SIN2001

Hydraulic basic
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 Course Information
Course Name : Hydraulic basic

Target

- To understand pressure, flow and orifice

- To know hydraulic symbol
- Measuring pressure

Model : DX225LCA

Course time : 2 Hours

Questions
Questions

1. What is Flow, pressure and orifice?

2. How can we increase pressure?

3. How can we increase pressure with more flow in tank?

Flow
Flow (1/2)
1) Small amount flow = Less potential energy = Need to be used small energy
2) Big amount flow = More potential energy = Need to be used big energy

Flow is amount of fluid (water or oil) depends on time, compare above pictures small and big
amount water falls down, when we think about potential energy big amount of water fall is bigger
then small water fall.
That means big amount water fall could have more productivity when we uses it for energy point of view.
The other way, In order to make big or small flow on system, need to be used big or small energy.
Flow (2/2)
- Flow is amount of fluid (water or oil) depends on time

Unit : LPM, GPM

Example : 200 LPM → 200 Liter/Min

Pressure
Pressure (1/5)
- There are same size of container and water is filled completely

One is normal condition but the other one is squeezed by external force

Which container could be high pressure?

Same size container and same amount water inside, but small size of space builds up pressure,
isn’t it?

The pressures is related with volume /size of the container

Pressure (2/5)
- There are same size of container and water is filled completely

One is normal condition but more water is injected in side of the other container

Which container could be high pressure?

Same size container and same amount water inside, but more water in space builds up pressure,
isn’t it?

The pressures is related with flow in container

Pressure (3/5)
- There are same position and condition of machine

Left is normal condition, but right side is pulling the bucket by external force.

Which cylinder could be high pressure?

Small size volume of cylinder builds up the pressure

Pressure (4/5)
- There are same working condition of machine.

Left is stopping engine, but right side is providing more flow / oil to cylinder
Which machine could be high pressure?
While digging, arm is stuck at ground, but pump provides oil continuously, pressure is built up

The pressures is related with volume /size of the container

Pressure (5/5)
- Force (F) = Pressure (P) X Area (A)

Pressure (P) = Force (F) / Area (A)

Area (A) = Force (F) / Pressure (P)

- Unit : Bar, Kgf/cm^2 (K), psi, pa

- Example : 330 Kgf/cm^2 (K), 360 bar

 Orifice
Orifice (1/4)

Flow Flow
1 LPM 1 LPM

Orifice offers a restriction to the pump flow. When oil flows through an orifice, pressure is
built up to upstream side of the orifice.
In right figure, there is an orifice in the pipe between the two gauges.
The gauge upstream of the orifice shows that a pressure of 30 bar is needed to send a
flow of 1 LPM through the orifice. There is no restriction to flow after the orifice.
The gauge down stream of the orifice shows 0 pressure.
Orifice (2/4)

From From
Pump Pump

When the end of either pipe is plugged, oil flow to the tank is blocked.
The positive displacement pump continues pumping at 1 LPM and fills the pipe.
When the pipe is filled, the resistance to any additional flow into the pipe produces
pressure.
The pressure reaction is the same as Pascal’s Law which states that "pressure exerted
on a confined liquid is transmitted undiminished in all directions and acts with equal force
on all equal areas."
The two gauge readings are the same.
Orifice (3/4)

Bar Bar Bar

Bar Bar Bar

Flow Flow
1 LPM 1 LPM

30 bar 30 bar 30 bar

There are two basic types of circuits, series and parallel.

In Figure, a pressure of 90 bar is required to send 1 LPM through either circuit.

Orifices or relief valves in series in a hydraulic circuit offer a resistance that is similar to
resistors in series in an electrical circuit in that the oil must flow through each resistance.
The total resistance equals to the sum of each individual resistance.

The total resistance equals to the sum of each individual resistance.

Orifice (4/4)

In a system with parallel circuits, pump oil follows the path of least resistance.
In figure , the pump supplies oil to three parallel circuits. Circuit three has the lowest
priority and circuit one has the highest priority.
When the pump oil flow fills the passage to the left of the three valves, pump oil pressure
increases to 30 bar.
The pump oil pressure opens the valve to circuit one and oil flows into the circuit. When
circuit one is filled, the pump oil pressure begins to increase.
The pump oil pressure increases to 60 bar and opens the valve to circuit two. The pump
oil pressure can not continue to increase until circuit two is filled.
The pump oil pressure must exceed 90 bar to open the valve to circuit three.
There must be a system relief valve in one of the circuits or at the pump to limit the
maximum pressure in the system.
Symbols
Symbol (1/22)

Components in assembly

Lines cross each other

Junction / connection lines

Symbol (2/22)

Lines to Tank

(a) : Tank symbol

(b) : Line terminating below fluid level
(c) : Line terminating above fluid level

Motor or engine

(a) : Electric motor

(b) : Heat engine
Symbol (3/22)

Orifice or Chock

Fixed Orifice

Orifice or Chock

Variable Orifice
Symbol (4/22)

Pump

Fixed displacement pump with liquid medium

Pump

Variable displacement pump with liquid medium

※ Pump Displacement?

- Unit : cc/rev
- Meaning : discharged fluid amount per 1 revolution of pump shaft
Symbol (5/22)

Pump and engine connected

One directional drive

Pumps and engine connected

Two or more pumps share a common drive

※ Liquid or Gas Medium?

- Solid equilateral triangle : Liquid medium

- Hollow equilateral triangle : Gas medium
Symbol (6/22)

Hydraulic motor

(a) : Fixed displacement hydraulic motor

(b) : Variable displacement hydraulic motor

※ Motor Displacement?
- Unit : cc/rev
- Meaning : Fluid amount needed to turn the motor shaft by 1 revolution or
Consumed fluid amount in turning the motor shaft by 1 rev.

Hydraulic Cylinder

Double acting hydraulic cylinder

Symbol (7/22)

※ Basic symbol of normally-closed & two-way valve

- The right angle tail does abut the input line indicating that the input flow is contained
within the valve but blocked from the output connection in the rest position.
Symbol (8/22)

※ Relief valve
- A relief valve senses pressure level upstream from the valve.
Symbol (9/22)

Sequence valve
(a) : Internal pilot, external drain
(b) : External pilot, external drain

Holding valve

Located in a cylinder line

Unloading valve

External pilot
Symbol (10/22)

Reducing valve

- Normally open passage

- Operating signal from control outlet of valve

Reducing valve with check

- For free flow return

Pressure switch

- A pressure signal actuates the unit to make

or break an electric contact.
Symbol (11/22)

Check valve

- Free, poppet opens if the inlet pressure is

higher than the outlet pressure

Check valve

- Spring loaded, opens if the inlet pressure is greater

than the outlet pressure plus the bias spring value.

Check valve

- Free flow in one direction

- Restricted flow in the other direction.
Symbol (12/22)

Pilot Operated Check valve

- Pressure applied to open valve

Pilot Operated Check valve

- When pilot pressure is relieved, valve opens.

Symbol (13/22)

Shuttle valve

- C is higher one between A and B

Manual Shutoff / Plugged

Symbol (14/22)

Envelope
(a) Basic envelope
(b) Multiple basic envelope

Envelope with ports attached

- Flow lines to the valve ports are added

Symbol (15/22)

A variety of valve-port conditions

(a) Blocked port : arrow does not line up with the lines coming to square
(b) Blocked port, two positions
(c) Three position, blocked ports in neutral position.

A variety of valve-port conditions

(d) Open port, infinite position

(e) Normally open, two positions
(f) Open center, three positions
Symbol (16/22)

(a) Normal position of a two-position,

three-connection, three-way valve

(b) Actuated position of it.

(c) Normal position of a two-position,

four-connection, four-way valve

(d) Actuated position of it.

Symbol (17/22)

(a) Normal position of a three-position,

four-connection, four-way directional
control valve

(b) Actuated position to the right.

(c) Actuated position to the left.

Two position, four connection, spring offset,

pilot operated valve
Symbol (18/22)

(a) Spring actuator

(b) Attached to the box

- Pilot pressure operated function

- Spring centered, pilot operated assembly

- Three position control valve

Symbol (19/22)

- Solenoid

- Operation by electric signal (On or Off)

(h) : Lever

(I) : Pedal or treadle

Symbol (20/22)

Accumulator

(a) Spring loaded accumulator

(b) Gas loaded accumulator

Cooler

- Inside triangles indicate heat dissipation.

Filter or strainer
Symbol (21/22)

Parallel supply and parallel return

- Combined operation is possible

Series pressure, parallel tank line.

- Combined operation is impossible

Symbol (22/22)

Let’s check mentioned symbol and compare it with hydraulic schematics

Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge (1/2)

Low pressure gauge (0 bar ~ 60 bar) High pressure gauge (0 bar ~ 600 bar)

Before using the pressure gauge, range of pressure on system must be checked.
(Max. value of pressure which to be measured system)
Do not use low pressure gauge (60bar) on high range pressure system (Ex.350bar) line.

IF NOT, IT WILL BE DAMAGED

Pressure gauge (2/2)
Course Summary
COURSE SUMMARY – Hydraulic basic

Thank you for your attention

• In this course, you have

☞ understood pressure, flow and orifice

☞ known hydraulic symbol

☞ understood how to measure pressure

Continue to ‘Course survey’ & ‘Quiz’ to complete the course.