to strive for excellence
and fight for their rights.
Lesson 7 Summary:

This lesson provides an in-depth overview of his education, travels, and the development
of his nationalist ideas. The lesson aims to explain his life at Ateneo and the University of
Santo Tomas, compare the educational system of his time with the present, and highlight his
diligence and contributions to Philippine freedom through his writings.

Rizal’s decision to study abroad arose from the racial discrimination he faced at UST and
his intellectual curiosity. He left for Spain in 1882 using the name Jose Mercado, with
financial and moral support from his family. His journey took him from Singapore to various
European cities, including Barcelona, where he began to immerse himself in the culture of
liberalism and independence. His first major work in Spain, "Love of Country" ("Amor
Patrio"), published in Diario Tagalog, emphasized his love for the Philippines and urged
Filipinos to fight for freedom.

While in Madrid, Rizal enrolled at the Central University of Madrid, studying medicine and
philosophy. Alongside his formal education, he took lessons in arts and languages and
actively participated in fencing and shooting. His engagement with the Hispano-Philippine
Circle led him to write poems like "They Ask Me for Verses," expressing his loneliness and
sense of exile.

Rizal later traveled to Paris and Berlin to further his medical training, specializing in
ophthalmology to help his mother, who was suffering from an eye condition. His time in
Europe also exposed him to new political and social ideas, particularly through his
membership in the Masonic lodge, which played a key role in shaping his anti-colonial
sentiments.

Throughout his travels, Rizal maintained correspondence with prominent figures like
Ferdinand Blumentritt, building intellectual networks that supported his advocacy for
Philippine independence. His experiences in Europe, combined with his literary output, such
as essays and poems, solidified his role as a visionary leader who sought to uplift the
Filipino people through education, reform, and peaceful resistance.
Lesson 7 Reflection:

Dr. Jose Rizal's remarkable journey exemplifies the transformative impact of education,
cultural immersion and unwavering nationalism. Faced with racial discrimination at the
University of Santo Tomas, Rizal sought intellectual freedom in Spain, embracing liberal
ideals and nurturing anti-colonial sentiments. His European sojourn broadened perspectives,
fostering connections with influential thinkers.

Literary masterpieces, such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," boldly exposed
Spanish rule's injustices, solidifying Rizal's status as a visionary leader. His writings ignited
Filipino nationalism, inspiring generations to advocate for reform and independence.

Rizal's dedication to education and social justice continues to resonate. His legacy
underscores the power of intellectual curiosity, cultural exchange and peaceful resistance.
Through perseverance and sacrifice, Rizal paved the way for Philippine liberation, forever
changing the nation's trajectory.

Today, Rizal's life serves as a poignant reminder of education's liberating potential, the
impact of visionary leadership and the enduring spirit of nationalism. His selfless devotion
inspires Filipinos and global citizens alike, reminding us that knowledge, courage and
conviction can shape a brighter future.
Lesson 8 Summary:

Lesson 8 explores the significance of Noli Me Tangere, José Rizal's groundbreaking

novel, and its impact on Philippine society during the Spanish colonial era and in
contemporary times. The lesson emphasizes the novel's relevance by encouraging students
to draw parallels between its themes and the present-day Philippines. It aims to instill a
sense of nationalism, critical thinking, and a deeper appreciation for Rizal’s dedication to
societal ideals. Students are also encouraged to embody the virtues and values portrayed in
the novel.

Noli Me Tangere was born out of Rizal's desire to critique the socio-political conditions in
the Philippines. Although initially proposed as a collaborative project, Rizal ended up writing
the novel on his own, completing it in Madrid, Paris, and Germany. Published in Berlin in
1887, thanks to the financial help of Maximo Viola, the novel exposed the abuses of the
Spanish clergy and government, inspiring a unified sense of Filipino nationalism. Its Latin
title, meaning "Touch Me Not," reflects themes of social awakening and resistance to
oppression.

The novel's story centers on Crisostomo Ibarra, a young man returning to the Philippines
after studying in Europe, who encounters challenges rooted in corruption, injustice, and
societal prejudice. Ibarra's dream of progress through education is contrasted with the
oppressive power of figures like Father Dámaso, the antagonist representing the abusive
clergy. Other key characters, such as Maria Clara, Elias, and Sisa, symbolize various facets
of Filipino life under colonial rule, from religiosity and resilience to the plight of the oppressed
masses.

The lesson also highlights the novel's controversial reception, with the Church and
Spanish authorities condemning it as subversive. Despite this, Noli Me Tangere became
instrumental in awakening Filipino nationalism and fostering a collective identity among
Filipinos who had previously been divided by regional and linguistic differences. By studying
the novel, students are encouraged to reflect on its enduring message and its call for
societal reform, education, and unity in the face of oppression.
Lesson 8 Reflection:

Jose Rizal's "Noli Me Tangere" is a landmark novel that continues to resonate with
Filipinos today. Written during the Spanish colonial era, it courageously exposed abuses of
power, corruption and societal injustices. Through relatable characters like Crisostomo
Ibarra, Maria Clara and Elias, Rizal masterfully wove themes of resistance, social awakening
and nationalism. The novel's enduring message emphasizes education as a catalyst for
progress, unity amidst diversity and the importance of critical thinking in fostering societal
reform.

Rizal's work transcends its historical context, offering timeless lessons relevant to
contemporary Philippine society. Its impact extends beyond literature, symbolizing the
transformative power of visionary leadership and the pursuit of social justice. By reflecting on
"Noli Me Tangere," we reaffirm our commitment to nationalism, unity and the quest for a
more equitable society.
Lesson 9 Summary:

José Rizal's first homecoming to the Philippines in 1887, after five years abroad, was
driven by his enduring love for his homeland and a strong sense of duty. During his travels,
Rizal gained immense knowledge, made significant connections, and furthered his
education, but his ultimate loyalty remained with the Philippines. Upon his return, he aimed
to serve his country in various ways, including treating his mother’s eye condition, assessing
the impact of his controversial novel Noli Me Tangere, and addressing family and social
concerns. Rizal arrived in Manila on August 6, 1887, to a warm welcome but also faced
concerns for his safety due to the novel’s reception. Settling in Calamba, he opened a
medical clinic, treating the poor for free and earning the nickname "Doctor Uliman." Beyond
medicine, he introduced European sports to discourage vices like gambling. His novel, Noli
Me Tangere, attracted both admiration and fierce criticism. Governor General Emilio Terrero
requested Rizal to explain its supposed subversive content. Rizal defended the work as an
honest portrayal of societal ills rather than an attack on Spain or the Catholic Church.
Despite Terrero's support, the novel was banned, which only fueled its underground
popularity. Critics, such as Fr. Jose Rodriguez and Vicente Barrantes, labeled it heretical,
while defenders like Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Rev. Father Vicente Garcia highlighted its
merit and rebutted unfounded accusations. Amid the controversy, Rizal also championed the
grievances of Calamba’s tenants against the Dominican hacienda’s oppressive practices.
His report detailed unjust land policies, arbitrary rental increases, and tenant exploitation,
which enraged the friars and heightened tensions. While Terrero resisted calls to deport
Rizal due to a lack of legal grounds, he urged him to leave for his safety, prompting Rizal's
second journey abroad. The chapter also emphasizes Rizal's Hymn to Labor, which
celebrates the dignity of work and highlights its role in strengthening the family, community,
and nation. This literary piece encapsulates Rizal’s vision of unity and progress through
collective effort and dedication. Lesson 9 ultimately underscores Rizal’s multifaceted
contributions as a doctor, writer, and reformer and his unwavering commitment to Philippine
nationalism despite escalating threats.
Lesson 9 Reflection:

Jose Rizal's first homecoming in 1887 marked a pivotal moment in Philippine history,
showcasing his unwavering dedication to his homeland. After five years abroad, Rizal
returned with a wealth of knowledge, influential connections, and a refined education, yet his
loyalty remained steadfast to the Philippines.

Upon his arrival, Rizal faced a mix of warm welcomes and safety concerns due to the
reception of his novel, Noli Me Tangere. Despite the controversy, he established a medical
clinic in Calamba, treating the poor for free and earning the nickname "Doctor Uliman".
Rizal's commitment to social reform extended beyond medicine, as he introduced European
sports to discourage vices like gambling.

His novel, Noli Me Tangere, sparked intense debate, with critics labeling it heretical and
defenders highlighting its merit. Rizal defended his work as an honest portrayal of societal
ills, rather than an attack on Spain or the Catholic Church. The novel's ban only fueled its
underground popularity, solidifying Rizal's reputation as a visionary leader.

Rizal's advocacy extended to championing the grievances of Calamba's tenants against

the Dominican hacienda's oppressive practices. His report exposed unjust land policies,
arbitrary rental increases, and tenant exploitation, further enranging the friars and
heightening tensions.

Despite escalating threats, Rizal remained committed to Philippine nationalism. His Hymn
to Labor celebrated the dignity of work, emphasizing its role in strengthening families,
communities, and the nation. This literary piece encapsulated Rizal's vision of unity and
progress through collective effort and dedication.

Ultimately, Rizal's multifaceted contributions as a doctor, writer, and reformer cemented his
legacy as a hero of Philippine independence. His unwavering commitment to social justice
and reform continues to inspire generations of Filipinos.
Lesson 10 Summary:

After facing threats to his family and the need for reforms, Jose Rizal returned to Europe
in 1888. He began his travels in Hong Kong, moving to Japan, where he observed culture
and met O-Sei-San, but left for the U.S. and eventually settled in London. Here, Rizal
worked on annotating Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, improving his English,
and writing essays for La Solidaridad. His time was marked by defending Filipino rights and
founding the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino.

In Paris, Rizal continued his studies, created sculptures, and founded the Indios Bravos,
promoting Filipino excellence. Moving to Brussels, he faced worsening agrarian issues in
Calamba and sought justice in Madrid, where his family faced persecution. Despite personal
losses, including Leonor Rivera’s marriage, Rizal completed El Filibusterismo in 1891,
funded partly by Valentin Ventura.

El Filibusterismo is a darker sequel to Noli Me Tangere, showcasing Crisostomo Ibarra’s

transformation into Simoun, a vengeful revolutionary plotting to overthrow the Spanish
regime. Simoun manipulates Manila's elite, inciting oppression to provoke rebellion. Basilio,
a medical student, initially declines joining the revolution but later aligns with Simoun after
personal tragedies, including the death of his fiancée, Juli. Simoun’s plan to detonate a
bomb at a wedding to eliminate Spanish authorities fails when Isagani, driven by love,
sabotages it. Exposed and hunted, Simoun confesses his motives to Father Florentino
before dying. The priest disposes of Simoun’s jewels in the sea, symbolizing hope for a
future, deserving revolution.

The document contrasts Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. While Noli is a romantic,
reform-driven novel, Fili is a political work of vengeance and revolution. Both novels critique
Spanish colonial rule, inspiring Filipino nationalism and the eventual revolution. Despite
differing opinions on which is superior, both are pivotal in Philippine history.
Lesson 10 Reflection:

Jose Rizal's journey after returning to Europe in 1888 was marked by resilience,
determination, and passion for reform. He traveled extensively, observing cultures and
meeting influential figures like O-Sei-San in Japan, before eventually settling in London.
During this period, Rizal worked tirelessly on various projects, including annotating Antonio
Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, improving his English, and writing essays for La
Solidaridad.

His commitment to defending Filipino rights led to the founding of the Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino, while his time in Paris saw him continuing his studies, crafting sculptures, and
establishing the Indios Bravos to promote Filipino excellence. However, his experiences in
Brussels were marred by worsening agrarian issues in Calamba and persecution of his
family in Madrid.

Despite personal losses, including Leonor Rivera's marriage, Rizal completed El

Filibusterismo in 1891, a novel that showcased his growth as a writer and thinker. This
darker sequel to Noli Me Tangere explored themes of vengeance and revolution, with
Crisostomo Ibarra's transformation into Simoun, a vengeful revolutionary seeking to
overthrow the Spanish regime.

The contrasting tones of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo reflect Rizal's evolving
perspective on reform and revolution. While Noli Me Tangere advocates for romantic,
reform-driven change, El Filibusterismo presents a more radical, political approach ¹. Both
novels, however, critique Spanish colonial rule and inspired Filipino nationalism, cementing
their places in Philippine history.
Lesson 11 Summary:

Lesson 11 delves into the meaningful journey and contributions of Dr. Jose Rizal,
focusing on his return to Asia after publishing El Filibusterismo. Rizal moved to Hong Kong
to escape his rivalry with Marcelo H. del Pilar, advance the Propaganda Movement, and be
closer to his family. While there, he practiced as an eye surgeon and proposed the Borneo
Colonization Project to provide land for Filipinos displaced by agrarian issues. However, this
plan was rejected by Spanish authorities, who labeled it unpatriotic.

Rizal returned to Manila in 1892 to organize the La Liga Filipina, which aimed to unite
Filipinos, promote mutual aid, and advocate for reform. Shortly after its establishment, he
was arrested and exiled to Dapitan. During his exile, Rizal showcased his multifaceted
talents. He served as a physician, teacher, engineer, farmer, scientist, and even an inventor,
improving the lives of the Dapitan community. He built a water system, cultivated farmland,
and introduced modern agricultural methods. Rizal also established a school where he
provided both academic and vocational training.

Rizal’s personal life in Dapitan was marked by his relationship with Josephine Bracken,
whom he considered his wife despite not being formally married due to opposition from the
Catholic Church. They had a son who tragically passed away shortly after birth. Amid these
personal joys and sorrows, Rizal continued his advocacy for the Filipino people. Although he
opposed the premature revolution being planned by the Katipunan, he understood the
people's yearning for freedom. His exile ended in 1896 when he volunteered as a surgeon
for the Spanish army in Cuba, a decision that eventually led to his arrest under false charges
of inciting rebellion.

The lesson emphasizes Rizal’s profound impact, his unwavering dedication to his country,
and his ultimate sacrifice as a martyr for Filipino independence.
Lesson 11 Reflection:

Dr. Jose Rizal's return to Asia after publishing El Filibusterismo marked a pivotal chapter
in his remarkable life. His selfless dedication to the Propaganda Movement and Filipino
welfare led him to Hong Kong, where he advanced his medical practice and proposed the
innovative Borneo Colonization Project. Although rejected, this endeavor showcased Rizal's
commitment to addressing agrarian issues.

Rizal's brief return to Manila in 1892 sparked hope through La Liga Filipina, a unifying
force advocating reform and mutual aid. However, his subsequent exile in Dapitan (1892-
1896) demonstrated exceptional resilience. He transformed the community through medical
care, education, engineering, agricultural innovation and scientific advancements. His
personal life, marked by his relationship with Josephine Bracken and the loss of their child,
underscored his humanity amidst adversity.

Rizal's legacy extends beyond his martyrdom. His life serves as inspiration for social
reform, testimony to intellectual curiosity and an emblem of patriotism. His selflessness,
vision and perseverance continue to resonate with Filipinos and global citizens alike,
reminding us of the transformative power of dedication and sacrifice.
Lesson 12 Summary:

Lesson 12 delves into Dr. José Rizal's exile, trial, and eventual execution, emphasizing
his enduring influence on Philippine independence. Exile, a form of punishment, significantly
shaped Rizal's life. Sent to Dapitan in 1892 for his reformist activities, he adapted by
immersing himself in various professions, including farming, teaching, and medicine. His
exile reflected his commitment to peaceful reform, contrasting with revolutionary methods.
Despite opportunities for escape, Rizal honored his pledge to Spanish authorities,
showcasing his integrity and dedication to his principles.

The lesson highlights Rizal's trial and execution, starting with his arrest en route to Cuba
in 1896. He was implicated in the Philippine Revolution, despite limited evidence. During his
trial, Rizal defended himself, emphasizing his peaceful advocacy and denial of rebellion ties.
Despite this, a military court sentenced him to death. His famous last poem, Mi Ultimo Adios,
encapsulated his love for his country and willingness to sacrifice his life for its freedom.

Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896, at Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park), was a turning
point in Philippine history. Even in death, he demonstrated resolve and patriotism, ensuring
he faced the firing squad with dignity. His martyrdom galvanized Filipinos, inspiring many to
join the revolutionary cause. While his execution was celebrated by Spanish authorities, it
provoked international criticism and strengthened the Philippine struggle for independence.

The lesson also discusses Mi Ultimo Adios, a poignant farewell that reflects Rizal's hope
for a liberated Philippines, his sacrifices, and his enduring legacy. This poem, considered a
masterpiece, has been translated into numerous languages, symbolizing Rizal’s universal
appeal and the global resonance of his ideals.

Rizal’s life and death remain a testament to courage, intellect, and patriotism, cementing
his role as a Philippine national hero and a global symbol of resistance against oppression.
Lesson 12 Reflection:

Dr. José Rizal's extraordinary life and tragic fate profoundly inspire me. His unwavering
dedication to peaceful reform, integrity and patriotism in the face of adversity is a powerful
lesson. Despite being exiled, Rizal continued to advocate for his country's freedom,
showcasing his resilience and commitment.

Rizal's story highlights the transformative impact one person can have on history. His
refusal to escape and adherence to principles demonstrate remarkable courage and
conviction. His advocacy for reform through non-violent means serves as a beacon of hope
for resolving conflicts peacefully. His willingness to give his life for his country's freedom
exemplifies true patriotism.

Rizal's legacy extends far beyond his tragic execution. His writings, particularly "Mi Ultimo
Adios," continue to inspire generations globally. This poignant farewell reflects his hope for a
liberated Philippines, sacrifices and enduring legacy. His life serves as a testament to
courage, intellect and patriotism, cementing his role as a Philippine national hero and global
symbol of resistance against oppression.

Reflecting on Rizal's life, I am reminded of valuable lessons. Standing by one's principles,

pursuing peaceful solutions and selfless service are essential virtues. I am inspired to
embody courage, speak out against injustice and prioritize the greater good. Dr. José Rizal's
remarkable story has ignited a fire within me, encouraging me to emulate his convictions and
contribute positively to society.