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Chap 4 B

The document covers energy analysis in closed systems, focusing on concepts such as moving boundary work, energy balance, specific heats, and internal energy and enthalpy for both ideal gases and incompressible substances. It includes definitions, equations, and examples to illustrate the application of these principles. The lesson objectives aim to equip learners with the ability to develop a general energy balance for closed systems.

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ademasfaw222
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11 views12 pages

Chap 4 B

The document covers energy analysis in closed systems, focusing on concepts such as moving boundary work, energy balance, specific heats, and internal energy and enthalpy for both ideal gases and incompressible substances. It includes definitions, equations, and examples to illustrate the application of these principles. The lesson objectives aim to equip learners with the ability to develop a general energy balance for closed systems.

Uploaded by

ademasfaw222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENERGY ANALYSIS

OF CLOSED
SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
 Moving Boundary Work
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
 Specific Heats
 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Specific
Heats of Ideal Gases
 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Specific
Heats of Solids & Liquids

2
LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able
to:
 Develop the general energy balance applied to
closed system

3
SPECIFIC HEATS
Definition: The energy required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by 1 degree.
❐ common units: kJ/kg°°C or kJ/kgK

The specific heat of a substance changes with temperature.

Specific heat at constant pressure, cp: The


 ∂h 
energy required to raise the temperature of the Cp =  
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the  ∂T  p
pressure is maintained constant.

Specific heat at constant volume, cv: The


energy required to raise the temperature of the  ∂u 
Cv =  
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the  ∂T v
volume is maintained constant. Lecture 2
SPECIFIC HEATS (cont’d)
The differential changes in the internal energy & enthalpy can be
expressed as

du = C v ( T ) dT dh = C p ( T ) dT
The integration in these equation can be performed assuming constant specific
heats, yielding

u 2 − u1 = Cv ,av (T2 − T1 ) (kJ/kg) h2 − h1 = C p ,av (T2 − T1 ) (kJ/kg)

∆u = Cv ,av .∆T ∆h = C p ,av .∆T


∆U = mCv ,av .∆T ∆H = mC p ,av .∆T
Lecture 2
SPECIFIC HEAT RELATIONS
OF IDEAL GASES
Three ways of calculating ∆u and ∆h for ideal gases
 using tabulated u and h data –
when it is readily available

 Using Cv and Cp as a function of


temperature – perform integration –
computerized

 Using average Cv and Cp –


convenient when property tables not
available. Accurate if ∆T is small

For air, refer Tables


Refer Table A-2 F2 or A-16

Q − W = ∆U + ∆KE + ∆PE
Lecture 2
Specific heat relations of ideal
gases (cont’d)
Derive relationship between specific heats.
We know that h = u + pv h = u + RT

Differentiate w.r.t T dh du
= +R
dT dT
Which means that C p (T ) = Cv (T ) + R
If CP and Cv remain
constant with C p = Cv + R (kJ/kgK)
temperature;

Specific heat ratio, k Cp The cp of an ideal gas can be


k= determined from a knowledge of
C
Lecture v
2 cv and R.
EXAMPLE
Air at 300 K and 200 kPa is heated at constant
pressure to 600 K. Determine the change in internal
energy of air per unit mass using (a) data from table,
and (b) the average specific heat value
(ans: 220.71 kJ/kg , 219.9 kJ/kg)
Find the work done and heat transfer for the process.

8
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And
Specific Heats Of Solids And Liquids
Incompressible substance: A substance whose specific
volume (or density) is constant. Solids and liquids are
incompressible substances.

The cv and cp values of


incompressible substances are
The specific volumes of identical and are denoted by c.
incompressible substances
Specific heat values for common solids &
remain constant during a liquids are given in Table A-3
9
process.
Internal Energy, Enthalpy, And
Specific Heats Of Solids And Liquids
Internal Energy Changes

Specific Enthalpy Changes

∆h = ∆u + vdP ≅ Cav ∆T + v∆P


10
EXAMPLE
A 50-kg iron block at 80oC is dropped into an insulated
tank that contains 0.5 m3 of liquid water at 25oC.
Determine the temperature when the thermal
equilibrium is reached.
(ans: 25.6oC)

11
Summary of Chapter 4
 Moving boundary work
 Wb for an isothermal process
 Wb for a constant-pressure process
 Wb for a polytropic process
 Energy balance for closed systems
 Energy balance for a constant-pressure expansion or compression
process
 Specific heats
 Constant-pressure specific heat, cp
 Constant-volume specific heat, cv
 Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of ideal gases
 Specific heat relations of ideal gases
 Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of incompressible
substances (solids and liquids)
12

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