UNIVERSITY OF ASIA PACIFIC

____________________Committed To Excellence

Lab Report- 06
Fall-2024
Course Title: Electrical Circuit Lab
Course Code: EEE 102
Date of Performance: 09/ 04/ 2025
Exp No.: 06, Exp. Name: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

Submitted by
Student Name: Md. Abidur Rahman Shaan
Reg. No: 24101030
Department: Computer Science and Engineering
Section: A (A2) Group: 01 Semester: 1st year 2nd semester

Submitted to
Faculty Name: M. Abdullah Al-Amin

Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, UAP

Date of Submission: 16th April,2025

Experiment No.: 06
Experiment Name: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

Objective: The objective of this experiment is to verify Thevenin’s

Theorem in a linear electrical circuit. The experiment aims to
demonstrate that any linear, bilateral network can be replaced by a
single voltage source (the Thevenin voltage, Eth) in series with a single
resistor (the Thevenin resistance, Rth) when viewed from the load
terminals. By measuring the open-circuit voltage across the load
terminals and calculating the equivalent resistance seen from those
terminals (with the source deactivated), the Thevenin equivalent is
obtained.

Equipment: The necessary tools which will be needed are:

1. Trainer Board……….1 Unit
2. DC Voltage/Power Supply………….1 Unit
3. Resistors (220Ω).……….4 units
4. Resistors (390Ω, 680Ω, 820Ω).……….1 unit each
5. Variable Resistor (1k Ω) ………1 unit
6. Digital Multi-meter……………………….1 Unit
7. Chords and wire…………………as required

Circuit Diagram:

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Data Table:
Table – 1: Determination of the Thevenin’s equivalent.
Rth
Observation R1 Ω R2 Ω R3 Ω R4 Ω Vs (V) Eth (V) (ohm)

Experimental 217 216 216 216 10 4.99 543

Theoretical 220 220 220 220 10 4.994 550

Table – 2: Equivalency checking

…....................................... RL = 390 ohm RL = 680 ohm RL = 820 ohm

VL for Thevenin's Circuit 2.71 V 3.37 V 3.57 V

VL for Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit 2.071 V 2.759 V 2.989 V

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Calculation:
To solve a Thevenin equivalent circuit first we have to identify the nodes
then calculate the voltage between both terminals(a and b) which will be
Vth or Thevenin equivalent voltage. Also we need to calculate the Rth
which can be done by figuring out the equivalent resistor which means
that Req= Rth.

Finding Vth,
In Figure-03, we find that there are total 4 circuit resistors
(R1=R2=R3=R4=220 Ω ) and 1 load resistor. To find Vth ,we need to
open the terminal AB by removing the load resistance. After removing
the load, the current will not pass through R2 and R4 since that’s an
open circuit.

Let, the Flowing Current of the first loop=I

By applying mesh analysis in the first loop,

-10V+ IR1+ IR2=0

or, I*220 + I* 220 =10
or, 440I = 10
or, I = 0.0227 A
Hence, Vth = I * R3
= (0.0227 * 220)
= 4.994 V
Now to calculate Rth we need to determine the equivalent resistance of
the circuit.
First we have deactivate the circuit by short-circuiting the voltages and
replace the currents with open circuit.

After doing that we get Figure-05.

Now,
R1 and R3 are in parallel

hence, Rp = (1/220 + 1/220)-1 Ω

=110 Ω
Since, the parallel resistance is in series with R2 and R4 ,
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Rs = Rp + R2 + R4
= 110 + 220 + 220 Ω
=550 Ω

So, Rs=Rth=550 Ω

Now we have to find VL for both Thevenin’s circuit and Thevenin’s

equivalent circuit. For that we will apply mesh analysis.

VL for Thevenin’s circuit, (from figure-06)

Let Vs,R1,R2 and R4 be in the first loop
and Current flowing through it will be i1

while R4,R3,RL be in the second loop

and Current flowing through it will be i2
Now loop 1,
10−220i1−220(i1−i2)−RL(i1−i2)=0

or, 10=(440+RL)i1−(220+RL)i2

This is equation 1.

Now loop 2,
−220i2−220(i2−i1)−RL(i2−i1)=0

Or , 0=(440+RL)i2−(220+RL)i1

This is equation 2.

We now solve these two equations for each value of RL to find i1−i2,
then:

VL=RL(i1−i2)

Now ,when RL = 390 Ω,

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Equation 1,
10=(440+390)i1−(220+390)i2=830i1−610i2
Equation 2,
0=(440+390)i2−(220+390)i1=830i2−610i1
or, 830 i2 = 610i1
or, i2 = 610 i1 / 830

Using substitution method we get,

10=830i1− 610 * (610 i1 /830)

or, 10 = 830i1−448.31i1
or, i1= 10 / 381.69
or, i1 = 0.0262A

Then ,
i2 = 610 * i1 / 830
or , i2= 610 * 0.0262 / 830
or, i2 = 0.01926A

∴ i1-i2 = 0.0262 - 0.01926

= 0.00694A

∴ VL =RL * (i1-i2)
= 390 * 0.00694
= 2.71 V

By following the same method the values of VL for RL=680,820 are

3.37 V and 3.57 V respectively.

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VL for Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, (from figure-07)
Using Voltage divider rule we can find out the VL for RL=390,680,820
Voltage Divider rule:
VL = Vth * (RL / Rth + RL)

Rth = 550 Ω , Vth = 4.994 V

Now, VL for RL=390,680,820,
VL = 4.994 * (390 / 550 + 390) = 2.071 V

VL = 4.994 * (680 / 550 + 680) = 2.759 V

VL = 4.994 * (820 / 550 + 820) = 2.989 V

Result: From the calculations and experimental results, it is observed that

a linear, bilateral electrical network can be replaced by a single voltage
source in series with a single resistance — known as the Thevenin
equivalent circuit — when viewed from the load terminals. The values of
load voltage VL obtained from the Thevenin equivalent closely match
those from the original circuit for various load resistances. This verifies
Thevenin’s Theorem and confirms that analyzing complex circuits can be
simplified without losing accuracy in determining the behavior across the
load.

Report:

1. The comparison between the experimental and theoretical

parameters might occur some small percentage of errors due to the
actual resistance values of the resistors used in the experiment may
vary slightly from their nominal values due to manufacturing
tolerances. Digital multimeters and power supplies may have
calibration errors or limitations in resolution, leading to small
measurement deviations.

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2. From the data listed in Table 2, it is evident that the voltage across
the load resistor VL obtained using the Thevenin equivalent circuit
closely matches the values obtained from the original circuit for each of
the selected load resistances.

 For RL=390 Ω VL is 2.071 V (Thevenin) vs. 2.71 V (original).

 For RL=680 Ω VL is 2.759 V (Thevenin) vs. 3.37 V (original).
 For RL=820 Ω VL is 2.989 V (Thevenin) vs. 3.57 V (original)

3. If the load resistance RL is made equal to the Thevenin resistance Rth

then the voltage across the load VL becomes exactly half of the
Thevenin voltage Eth. This can be derived using the voltage divider rule,
where,
VL = Eth * (RL / Rth + RL)
Substituting RL = Rth we get,

VL = Eth / 2
This condition also corresponds to the maximum power transfer
scenario, where the load receives the highest possible power from the
circuit.

4. Based on the comparison between the calculated and measured

values of VL, it is evident that the Thevenin’s Theorem is successfully
verified. The theoretical voltages across various load resistors using the
Thevenin equivalent closely match those obtained from the original
circuit.

Discussion: In this experiment, we simplified a complex resistive network

into its Thevenin equivalent and compared the voltage across different
load resistances. The results show good agreement between theoretical
and practical measurements, validating the theorem. Minor differences
can be attributed to real-world factors like resistor tolerances, contact
resistance, and instrument accuracy. The experiment also reinforces the
usefulness of Thevenin’s Theorem in circuit analysis, especially when
analyzing or designing circuits with varying loads.

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