Ejercicios BUAP Algebra Lineal
Ejercicios BUAP Algebra Lineal
Facultad de Ingenierı́a
Author
Otoño 2023
1. Unit 1
1. Given the matrices
−1 0 1 1 0 3
−1 3 1
A= 0 1 2 , B = −2 1
−1 , C =
1 1 −2
−3 2 −1 −1 0 −1
1 3 1 −1 1 0 1
D= , E= , F =
3 1 −1 0 1 0 −1
Calculate:
i. Efectue operaciones elementales entre las ecuaciones del sistema hasta llevarlo a uno
con patrón escalonado.
ii. Escriba la matriz de coeficientes y la matriz aumentada asociadas al sistema de ecua-
ciones lineales.
iii. Describa las operaciones elementales entre filas correspondientes a las operaciones ele-
mentales entre ecuaciones efectuadas en la parte i.
4. Determine wheter the following matrices are in reduced echelon form. If a matrix is not in
reduced echelon form give a reason.
1 0 3 −2 1 2 0 0 4
a) 0 0 1 8 , b) 0 0 1 0 6
0 1 4 9 0 0 0 1 5
1 0 4 2 6 1 0 2 0 3
0 1 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 0
c)
0 0 0 1 2
, d)
0 1 2 0 7
0 0 0 0 π 0 0 0 1 3
6. Tell whether the following systems of equations are linearly independent or dependent.
2x + 2y − z + w = 0
2x − y + z = 0
3x + 4y − 3z + 3w = 0
i) ii) x − 3y + 2z = 0
−x + 3y + 2z = 0
3x + 2y − 3z = 0
4x − 5y + 5w = 0
2x + y − z = 0 2x − 3y + z − 2w + r = 0
iii) −3x − 2y + z = 0 iv) x − 3y + 3z + w − 2r = 0
4x + y − z = 0 3x + y − 5z + 7w − 3r = 0
7. Calculate the inverse matrix of the following matrices by the Gauss-Jordan method.
1 1 −1 1 1 −1 0 0 2
a) 0 1 2 b) 0 1 2 c) 2 1 1
2 1 −1 2 1 0 1 1 0
0 2 0 1 2 1 −1 2 2 −1 2 0
1 −1 1 0 1 −1 10 −1 0 1 −1
d)
−1 2
e)
−1 2
f )
0 0 0 −1 0 1 1 −1
1 1 −1 1 2 2 0 −1 0 0 −1 2
i) ((AB)t + C)−1 , ii) (AB − E)−1 , iii) (AB − E 2 )1 , iv) tr((AB)t + 2C −1 ), v) ((BA)−1 + 4D)−1
10. Let D be a matrix whose second column is all zeros. Let C be any matrix such that CD
exists. Prove that the second column of CD is all zeros.
11. Let A and B be diagonal matrices of the same size and c a scalar. Prove that (a) A + B is
diagonal (b) cA is diagonal (c) AB is diagonal.
13. True or false (argue). If A is a symmetric matrix and C is a matrix of the same size as A,
then C t AC and CAC t are also symmetric.
14. True or False (argue). Every square matrix can be written as the sum of a symmetric and
an antisymmetric matrix.
16. Let I, J ϵ Mn×n be matrices, J a matrix of ones. Prove that the trace of A = I − (1/n)J is
worth n − 1.
17. Let J ϵ Mn×n , J be a matrix of ones. Prove that A = I − (1/n − 1)J is invertible.
2. Unit 2
1. Evaluate the determinants of the followings matrices
1 2 π −1 0 6 −1 −5
π −2 0 1 , B = −3 2 3 0
A= −1 0 −π −1 −6 −5 3
8
0 −1 0 π −6 4 0 2
2. Show that:
x x−1 x 1 a a2
a) x − 1 x 2 = (2x − 1)(−x + 1), b) 1 b b2 = (c − a)(c − b)(b − a)
x x−1 1 1 c c2
1 a a2 3
x+1 x
d) 1 b b3 = (c − a)(c − b)(b − a)(a + b + c) e) =3
3 x−2
1 c c3
k 0 2 k
1 −k 2 −3 2 k
0 k −1 1
a) −1 k 3 < −5, b) 1 k 3 ≤ 0, c) > −2
2 0 k 3
2 3 k 2 3 k
−1 k 2
k+1 k 2k −3
d) =3 e) =1
3 k−2 k−1 k+2
9. Given matrices
3 5
1 −2 1 1/3 0 2 −1 2 −2
A= , B= , C = 0 −2 , D =
5 0 −3 2 −3 −1 4 −3 −1
−1 1
Calculate:
i)(At B + At D)−1 , ii)(Dt A − 2CB + 3I)−1 , iii(CD − B t A)− 1, iv)(CA − 2I)−1 + 2(Dt C t )−1
12. How must the elements of a diagonal matrix be in order to be invertible? In this case, what
is the inverse matrix?
13. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and |A| = −3, |B| = 2, compute the following determinants.
a) |2AB|, b) |AAt |, c) |2AB −1 |
14. Decide whether each of the following propositions is true or false and tell why.
a) The sum of two invertible matrices is an invertible matrix.
b) If the solution of a homogeneous system of linear equations is unique, then xj = 0 ∀j.
c) The coefficient matrix of the system is invertible.
d ) If the product of two matrices is invertible, each of the matrices is invertible.
e) The product of two square matrices is always invertible. If a matrix is invertible, then
any equivalent echelon form is also invertible.
f ) If the echelon equivalent form of a matrix is invertible, the matrix is also invertible.
g) If the system Ax = b has a unique solution, then the matrix A is invertible.
h) If the matrix A is invertible, the system AX = b has a unique solution.
i ) If the system Ax = b has infinitely many solutions, then the matrix A is not invertible.
j ) If the system Ax = b has a unique solution and A is square, the matrix A is invertible.
k ) To conclude that a matrix is invertible, it is necessary to calculate its inverse.
l ) If the augmented matrix of a system of linear equations is invertible, the system is
inconsistent.
m) If the matrix A is invertible, the matrix A4 is also invertible.
n) Si la matriz A es invertible, su matriz adjunta también es invertible.
ñ) Every elementary matrix is invertible.
1
You must use matrix adjoint
3. Unit 3
1. Una fabrica produce dos modelos de un producto, A y B, en tres submodelos: N, L y S.
Del modelo A produce: 400 unidades del submodelo N , 200 unidades del submodelo L y
50 unidades del submodelo S. Del modelo B produce: 300 unidades del submodelo N , 100
unidades del submodelo L y 30 unidades del submodelo S. El submodelo N conlleva 25 horas
de taller y 1 hora de administración. El submodelo L conlleva 30 horas de taller y 1.2 horas
de administración. El submodelo S conlleva 33 horas de taller y 1.3 horas de administración.
2. Un dietista desea planear una comida en torno de tres tipos de alimentos. La comida debe
incluir 8800 unidades de vitamina A, 3380 unidades de vitamina C y 1012 unidades de calcio
contenidas en cada gramo de tres tipos de alimento se resumen en la siguiente tabla.
¿Cuál es la cantidad de cada tipo de alimento que se debe incluir en la dieta para cumpliri
las necesidades de vitamina y calcio?
4. La tabla 1 representa los números de tres tipos de cuentas bancarias, el primero de enero en
el Banco Central y sus sucursales.
a) Encuentre la matriz D, la cual representa el número de cada tipo de cuenta al final del
primer trimestre en cada lugar.
Tabla 1: Cuentas
Cuenta de cheques Cuenta de ahorro Cuenta de depósito
Oficina matriz 2820 1470 1120
Sucursal del oeste 1030 520 480
Sucursal del Norte 1170 540 460
Tabla 2: Acciones
BAC GM IBM TRW
Guillermo 200 300 100 200
Miguel 100 200 400 0
5. Guillermo y miguel tienen acciones (tabla 2) de la bolsa dadas por la matriz al cierre de
operaciones en cierto dı́a, los precios de las acciones (en dólares) están dadas en la tabla (3).
6. Considcer a genetics model in which the offspring of guinea pigs are crossed with hybrids
only. The transition matrix P for that model is as follows.Prove that P is regular. Let
p, P 2 , P 3 , · · · → Q. Determine Q. What information about the long.term distribution of
guinea pigs does it give?
(from)
AA Aa aa
0.5 0.25 0 AA
p = 0.5 0.5 0.5
Aa
0 0.25 0.5 aa
7. Constructora Bien Social S. A. de C. V., empresa de bienes raı́ces, construye casa en tres
estados. El número proyectado de unidades habitacionales de cada modelo por construir en
cada estado dado por la matriz (tabla 4) LAs ganacias proyectadas son $ 200 000.00, $ 220
000.00, $ 250 000.00 y $ 300 000.00 respectivamente, para cada modelo de casa, del I al IV.
a) Escriba una matriz columna B que represente la ganacia para cada tipo de casa.
Tabla 4: Modelo
I II III Iv
Veracruz 600 800 1200 400
Puebla 200 300 600 100
Morelia 100 150 300 50
b) Encuentre la utilidad total esperada por la constructora, en cada estado, sis e venden
todas las casas.
comité considera que estos estudiantes optará por asistir a la Facultad de Filosofı́a (FF),
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (FCE), Facultad de Ciencias NAturales (FCN), Facultad de
artes (FA), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (FCS) y Facultad de Ingenierı́a (FI) según los
porcentajes que aparecen en la siguiente tabla
9. Pedro has a total of $20,000.00 deposited in two savings institutions. One pays simple interest
at a rate of 6 % per year, and the other pays simple interest at a rate of 8 % per year. In
order to earn $1440.00 in interest for one year, how much money has Pedro deposited in
each institution?
10. A traveler who has just returned from Europe on business spends 30.00 e per day in England,
20.00 e per day in France and 20.00 e per day in Spain, 20.00 e per day in Germany for
accommodation. . In food I spend 20.00 e daily in England, 30.00 e daily in France, 20.00
e daily in Spain and 30 e daily in Germany. His additional expenses were 10.00 e daily in
each country, in addition he spent 5 e in England, 3 e in France, 2 e in France and 3 e
in Germany in presents that does not declare the company. The traveler’s records indicate
that he spent a total of 400.00 euro in lodging, 410.00 euro in food, 170.00 euro in
additional expenses and 63 euro in presents during the trip through these four countries
. Calculate the number of days the traveler spent in each country or show that the records
must be incorrect because the amounts spent are not compatible with each other.
11. Find the curve that passes through the given points.
12. Demanda Un refinador de combustible desea saber la demanda de cierto tipo de gasolina
como una función de su precio. Las ventas diarias (en galones) para tres diferentes precios
de productos se muestran en la siguiente tabla
15. Determine the currents in the various branches of the electrical networks. The units of current
are amps and the 2 units of resistance are ohms. (Hint: In Exercise iv it is difficult to decide
the direction of the current along AB. Make a guess. A negative result for the current means
that your guess was the wrong one-the current is in the opposite direction. However, the
magnitude will be correct. There is no need to rework the problem.)
16. Construct a system of linear equations that describes the traffic flow in the road network of
Figure 2 a. All streets are one-way streets in the directions indicated. The units are vehicles
per hour. Give two distinct possible flows of traffic. What is the minimum possible flow that
can be expected along branch AB?
Figura 1: figures of the exercise 15
17. Figure 2 b represents the traffic entering and leaving a roundabout road junction. Such
junctions are very common in Europe. Construct a system of equations that describes the
flow of traffic along the various branches. What is the minimum flow possible along the
branch BC? What are the other flows at that time? (Units are vehicles per hour.)
18. La figura 3 a y b muestran las temperaturas lı́mite (en grados Celsius) de una delgada placa
de metal aislada. La temperatura estable en un nodo interior es aproximadamente igual que
la media de las temperaturas en cuatro nodos circundantes. Use un sistema de ecuaciones
lineales para aproximar las temperaturas interiores T1 , T2 , T3 y T4 .
a) N H3 + O2 → N2 + H2 O
b) HCl + N a → N aCl + H2
c) CO2 + H2 O → CH2 O + O2
d) N H3 + 3Cu → N2 + Cu + H2 O
e) BaO2 + HCl → H2 O2 + BaCl2
Figura 2: figures of the exercises 16 y 17
2. Let
−5 0 3 3 −2
⃗u = 8 , ⃗v = 4 ,
⃗ = −1 ,
w ⃗r = −1 ⃗s = 0
1 1 0 2 1
Calculate: i) 2⃗u − 4⃗v + 3w,
⃗ ii) ⃗u − 3⃗v + 2w, ⃗ − 3⃗v + ⃗u.
⃗ iii) 2w
Note: For the following exercises, you must take the vectors from exercise 2 unless otherwise
indicated.
5. Determine the cosines of the angles between the following pairs of column vectors
1 2 −2 2
1 −1
a) , , b) −3 5 c) 3 , 5
2 4
0 −1 −4 −1
6. Determine whether the first vector is a linear combination of the other vectors.
a) (1,7); (1,2),(-1,3)
b) (1,2); (1,1),(3,2)
c) (7,9,15); (1,1,2)),(1,2,1),(2,3,4)
d ) (6,13,9); (1,1,1),(1,2,4),(0,1,-3)
7. Determine whether the following sets of vectors are linearly dependent or independent.
a)(⃗u· ⃗s)⃗u × w,
⃗ ⃗ × (⃗s + w),
b)w ⃗ c) (⃗v − (⃗r· ⃗s)w)
⃗ × ⃗u
9. Determine the angles between the following vectors
a) ⃗u, w
⃗ b)⃗v , w,
⃗ c)⃗s + 2w,
⃗ ⃗s + 2⃗u d) ⃗u + ⃗v , (⃗r · ⃗s)w
⃗
e) ⃗u − ⃗v , ⃗u + ⃗v , f ) ⃗v − 3⃗v + ws,
⃗ ⃗s g) − ⃗r + 2⃗s, (⃗r · ⃗s)⃗s, ||⃗r||⃗r,
i) ⃗s − 2⃗v , ⃗s × ⃗u,
a) ⃗u, w,
⃗ b) ⃗s − ⃗u, w
⃗ + ⃗s, c) ⃗r, ||⃗r||⃗r, d) ⃗s − 2⃗v , ⃗s × ⃗u,
13. Determine noncero vectors that are orthogonal to the following vectors.