IGCSE Math

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1. Integer A whole number, which can be positive, negative, or zero:

2. Natural number A positive whole number, or 'counting number'

3. Square number A number that is the result of multiplying an integer by itself

4. Cube number A number that is the result of multiplying three integers that are the same

5. Prime number A number that divides exactly by only two numbers: itself and 1. 1 is not a prime
number. It only divides by one numbe

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6. Fraction A number that represents part of a whole number. There are two ways of writing
fractions: vulgar fractions or decimal fractions

7. Rational number A number that can be written as a vulgar fraction.

8. Irrational num- A number that cannot be written as a vulgar fraction.

ber

9. Real number All of the types of number above, and all of the numbers you will meet in this book.
Real numbers can be placed on a number line.

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10. factors A number that divides exactly into another number, leaving no remainder.

11. common multi- A multiple that two or more numbers have in common.
ples

12. lowest common The smallest multiple shared by two or more numbers
multiple

13. highest common The largest factor shared by two or more numbers.
factor

14. simplest form The form of a fraction that has the smallest possible integers as the numerator
and denominator.

15. terminating deci- A decimal that has a finite number of digits after the decimal point.
mal

16. recurring deci- decimal that has digits that repeat forever
mal

17. BIDMAS/PEMDAS
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order of opera-
tions

18. Reverse percent- Method used to find the original price of something after the price has changed.
age

19. percentage in- Actual increase ÷ original value x 100.

crease

20. percentage de- Actual decrease ÷ original value x 100.

crease

21. Multiplying with add the indices

indices

22. Dividing with in- subtract the second index

dices

23. Raising a power multiply the indices

to a power

24. standard form A way of writing any integer or decimal in the form A×10nA×10n where 1d
A<101d-
A<10 and n is an integer

25. adding/subtract -If the numbers do not have the same power of 10, adjust one of them so that
standard form they do.
-Add/subtract the two numbers.
-If the result is not in standard form, change it to standard form.

26. multiply stan- -Change the order of the multiplication to make it easier to see what to do.
dard form -Multiply the two first numbers, and separately multiply the two powers of ten by

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adding the indices.

-If the result is not in standard form, change it to standard form.

27. divide standard -Rewrite in fraction form to make it easier to see what to do.
form -Divide the first numbers, writing non-integer answers as decimals, and separate-
ly divide the powers of 10 by subtracting the second index from the first.
-If the result is not in standard form, change it to standard form.

28. directly propor- Two variables are directly proportional if their ratio is always the same. If one
tional variable halves, the other halves. If one variable doubles, the other doubles, and
so on.
passes through (0, 0) (the origin)
is a straight line.
y=kx

29. similar Two shapes are similar if one is an enlargement of the other - when their
corresponding lengths are in the same proportions.

30. speed distance/time

31. Inverse propor- Two variables are inversely proportional if the product of their values is always the
tion same. If one variable doubles, the other halves. If one variable triples, the other
divides by three and so on.
y=kx

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32. simple interest A=prt

33. compound inter- A=P(1+r/n)^nt

est

34. set notation Using symbols to make statements about sets, for example, A={x: x is a factor of
10}A={x: x is a factor of 10}, A*BA*B, P)QP)Q.

35. universal set The set that contains all of the elements

36. union The union of two sets is the whole of both sets, including the intersection

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37. intersection The overlap between two sets, containing the elements common to both sets.

38. subset Set A is a subset of set B if every element of A is an element of B. B can either have
more elements than A, or exactly the same elements as A.

39. proper subset A type of subset. Set A is a proper subset of set B if every element of A is an element
of B, and B has more elements than A.

40. complement The complement of a set is all of the elements that are not in that set. Its symbol
is ′

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41. FOIL multiply first outer inner last

42. (a+b)^2 a^2+2ab+b^2

43. (a-b)^2 a^2-2ab+b^2

44. (a^2-b^2) (a - b)(a + b)

45. exponential An equation containing a variable expressed as an index

equations

46. quadratic equa- An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2.
tions

47. linear function A function of the form f(x)=ax+bf(x)=ax+b where a and b are constants.
y=mx+c

48. quadratic func- function of the form f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x)=ax2+bx+c, where a, b and care constants
tion and a does not equal 0

49. exponential func- A function of the form a^x where a is a constant and a0̀
tions

50. sequence set of numbers or quantities that follow a mathematical rule

51. term A distinct quantity within an expression. Terms are connected by + or -signs. Can
also refer to a quantity within a sequence.

52. common differ- A constant difference (addition or subtraction) between consecutive terms of a
ence sequence.

53.

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arithmetic se- an=a1+(n-1)d

quence a sequence in which each term is found by adding the same number to the
previous term

54. geometric se- an=a1(r)^n-1

quence sequence made by multiplying by the same value each time

55. nth term dn + (a - d)

56. U nth term an^2 + bn + c

57. gradient of graph (y2-y1)/(x2-x1)

58. acute angle less than 90 degrees

59. obtuse angle An angle that measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees

60. Add up to 180

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angles on a
straight line

61. angles at a point Add up to 360 degrees

62. corresponding Angles within two or more similar shapes that are equal.
angles

63. parallel lines Parallel lines do not intersect and they have the same gradient.

64. alternate angles The pair of opposing angles created when a straight line intersects two parallel
lines.

65. interior angles the angle between adjacent sides of a rectilinear figure.
add up to 180 degrees
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66. bearing Angle through which you turn clockwise as you change direction from due North
towards the location of a given point. Bearings are given as three figures

67. line of symmetry A line that can be drawn within a 2D object, for it to be folded in half

68. rotational sym- a 2d shape that when rotated about a central point, looks same as its starting
metry position. the number of times it looks the same during a complete revolution is
called the order of rotational symmetry

69. polygon plane shape with three or more straight sides.

70. Interior an- 180 degrees

gle+exterior an-
gle of a polygon

71. Sum of interior (n-2) x 180 degrees

angles
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72. exterior angle of 360° / number of sides

a polygon

73. Number of sides 360/exterior angles

of a polygon

74. Interior angle of 180°−exterior angle

a polygon

75. Interior angle Sum of all the interior angles/number of sides

76. circumference The distance around the edge of a circle.

(pi x d) or (2 pi x r)

77. area of circle A=πr²

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78. diameter A chord that passes through the centre of a circle.

79. radius The distance from the centre of a circle to a point on its circumference.

80. area of rectan- A=lb

gle/square

81. perimeter of rec- P= 2L + 2b

tangle/square

82. parallelogram A=bh

area

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83. parallelogram P=2a+2b

perimeter

84. area of triangle A= 1/2 bh

85. triangle perime- P=a+b+c

ter

86. trapezium area 1/2(a+b)h

87. surface area of S = 2 (lw + hw + lh)

rectangle

88. trapezium a+b+c+d

perimeter

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89. surface area of 2πrh+2πr²

cylinder

90. Volume of a cylin- V=πr²h

der

91. volume of a rec- V=lwh

tangle

92. Pythagoras The- a² + b² = c²

orem (For a right
angled triangle)

93. theoretical prob- number of favourable outcomes/total number of possible outcomes

ability

94. relative frequen- number of favourable outcomes/total number of trials

cy

95. combined events An event that can occur as the result of two or more possible outcomes
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96. surds An irrational number that can't be simplified to remove a square root (or cube root
etc). leave in exact form

97. qualitative data non-numerical descriptive data

98. quantitative data numerical, discrete(counted) or continuous(measured) data

99. arc length formu- L = 2πr (theta⁰/360⁰)

la

100. area of a sector A=(theta/360°)(area of circle)

formula

101. index/expo- A number written above and to the right of a base number, representing a type
nent/power of mathematical operation

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102. mode The statistical data value with the largest frequency: the mode is a type of average.

103. median The middle value of a set of data when the values are positioned in rank order:
the median is a type of average.

104. mean The sum of all values in a set of data divided by the total frequency: the mean is
a type of average.

105. range The difference between the largest observation and the smallest observation in a
set of data.

106. lower quartile The median of the lower half of a set of data, represented by LQ

107. upper quartile The median of the upper half of a set of data, represented by UQ

108. box-and-whisker A diagram showing five key statistics for a set of data: the median, the first and
plot third quartiles, and the smallest and largest values.

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