ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

Assignment Questions
Unit – I - BASICS, ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW
2 Marks Questions
1. Express flow Energy.
2. Interpret the conditions of steady flow process.
3. Summarize thermodynamic equilibrium.
4. Differentiate between point function and path function.
5. Using Knudsen number define continuum.
6. What is meant by control volume and control surface?
7. Should the automobile radiator be analyzed as a closed system or as an open system?
8. Enlist the similarities between heat and work.
9. What is microscopic approach in thermodynamics?
10. Generalize extensive property.
11. What is perpetual motion machine of first kind [PMM1]?
12. Give the limitations of first law of thermodynamics.
13. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp - Cv = R.
14. Compare homogeneous and heterogeneous system.
15. Compare intensive and extensive properties.
16. Differentiate quasi static and non quasi static process.
17. Write the term State and Process.
18. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
19. Indicate the practical application of steady flow energy equation.
20. Illustrate reversible and irreversible process.

16 Marks Questions
1. Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion process as
shown in the figure.

2. Derive the expression for the displacement work.

3. Determine the work transfer and heat transfer a system in which a perfect gas having
molecular weight of 16 kg/ kmol is compressed from 101.3 kPa. 20˚C to a pressure
of 600 kPa following the law PV1.3 = constant. Take specific heat at constant pressure
of gas as 1.7 kJ/kgK.
4. A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the p–v relationship is
from PV1.2 = Constant. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa and the initial volume is 1 m 3.
The final pressure is 5 kPa. If specific internal energy of the gas decreases by 40
kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in magnitude and direction.
5. A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 m 3
and 0.015 MPa to the final state of 0.15 m3 and 0.105 MPa, the pressure remaining
 constant during the process. There is a transfer of 37.6 kJ of heat from the gas during
the process. How much does the internal energy of the gas change?
6. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:
Process 1-2: constant pressure P1 = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m 3, W1-2=10.5 kJ. Process
2-3: compression with PV=C, U3=U2. Process 3-1: constant volume, U1-U3 = - 26.4
kJ. There are no significant changes in the KE and PE. Sketch the cycle on a PV
diagram. Calculate the network for the cycle in kJ. Calculate the heat transfer for the
process 1-2. Show that the sum of heat transfer in the cycle is equal to the sum of
work transfer in the cycle.
7. A turbine operating under steady flow conditions receives steam at the following
state: pressure 13.8 bar, specific volume 0.143 m 3/kg, internal energy 2590 kJ/kg,
velocity 30 m/s. The state of the stream leaving turbine is turbine is; pressure 0.35
bar, specific volume 4.37m3/kg, internal energy 2360 kJ/kg, velocity 90 m/s. Heat is
lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.25 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow is 0.38 kg/s,
what is the power developed by the turbine?
8. A thermodynamic system operates under steady flow conditions, the fluid entering at
2 bar and leaving at 10 bar. The entry velocity is 30 m/s and the exit velocity is 10
m/s. During the process 25 MJ/hr of heat from an external source is supplied and the
increase in enthalpy is 5 kJ/kg. The exit point is 20 m above the entry point. Estimate
flow work from the system if the fluid flow rate is 15 kg/min.
9. A vessel of constant volume 0.3 m3 contains air at 1.5 bar and is connected via a
valve to a large main carrying air at a temperature of 38 °C and high pressure. The
valve is opened allowing air to enter the vessel and raising the pressure therein to 7.5
bar. Assuming the vessel and valve to be thermally insulated, predict the mass of the
air entering the vessel.
10. The gas expanding in the combustion space of a reciprocating engine has an initial
pressure of 50 bar and an initial temperature of 1623˚C. The initial volume is 50000
mm3 and the gas expands through a volume ratio of 20 according to the law PV 1.25 =
constant. Calculate: The work transfer and Heat transfer in the expansion process.
Take R=270 J/kgK and Cv= 800 J/kgK
 UNIT II - SECOND LAW AND ENTROPY
2 Marks Questions
1. A reversible heat engine operate between a source at 800˚C and sink at 30˚C. What is
the least rate of heat rejection per kW network output of the engine?
2. Define heat reservoir and source.
3. What is Helmholtz free enginery function?
4. State Clausius statement of II law of thermodynamics.
5. Reframe a schematic diagram of a heat pump.
6. State kelvin Planck’s second law statement.
7. Compare difference between adiabatic and isentropic process.
8. An inventor claims to develop an engine which absorbs 100 kW of heat from a
reservoir at 1000 K produces 60 kW of work and rejects heat to a reservoir at 500 K.
Will you advise investment in its development?
9. What is thermal energy reservoir? Explain the term source and sink.
10. Discuss reversed heat engine in practically.
11. What is the difference between a refrigerator and an air conditioner?
12. What is meant by dead state?
13. Sketch temperature entropy diagram.
14. When a system is adiabatic, what changes will been happen in entropy of a substance
in the system?
15. Explain various operation of a Carnot cycle.

16 Marks Questions

1. A Carnot heat engine draws heat from a reservoir at temperature 600 K and reject
heat to another reservoir at temperature T3. The Carnot forward cycle engine drives a
carnot reversed cycle engine or Carnot refrigerator which absorbs heat from reservoir
at temperature 300 K and reject heat to a reservoir at temperature T 3, determine: i)
The temperature T3 such that heat supplied to engine Q 1 is equal to the heat absorbed
by refrigerator Q2. ii ) The efficiency of Carnot engine and COP of Carnot
refrigerator.
2. Show that the efficiency of the reversible heat engine depends only on the maximum
and minimum absolute temperature in the cycle.
3. State and prove Carnot theorem.
4. A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0 ○C in a refrigerator
when it rejects the heat to the surroundings at 25 ○C. if the heat removal rate from the
refrigerator is 1440 kJ/min, determine the COP of the machine and the work input
required.
5. If the required input to run the pump is developed by a reversible engine which
receives heat at 380 °C and rejects heat to the atmosphere and then determines the
overall COP of the system.
6. Three Carnot engines A, B and C working between the temperature of 1000 K and
300 K are in a series combination. The works produced by these engines are in the
ratios 5:4:3. Make calculations of temperature for the intermediate reservoirs.
7. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs a temperature of 600 ○C
and 40 ○C. the engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between the
reservoirs at temperatures of 40 ○C and -20 ○C. the heat transfer to the heat engine is
2000 kJ and the network output for the combined engine refrigerator is 360 kJ.
Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the reservoir
 at 40 ○C.
8. Describe the Carnot cycle and examine the Carnot principles, idealized Carnot heat
engine, refrigerators and heat pumps.
9. Determine the expression for the thermal efficiencies and coefficient of performance
for reversible heat engines, heat pump and refrigerators.
10. Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one receives heat at 870
°C and rejects to a reservoir at T. B receives heat rejected by the first engine and in
turn rejects to a sink 300 K. calculate the temperature T for i) Equal work output of
both engines ii) Same efficiencies iii) Mention Clausius inequality for open, closed
and isolated systems.
11. An adiabatic turbine receives a gas (Cp =1.09 kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.839 kJ/kgK) at 7
bar and 1000 °C and discharge at 1.5 bar and 665 oC. Determine the second law and
isentropic efficiencies of the turbine. Take To = 298 K.
12. A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 4 bar, 0.3 m 3 to 0.08 m3
according to the law PV1.25 = C. Determine the change in enthalpy the change in
internal energy and change in entropy.
13. Calculate the entropy change of the universe as a result of the following processes: i)
A copper block of 600 g mass and with Cp of 150 J/K at 100 ○C is place in a lake at
8 ○C, ii) The same block at 8 ○C is dropped from a height of 100 m into the lake, iii)
Two such blocks at 100 °C and 0 ○C are joined together.
14. A reversible engine operates between temperatures T 1 and T (T1 > T). The energy
rejected from this engine is received by a second reversible engine at the same
temperature T. The second engine rejects energy at temperature T 2 (T2 < T). Show
that: i) Temperature T is the arithmetic mean of temperatures T 1 and T2 if the engines
produce the same amount of work output, ii) Temperature T is the geometric mean of
temperatures T1 and T2 if the engines have the same cycle efficiencies.
 UNIT III - AVAILABILITY AND APPLICATIONS OF II LAW
2 Marks Questions
1. How irreversibility in a process is define.
2. A turbine gets a supply of 5 kg /s of steam at 7 bar, 250 °C and discharges it at 1 bar.
Solve the availability.
3. What are the causes of irreversibility?
4. Illustrate the principle of increase of entropy.
5. Summarize high grade and low grade energy.
6. Point out the purpose of second law of thermodynamics.

UNIT-IV: PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

2 Marks Questions
1. Write a short note on Mollier Chart.
2. What are compressed solid and compressed liquid?
3. Discuss the critical condition of steam.
4. Illustrate meant by dead state.
5. Superheated steam at 30 bar and 300 ○C enters a turbine and expanded to 5 bar and
quality 0.974 dryness, compute the loss in availability for the adiabatic process if the
atmospheric temperature is 270 ○C.
6. Define pure substance.
7. Recite triple point represented in P-V diagram.
8. Explain the terms, Degree of super heat, degree of sub-cooling.
9. Discuss latent heat of vaporization.
10. Draw P-T (Pressure-Temperature) diagram of a pure substance.

16 Marks Questions
1. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and
saturated steam at a temperature of 245 °C. the mass of the liquid present is 10 kg.
Calculate the pressure, mass, specific volume, specific enthalpy, specific entropy,
and specific internal energy.
2. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of saturated steam at 5 bar. Find the quantity of
heat which must be rejected so as to reduce the quality to 60 % dry. Determine the
pressure and the temperature of the steam at the new state.
3. A large insulated vessel is divided into two chambers, one containing 5 kg of dry
saturated steam at 0.2 MPa and other 10kg of steam 0.8 quality at 0.5 MPa. If the
partition between the chambers is removed and the steam is mixed thoroughly and
allowed to settle, find the final pressure, steam quality and entropy change in the
process.
4. Explain the process of formation of steam with T-S diagram.
5. 3 kg of steam at 18 bar occupy a volume of 0.2550 m 3. During a constant volume
process, the heat rejected is 1320 kJ. Determine final internal energy also find initial
dryness and work done.
 UNIT-V: GAS MIXTURES AND THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS

2 Marks Questions
1. State the principle of corresponding states.
2. How does the Vander Waal’s equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state?
3. State the assumptions made in deriving ideal gas equation using the kinetic theory of
gases.
4. What is meant by partial volume?
5. One kg of ideal gas is heated from 18 °C to 93 °C. Taking R=269 Nm / kgK and
ˠ=1.2 for the gas. Calculate the change in internal energy.
6. Define the Boyle temperature. How is it computed?
7. Using Clausius - Clapeyron equation, estimate the enthalpy of
3 3
vaporization at 200 °C. Vg=0.1274 m /kg; Vf= 0.01157 m /kg; dp/dt = 32 kPa/K.
8. Draw a generalized Compressibility Chart and its significance.
9. What are virial coefficients? When do they become zero?
10. Determine the molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 N/m 2 and 30 ○C.
Universal gas constant may be taken as 8314 J/kg moleK.
11. Show that for an ideal gas Cp - Cv = R.
12. List the effect of compressibility factor.
13. Define isothermal compressibility.
14. Distinguish between the characteristic gas constant and the universal gas constant.
15. Summarize the examples of real gases.
16. Recite thermodynamic gradients.
17. What is known as equation of state and when it can be used for engineering
calculations?
18. Difference between an ideal and a perfect gas.
19. Identify the application of Clausius - Clapeyron equation
20. What is Joule-Thomson coefficient? Why is it zero for an ideal gas?
21. Explain Joule Kelvin effect. What is inversion temperature?
22. Define Gibb’s Theorem.
23. Write down two Tds relations.
24. Write the Maxwell's equations and its significance.
25. Why does the Gibbs function remain constant during phase transition?
26. Determine the condition when Cp = Cv.
27. Define Equation of state.
28. Prove that specific heat at constant volume (Cv) of a Van der Waals’ gas is a
function of temperature alone.
29. Show that the internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas are functions of
temperature only.
30. What is the energy equation? How does this equation lead to the derivation of the
Stefan –Boltzman law of thermal radiation?

16 Marks Questions
1. Deduce Van der Waals equation of state and explain its importance.
2. Explain the principle of corresponding states and the use of compressibility chart.
3. One kg of CO2 has a volume of 1 m3 at 100˚C. Compute the pressure by a) Van der
Waals' equation, b) Perfect gas equation. The Van der Waals' constants a = 362850
 Nm4 / (kg-mol)2 and b=0.0423 m3/(kg-mol).
4. Write the Berthelot and Dieterici equations.
5. A vessel of capacity 3 m3 contain 1kg mole of N2 at 90 ˚C, i) Calculate pressure and
the specific volume of the gas, ii) If the ratio specific heats is 1.4, evaluate the values
of Cp and Cv, iii) Subsequently, the gas cools to the atmospheric temperature of
20˚C, then evaluate the final pressure of gas, iv) Evaluate the increase in specific
internal energy, the increase in specific enthalpy, increase in specific entropy and
magnitude and sign of heat transfer.
6. CO2 flow at a pressure of 10 bar and 180 ˚C into a turbine, located in a chemical
plant, and there it expands reversibly and adiabatically to a final pressure of 1.05 bar.
Calculate the final specific volume, temperature and increase in entropy. Neglect
changes in velocity and elevation. If the mass flow rate is 6.5 kg/min, evaluate the
hat transfer rate from the gas and the power delivered by the turbine. Assume CO 2 to
be a perfect gas and Cv = 0.837kJ/kgK.
7. State Dalton’s Law of partial pressure.
8. How is the partial pressure of a component in a gaseous mixture related to the mole
fraction of that component?
9. Determine the pressure of nitrogen gas at T=175 K and v = 0.00375 m 3/kg on the
basis of i) The ideal gas equation of state, ii) The van der Walls equation of state.
The van der Walls constant for nitrogen area = 0.175 m6kPa/kg; b = 0.00138 m3/kg.
10. Determine the specific volume of nitrogen at 100 atm and 145 K. Given for nitrogen:
Pc = 3390 kPa, Tc = 126.2 K. Calculate, P and compare, it with the one obtained by
using the van der Waals equation.
11. The gas neon has a molecular weight of 20.183 and its critical temperature pressure
and volume are 44.5 K, 2.73 MPa and 0.0416 m3/kg mol. Reading from a
compressibility chart for a reduced pressure of 1.3, the compressibility factor Z is
0.7. What are the corresponding specific volume, pressure, temperature and reduced
volume?
12. An air filled balloon (8 m diameter, assumed to be spherical) floats in atmosphere at
100 kPa and 300 K. Determine the a) mass of air displaced, b) moles of air displaced
by the balloon. If instead of air, hydrogen gas is used to fill the balloon, Calculate the
mass and number of moles of hydrogen used.
13. The pressure and temperature of mixture of 4 kg of O 2 and 6 kg of N2 and 4 bar and
27 ○C respectively. For the mixture determine the following;
a) The mole fraction of each component
b) The average molecular weight
c) The specific gas constant
d) The volume and density
e) The partial pressure and partial volume.
14. A certain gas has Cp=1.968kJ/kgK and Cv=1.505kJ/kgK. Find its molecular weight
and the gas constant. A constant volume chamber of 0.3 m 3 capacity contains 2 kg of
this gas at 5 °C. Heat is transferred to the gas until the temperature is 100 °C. Find
the work done, heat transferred and the changes in internal energy, enthalpy and
entropy.
 UNIT V GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRY

2 Marks Questions

1. State Amagat's Law.

2. Identify the relationship between the partial pressures of the constituents in gas
mixtures.
3. What is metastable equilibrium?
4. Using the definitions of mass and mole fractions, derive a relation between them.
5. Define molar mass.
6. Using the cyclic equation, prove that; (δp/δT)v = β / KT ;
7. For a perfect gas, show that the difference in specific heats is; cp-cv = R/T
8. What do you understand by phase equilibrium?
9. Define Psychrometry.
10. What is moist air?
11. Summarize various psychrometric processes
12. Give the application where heating and humidification of air used.
13. List various types of air conditioning
14. Compare evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing
15. Define adiabatic saturation temperature
16. Summarize why humidification of air is necessary.

16 Marks Questions
1. A vessel of 0.35 m3 capacity contains 0.4 kg of carbon monoxide (molecular weight
= 28) and 1 kg of air at 20ºC. Calculate: (i) The partial pressure of each constituent,
(ii) The total pressure in the vessel. The gravimetric analysis of air may be taken as
23.3% oxygen (molecular weight = 32) and 76.7% nitrogen (molecular weight – 28).
2. A gas mixture consists of 7 kg nitrogen and 2 kg oxygen, at 4 bar and 27˚C.
Calculate the mole fraction, partial pressure, molar mass, gas constant, volume and
density.
3. Explain the mole fraction and mass fraction and the relationship between them.
4. The exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine is found to have 9.8% CO 2, 0.3%
CO, 10.6% H2O, 4.5% O2 and 74.8% N2 by volume. Calculate molar mass and gas
constant of the exhaust gas. If the volume flow rate of exhaust gas is 2m3/hr at 100
kPa and 573K, calculate its mass flow rate.
5. A tank of 0.2m3 capacity contains O2 at 15 bar and 400○C. A second tank 0.5m3
contains N2 at 20 and 300○C. the two tanks are connected together and allowed to
mix. The heat lost during mixing is 50 kJ. Determine the final pressure, final
temperature of the mixture and net entropy change due to mixing.
6. Five moles of gas mixture contains 45% N2, 27% He and 28% C6H6 by mass. Find (i)
the analysis by volume and the number of moles of each constituent (ii) the volume
of mixture at 3.5 bar pressure and 20○C.
7. Define psychrometric process. Explain various psychrometric process in detail with
neat sketch.
8. Explain the following Air Conditioning Process.
a) Sensible cooling and Sensible heating process. b) Cooling and dehumidification
process. c) Evaporative cooling.
9. Atmospheric air at 1.0132 bar has a DBT of 30˚C and WBT of
25˚C. Calculate
(i) the partial pressure of water vapour
(ii) specific humidity
(iii) the dew point temperature
(iv) the relative humidity
(v) the degree of saturation
(vi) the density of air in the mixture
(vii) the density of vapour in the mixture and
(viii) the enthalpy of the mixture. Use the thermodynamic tables only.
10. Atmospheric air at 38˚C and 25% relative humidity passes through an evaporator
cooler. If the final temperature of air is 18˚C, how much water is added per kg of dry
air and what is the final relative humidity?