Logarithms

& Exponential real

form of a number

N all-power/Inde
general form is =

Here a 0
, 9 +1

en : - N = 2
3
if = 2 u =

u ,
↓

2 =
4 2 =
8

100 - 1001
2 2

change = 21001 110001000 (2

= 21000

0" not
defined
If a= 0
,
is

Ove is not
defined
real number
& Logarithmic form of
a

If N = al

=> log.N
= x
(log & N to the basea)
a30 ,
a + 1
If a 0 then N30 en :
(2) > 0

that
Thus , we can conclude
logaN is

when NTO , 930 and a #)

defined only
*
Finding the values of a
logarithm

ent log 27
Let
log 7 =
y
= 817 = 27
=>
(34)8 = 33
3
=> 4y =

=> y
=
3/4

9) .
Find the value
& (i) log1 2 u

(i) log
,
Solution is Let
log Y
5 =

= 125
= 6257
=> 53 =
(54)7
=> Dy = 3

=
y
=
3/4
Solution(iis
log, 93 =
Y

=
(13) =
93

=> 58 = 3x342 3512 =

=
-

y =
5/2 = y = -

E
H/T

93 Find
.
the value
of log < lg ,(log ,
16)) ?
Solution I

① Fundamental logarithm identity

alogaN =

Let
proof loga =

= an =

= alogaN = hence proved

,

en : -zgz = 7

① Important deductions

1
(i) logn N'
=
= N

ii) log , N =

Log YN = N
(i) loga = O
20 =
1
where
, a#
a 0
& I -
logTo
Find the value
of(is
.

(i) 3)
log 2
(2 3)-
+

je) logy 55 5 ....

Solution 70
°

Tan (9028) cot 20

(i) Ton = =

°
cot 20
log Ton 200
= -

(i) ( +
3)(2 -

3) = 1

= 2+ 3 = 1

2 -
3

:.
log -
ii) 5 .

5 5
=
Y
. . . .
x

y = 55 .

55 ....
2
y
=
5y
 : +0 5
y , y =

log 5 =
1

& 2. .
Sole
for 2:
-

flog + 2x + 9= 0

Solution
zlog + 2x + 9= 0

=> u + 2n + 9=0
0
- 3x + 9 =
3
=> x =
-

:
log 3 is not
defined
there is no solution .
Hence
,

93 Simplify :
.
-

50) log)Ton 99 log Har 1) Log Han 61)

log T
. ...

an ,
,
.

log [an459
Solution In between ,

= log 1 = 0
 Hence
, product =
0

&
Antilog/power form
al and a #
antiloy
0
=
, a

*
ent antilog 3 = 543 = 23,4323
=
4

3
antilog(2)
&4 ·
Find

Solution
antilog() (o
=

= 100" 10

and the
Note
- Whenever the number

the side unity

base are on same
a ,
that to that
then
logarithm of
number

base is positive however if the

,
number
and the base are on
different sides
q
that
unity ,
then
logarithm of
number

to that base is
negative .

o' !
491 and 71
(i)
log 49 4
=

Y I and2 I
lis
log 3
-5 21 and 132
,
=
is log 2

[V) long
=
You 0.001 1 and 10

& Natural and common

logarithm
(i) Common
logarithm > -
when the base is 10

then it is known as common

logarithm
i.e .
logh =
log 3 by default
, ,
base 10
=
(i) Natural
logarithm > -
When the base is 'e

then it is known as natural logarithm

i.e
. In h =
loge4 by default , base-e

-euler's constant e = 2 718 .....

.

① Principal properties o logarithm

(i) log M
,
+
logn =
log .
Mn

where min o

log [ 3) log[Pflog 6 >X

-

+
,

generalisation +
log
p & +
,
logp a log past
...
loy pan
=
log , (9 , 92 .. ...
an)

(i) logM-logn =

log(
(i) log () = log ,
M +
Logan-logo-log
IV) log M
,
=
x loge
proof
log(me
xm)

=
log M logM logM
+ + +...
-log
i
=
Mlog
"

-log
en : 16 =
log ,
2 =
Ploys

(v)
logym = log
a

proof LetyM =

=> (ayjn = m

=> (n)y = m

=> au = mYy
M My
=> log , =
leg
 Ex log ,
a =

tylog
=U
blog
= M
,

(vi) log M up to
GlogM
=
- V :

from this property

logz5 =
log25 =
log " =
log ,
,
=
log 0 . 04

0 .
25

Note
logx2 4 and
2log24 4 will
-
=
=

solution
have
different 2log22 = 4

log = 4 loga=
2

= 22
= 24 = =24
-u =
14
= x
=
14
putting x= -4 boy : 4
,
 becomes undefined .
So
,
there is no solution

& I
log 1 16log log7lo
+
+ 12

log 2 log(1) Ly log (7

Solution + +

log
(2xCx()
=

( x3) ( x5)7 *

log
x
=

=
log5x
=
log10 = 1

9 2 .

If 2 log + 3
log - loglog
Find K ?
Solution
log (log ( log(4
-

=
log k

= log (3)2x523x64
54x(xx)2x[23)3

by xYX4)
20
=
=
log2 =
logk
2xx / *

=> k = 2

93 .
Simplify log 4729 +x27
-
.

3 (2x(3)-
log,
Solution 4729 .

=
log, 729 . 3

=
log $72935-6
 log43x3
=

=
log, =

log
94 Simplify
·
:
-

192 + 16-
logz3 log log 18 Log
12 · :

Solution

*
=
lg] log 2x3 Log
·
2 x3 ·

log2x3 +1-

log 12 ·

Log + 10
=

log3 (log
·
2 +
log) Loga log) Lloy2+
+ .
2 .

log 12 ·

Log
+ 10
Let log ? =
= <(c + 2)( +4)( + 6) + 1 -
( + 2)(c + 4) + 10

=
(7 6)(x76 + 8) + 16 -

(7 6 + 8) + 10

Let k =+ 6x

=
((t + 8) + 16 -
( + + 8) + 10

= VF + 8 + + 16
-

( 8) + 10
+

( 4) +
=

+ - -
8 + 10

=
A + 4 A
- -
8 + 10 = 5

①Base change theorem

(i) log log ,
a =
ex :
-log
= log
,
log ?
log b ,

ex :
-log2 log ? X

= lol
proy Let log a =
P and
log b=
, log a

,
=
g ,

=>b , ach, b = ch

=>
be c
=> ((y0 = c = up
=
q

Pet lea
loga l
ii) loga
a
=

fig alog = plaga

en : -zlugst = flog
protyloglogaa

=
lg X
 amn =
(amyn
wa
=
(aka)
=
clogs proved

9) I .
Simplify : -logt logt leg
Solution
% __ _g
t

= O

92 If (log3) (log 4) (log45)

.

> .
. .
.
log( +
1) = 10 .

Find n ?

solution
log 2 x 10

log( ) 1)
log(
+
= + = 10
= 10 =
log 2
n+ 1 216
= =
 = n = 1023

& 3 Find the solutions

.
no .

I of
?
log(-1) Log-3) =

Solution
log(-1)
=

log2-3
= x -
1 =
( 3)2
-

x 1
=> -
= x 2 6x + 9

-x2 7x + 10 - = 0

=> u2 - 54 - 2n+ 10 = 0

=> U(x -

5) -
2(n 5) - = 0

=> G 3)-

(x 2) -

=> x= 2 5
,
discarded
U=2 will be as
log()
2
is not
defined . Hence
,
there is
only
one solution .