SYLLABUS

Cambridge International Level 3

Pre-U Certificate in
Physics (Principal)

9792
For centres in the UK

For examination in 2023 and 2024

Re-sit opportunity only in 2024

This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge
International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate. QN: 500/3684/1

Cambridge Advanced Version 1

 Changes to the syllabus for 2023 and 2024
The syllabus has been updated. The latest syllabus is version 1, published February 2020.

There are no significant changes which affect teaching.

This syllabus is available for examination in June 2023 and is being offered as a re-sit opportunity in June
2024.

You are strongly advised to read the whole syllabus before planning your teaching programme.

Cambridge Assessment International Education retains the copyright on all its publications. Registered centres are
permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However, we cannot give permission to centres
to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a centre.

Copyright © UCLES February 2020

Contents

Introduction........................................................................................................................... 2
Why choose Cambridge Pre-U?
Why choose Cambridge Pre-U Physics?

Syllabus aims......................................................................................................................... 5
Scheme of assessment......................................................................................................... 6
Assessment objectives......................................................................................................... 8
Relationship between scheme of assessment and assessment objectives ........................ 9
Grading and reporting.......................................................................................................... 10
Grade descriptions............................................................................................................... 11
Description of components................................................................................................. 13
Component 1: Paper 1 Multiple Choice
Component 2: Paper 2 Written Paper
Component 3: Paper 3 Written Paper
Component 4: Personal Investigation

Syllabus content.................................................................................................................. 15
Part A
Part B
Data and formulae list
Summary of key quantities, symbols and units

Glossary of terms used in physics papers........................................................................... 39

Guidance relating to practical assessment.......................................................................... 40
Additional information.......................................................................................................... 48
Introduction

Introduction

Why choose Cambridge Pre-U?

Cambridge Pre-U is designed to equip learners with the skills required to make a success of their studies at
university. Schools can choose from a wide range of subjects.

Cambridge Pre-U is built on a core set of educational aims to prepare learners for university admission, and
also for success in higher education and beyond:

• to support independent and self-directed learning

• to encourage learners to think laterally, critically and creatively, and to acquire good
problem-solving skills
• to promote comprehensive understanding of the subject through depth and rigour.

Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subjects are linear. A candidate must take all the components together at the end
of the course in one examination series. Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subjects are assessed at the end of a
two-year programme of study.

The Cambridge Pre-U nine-point grade set recognises the full range of learner ability.

Why choose Cambridge Pre-U Physics?

Cambridge Pre-U Physics enables learners to appreciate the role of physics in the real world by illustrating
its use in medicine, biophysics, engineering, space exploration, transport, robotics, communications, global
energy solutions, and environmental issues.

Cambridge Pre-U Physics provides learners with the opportunity to develop a sound understanding of
the subject through rigorous mathematical reasoning, while at the same time fostering a historical and
philosophical perspective in physics.

The syllabus will allow learners to acquire and develop problem-solving techniques in order to reach
solutions to mathematical problems. Multi-step problem solving will be particularly useful for learners
intending to go on to study engineering and more advanced physics courses.

To complement the mathematical rigour of the syllabus, Cambridge Pre-U Physics allows learners to reflect
on the development and impact of philosophical, historical and ethical ideas in physics. These contrasting
approaches to physics are designed to appeal to a wide range of learners; the mathematically competent
learners who will find it satisfying to develop their understanding of philosophical approaches and key
physical concepts, as well as those learners who strongly prefer mathematical analysis to problem solving.

Examination questions allow learners to apply their knowledge and understanding to novel contexts.
Optional questions allow candidates an element of choice between questions with a strong mathematical
flavour and those which are more discursive and reflective.

The linear assessment structure in which learners are tested at the end of the two-year course allows
learners time to develop their knowledge, understanding and skills, and make links between different topics.

2 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Introduction

The Personal Investigation enables learners to develop experimental skills by carrying out an extended
independent practical investigation into a topic which engages their interest. The development of practical
skills is fundamental to the subject, and the investigation gives learners the opportunity to develop skills
such as sound experimental methods and techniques for analysing data.

Prior learning
Cambridge Pre-U builds on the knowledge, understanding and skills typically gained by learners achieving a
good pass in Level 1/Level 2 qualifications in physics or related subjects.

Progression
Cambridge Pre-U is considered to be an excellent preparation for university and employment. It helps to
develop the in-depth subject knowledge and understanding which are so important to universities and
employers. Cambridge Pre-U Physics equips learners with a coherent theoretical and practical base of
transferable skills and key knowledge for future study and employment in physics and related fields (e.g.
medicine, engineering and applied sciences), while providing thought-provoking material to appeal to those
who do not wish to pursue a scientific career.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 3
Introduction

Cambridge Pre-U Diploma

If learners choose, they can combine Cambridge Pre-U qualifications to achieve the Cambridge Pre-U
Diploma; this comprises three Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subjects* together with Global Perspectives
and Independent Research (GPR). The Cambridge Pre-U Diploma, therefore, provides the opportunity for
interdisciplinary study informed by an international perspective and includes an independent research project.

first year second year

   CAMBRIDGE PRE-U DIPLOMA

Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subject

Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subject*

Cambridge Pre-U Principal Subject*

Cambridge Pre-U Global Perspectives and Independent Research (GPR)

* Up to two A Levels, Scottish Advanced Highers or IB Diploma programme courses at higher level can be
substituted for Principal Subjects.

Learn more about the Cambridge Pre-U Diploma at www.cambridgeinternational.org/cambridgepreu

Support
Cambridge International provides a wide range of support for Pre-U syllabuses, which includes
recommended resource lists, Teacher Guides and Example Candidate Response booklets. Teachers can
access these support materials at the School Support Hub www.cambridgeinternational.org/support

4 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus aims

Syllabus aims

The aims of the syllabus, listed below, are the same for all candidates and are to:

• equip learners with the principles with which they can make sense of the large body of physics
knowledge
• develop learners’ skills in solving physical problems and rationalising unfamiliar material
• enable learners to use mathematical reasoning to help them understand phenomena and solve
problems
• enable learners to develop an understanding of key physics concepts
• enable learners to acquire a sound knowledge and understanding of some of the historical and
philosophical developments in particular aspects of physics
• develop learners’ understanding of the link between theory and experiment and foster the
development of skills required for the design and execution of experiments
• instil in learners a sense of safe laboratory practice and equip them with the necessary laboratory
skills to pursue the subject beyond this course
• foster the development of attitudes relevant to science such as concern for accuracy and
precision, objectivity, integrity and the skills of enquiry, initiative and inventiveness
• promote an awareness of the use and development of scientific models
• provide the tools for learners to analyse independently, and to develop an informed interest in
major scientific issues
• develop transferable skills applicable to the study and communication of science
• develop an understanding of the links between physics and other scientific and technological
subjects
• promote an awareness that physics is a co-operative and cumulative activity, subject to
technological, economic, historical, cultural, social and ethical factors
• promote the value of physics to society and stimulate interest in, and care for, the environment in
relation to the impact of physics and its applications.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is an education organisation and politically

neutral. The contents of this syllabus, examination papers and associated materials do not endorse
any political view. We endeavour to treat all aspects of the exam process neutrally.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 5
Scheme of assessment

Scheme of assessment

For Cambridge Pre-U Physics, candidates take all four components.

Component Weighting

Paper 1 Multiple Choice 1 hour 30 minutes 20%

Candidates answer 40 multiple-choice questions based on Parts A and B of the
syllabus content.
40 marks
Externally assessed

Paper 2 Written Paper 2 hours 30%

Section 1: Candidates answer structured questions based on Part A of the syllabus
content.
Section 2: Candidates answer structured questions related to pre-release
material1. The pre-release material may be linked to any part of the syllabus and
may introduce new concepts upon which questions are based.
100 marks
Externally assessed

Paper 3 Written Paper 3 hours 35%

Section 1: Candidates answer structured questions requiring short answers or
calculations and some longer answers. The questions are focused on Part B of the
syllabus content, but may also draw on Part A.
Section 2: Candidates answer three questions from a choice of six. Three
questions will have a strong mathematical focus and three questions will focus on
philosophical issues and/or physics concepts. Learning outcomes marked with an
asterisk (*) will only be assessed in this section.
140 marks
Externally assessed

Component 4 Personal Investigation 20 hours 15%

Candidates plan and carry out an investigation of a practical problem of their
own choosing. Candidates are assessed on their ability to: plan; make detailed
observations of measurements; use a range of measuring instruments; use
appropriate physics principles; and produce a well-organised report. Candidates are
allowed a maximum of 20 hours to complete this investigation, including planning
and writing up.
30 marks
Internally marked and externally moderated

11
1 Thepre-release material for Paper 2 is made available to centres before the examination. It is also
reproduced in the question paper. Candidates must not bring any prepared material into the examination.
Teachers should check the Cambridge Handbook (UK) for the year of assessment for information on when
the pre-release materials will be available.

6 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Scheme of assessment

Availability
This syllabus is examined in the June 2023 series and is being offered in the June 2024 series as a re-sit
opportunity only. This syllabus will not be offered again and there will be no further re-sit opportunities.

This syllabus is available to private candidates with the exception of Component 4 (Personal Investigation).
For more information, please refer to the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries (UK) for the relevant series.

Combining this with other syllabuses

Candidates can combine this syllabus in a series with any other Cambridge International syllabus, except
syllabuses with the same title at the same level.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 7
Assessment objectives

Assessment objectives

Knowledge with understanding

Candidates will be expected to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in
relation to:
• scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, quantities, principles, concepts and
theories, and the relationships and models used to explain them
AO1 • scientific vocabulary, terminology and conventions (including symbols, quantities
and units)
• scientific instruments, apparatus and methods, and their uses
• scientific developments and the methodology used to develop knowledge.

The syllabus content defines the actual knowledge that candidates may be required
to recall and explain.

Application of knowledge and problem solving

Candidates will be expected to:
• select, organise, interpret and present scientific information
• translate information from one form to another (including manipulating numerical
and other data)
• analyse scientific information by identifying and explaining patterns and trends,
AO2 drawing inferences and conclusions, and constructing arguments
• evaluate scientific information in terms of validity, accuracy and precision
• apply and synthesise scientific skills, knowledge and understanding to solve
problems and explain phenomena.

This assessment objective relates primarily to unfamiliar data, phenomena or

situations which, by definition, cannot be listed in the syllabus content.

Experimental and investigative skills

Candidates will be expected to:
• plan scientific investigations (including constructing and testing hypotheses and
predictions)
• research information from secondary sources (including books, journals and the
internet)
• use scientific apparatus, methods and techniques skilfully and safely
AO3 • make, record and communicate observations, measurements and methods
methodically with appropriate clarity, precision and accuracy
• manipulate, present and analyse raw data provided or from scientific experiments
and investigations (including identifying mathematical relationships, where
appropriate)
• report findings and conclusions, supported by evidence (including secondary
sources, where appropriate)
• evaluate experimental methods, techniques, raw data and conclusions; identify
limitations and suggest improvements.

8 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Relationship between scheme of assessment and assessment objectives

Relationship between scheme of assessment and

assessment objectives

The approximate weightings allocated to each of the assessment objectives (AOs) are summarised below.

Assessment objectives as a percentage of the qualification

Assessment objective Weighting in Pre-U

%

AO1 Knowledge with understanding 40

AO2 Application of knowledge and problem solving 40

AO3 Experimental and investigative skills 20

Assessment objectives as a percentage of each component

Assessment Weighting in components

objective %

Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Component 4

AO1 45 50 46 0

AO2 55 46 43 0

AO3 0 4 11 100

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 9
Grading and reporting

Grading and reporting

Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificates (Principal Subjects and Global Perspectives Short Course)
are qualifications in their own right. Cambridge Pre-U reports achievement on a scale of nine grades:
Distinction 1, Distinction 2, Distinction 3, Merit 1, Merit 2, Merit 3, Pass 1, Pass 2 and Pass 3.

Cambridge Cambridge
Pre-U band Pre-U grade

Distinction 2

Merit 2

Pass 2

10 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Grade descriptions

Grade descriptions

Grade descriptions are provided to give an indication of the standards of achievement likely to have been
shown by candidates awarded particular grades. Weakness in one aspect of the examination may be
balanced by a better performance in some other aspect.

The following grade descriptions indicate the level of attainment characteristic of the middle of the given
grade band.

Distinction (D2)
Candidates recall and use knowledge of physics from the whole syllabus with few omissions and show
good understanding of many of the most demanding principles and concepts in the syllabus. They select
appropriate information from which to construct arguments or techniques with which to solve problems. In
the solution of problems, candidates are usually able to bring together fundamental principles from different
content areas of the syllabus and demonstrate a clear understanding of the relationships between them.

Candidates apply knowledge and principles of physics contained within the syllabus in both familiar
and unfamiliar contexts. In questions requiring numerical calculations, candidates demonstrate good
understanding of the underlying relationships between physical quantities involved and carry out all
elements of extended calculations correctly in situations where little or no guidance is given. They are often
successful in questions which require a combination of applying demanding concepts to unfamiliar contexts,
extended problem-solving and synthesis of ideas from different areas of physics.

In experimental activities, candidates identify a problem, formulate a clear and effective plan using
knowledge and understanding of physics, and use a range of relevant techniques with care and skill. They
are organised and methodical in the way they carry out their work and present their results. They make
and record measurements which are sufficient and with a precision which is appropriate to the task. They
interpret and explain their results with sound use of principles of physics and critically evaluate the reliability
of their methods.

Merit (M2)
Candidates recall and use knowledge of physics from most parts of the syllabus with some omissions
and show good understanding of many of the principles and concepts within it. They select appropriate
information from which to solve problems, including some problems in unfamiliar contexts. Candidates
show some signs of an ability to bring together fundamental principles from different content areas of the
syllabus, but do not do so consistently. They usually make good use of the concepts and terminology of
physics in communicating their answers.

Candidates apply knowledge and principles of physics contained within the syllabus in familiar and
some unfamiliar contexts. In questions requiring numerical calculations, candidates demonstrate some
understanding of the underlying relationships between physical quantities involved and are usually aware
of the magnitudes of common physical quantities. Candidates are usually successful in calculations where
some structure is provided and can carry out some elements of extended calculations correctly.

In experimental activities, candidates are usually able to identify a problem and to formulate a plan, many
aspects of which are realistic and practicable. They use a range of relevant techniques with care and skill.
They make and record measurements, usually with a precision which is appropriate to the task. They
interpret and explain their results using principles of physics and make some critical evaluation of their
methods.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 11
Grade descriptions

Pass (P2)
Candidates recall and use knowledge of physics from many parts of the syllabus and demonstrate some
understanding of a number of the main principles and concepts within it. Their level of knowledge and
understanding may vary significantly across major areas of the syllabus. They select discrete items of
knowledge and make some use of information that is presented in familiar ways to solve problems. They
make some use of the concepts and terminology of physics in communicating their answers.

Candidates apply knowledge and principles of physics contained within the syllabus to material presented in
a familiar or closely related context. They show some understanding of the magnitudes of common physical
quantities when carrying out numerical work. Candidates carry out straightforward calculations in most areas
of physics correctly when these calculations are of a familiar kind and when structure is provided, usually
using correct units.

In experimental activities, candidates are able to plan some aspects of the solution to a practical problem.
They make and record appropriate measurements and show some awareness of the need for precision.
They usually offer an interpretation of their experimental results making some use of fundamental principles
of physics.

12 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Description of components

Description of components

Component 1: Paper 1 Multiple Choice

This paper consists of 40 multiple-choice questions, all of the direct choice type. Questions will be based on
Part A and Part B of the syllabus content, but not on the learning outcomes marked with an asterisk (*).

Component 2: Paper 2 Written Paper

Learning outcomes marked with an asterisk (*) will not be assessed in this paper.

This paper consists of two sections:

• Section 1: Structured questions. This section consists of compulsory structured questions of variable
mark value. All questions will be based on Part A of the syllabus content. This section will contain 75
marks and candidates are advised to spend about one and a half hours on the section.
• Section 2: Questions related to pre-release material. This section consists of one compulsory
25-mark question relating to material released to candidates prior to the examination. The material
will draw on the physics concepts from Part A or Part B of the syllabus content and will show how
these concepts are applied in broad areas of physics. Candidates are advised to spend about 30 minutes
on the section. The pre-release material will be made available to centres before the examination.
You should check the Cambridge Handbook (UK) for the year candidates are taking the assessment
for information on when the pre-release materials will be available and where to access the materials,
see www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide. It will not be sent to centres in hard copy. The
pre-release material will contain extracts from a variety of sources. Cambridge does not necessarily
endorse the reasoning expressed by the original authors, some of whom may use unconventional
physics terminology and non-SI units. There may be inconsistencies between the extracts in the
pre-release material. For the examination, the pre-release material will be supplied to all candidates as
an Insert in the question paper. Candidates must not bring their own copies of the pre-release material
into the examination room.

Component 3: Paper 3 Written Paper

This paper consists of two sections:
• Section 1: Compulsory questions. This section consists of a number of compulsory questions of variable
mark value. These questions will focus on Part B of the syllabus content, although some questions may
also draw on content from Part A. Learning outcomes marked with an asterisk (*) will not be assessed in
this section. The questions will primarily be structured questions, but there may also be an unstructured
question requiring candidates to perform extended calculations and/or a question requiring the analysis
of experimental data. This section contains 80 marks and candidates are advised to spend about one and
a half hours on the section.
• Section 2: This section will consist of six questions, of which candidates answer three. Three questions
will have a strong mathematical focus and three will require discussion of philosophical issues and/or
physics concepts met in the course. The questions may assess content from any part of the syllabus
and may have a problem-solving focus. The mathematical requirements and learning outcomes marked
with an asterisk (*) will only be assessed in this section. Candidates are advised to spend about 30
minutes on each question in this section.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 13
Description of components

Contexts for questions in written papers

Questions in the written papers will, where possible, be set in novel contexts to show applications of
physics. Contexts may include medicine, biophysics, engineering, space exploration, transport, structures
and buildings, robotics, communications, global energy solutions, environmental issues, geology and
agriculture. Some questions may be set in the context of the latest pieces of research. Historical
and sociological scenarios may also be used. Some questions will enable candidates to demonstrate
experimental techniques and others, problem-solving skills. Candidates will be provided with a data and
formulae list for all written papers (see pages 35 and 36).

Component 4: Personal Investigation

Candidates will be required to perform an individual investigation of a practical problem of their own
choosing which has been agreed by the teacher.

The work should be carried out in normal lesson time under the supervision of the teacher. Candidates
will be allowed a maximum of 20 hours to complete the project, including planning and writing up. It is
envisaged that after a brief period of trialling ideas and developing project ideas, the bulk of the work will be
completed in two weeks of normal lesson time and homework. Teachers will monitor the progress of the
work on a frequent basis throughout the two weeks of practical work to ensure that candidates are writing
up their work as they go along.

The entire 20 hours of the project should be completed within four weeks.

Candidates will be assessed on their ability to:

• produce a detailed plan
• make detailed records of observations, measurements and methods
• use a range of different instruments to obtain accurate and precise results
• use appropriate physics principles to interpret results
• communicate raw and processed data to support conclusions
• produce a well-organised, detailed and structured project report.

Teachers will be required to assess the candidate’s organisation during the project, and to mark the
candidate’s report according to the assessment criteria listed in this syllabus. The marking will be sampled
and externally moderated.

Nomenclature and units

Candidates are expected to be familiar with the nomenclature used in the syllabus. The proposals in Signs,
Symbols and Systematics (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16–19 Science, 2000) will
generally be adopted.

In practical work, candidates will be expected to use SI units or, where appropriate, units approved by the
BIPM for use with the SI (e.g. minute). A list of SI units, and units approved for use with the SI, may be
found in the SI brochure at http://www.bipm.org

The use of imperial/customary units such as the inch and degree Fahrenheit is not acceptable and should be
discouraged.

In all examinations, where data are supplied for use in questions, candidates will be expected to use units
that are consistent with the units supplied, and should not attempt conversion to other systems of units
unless this is a requirement of the question.

14 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

Syllabus content

This syllabus gives you the flexibility to design a course that will interest, challenge and engage your
learners. Where appropriate you are responsible for selecting suitable subject contexts, resources and
examples to support your learners’ study. These should be appropriate for the learners’ age, cultural
background and learning context as well as complying with your school policies.

The syllabus consists of the following topic areas:

Part A
1 Mechanics
2 Gravitational fields
3 Deformation of solids
4 Energy concepts
5 Electricity
6 Waves
7 Superposition
8 Atomic and nuclear processes
9 Quantum ideas

Part B
10 Rotational mechanics
11 Oscillations
12 Electric fields
13 Gravitation
14 Electromagnetism
15 Special relativity
16 Molecular kinetic theory
17 Nuclear physics
18 The quantum atom
19 Interpreting quantum theory
20 Astronomy and cosmology

The sequence in which the syllabus content is listed is not intended to represent a teaching order. There is
no requirement to teach Part A of the syllabus content before Part B.

The topic areas listed in Part B contain some learning outcomes that will only be assessed in Section 2 of
Paper 3 Written Paper. These learning outcomes are marked with an asterisk (*) in the following detailed
content.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 15
Syllabus content

Part A
1 Mechanics
Content
• scalars and vectors
• moment of a force
• kinematics
• Newton’s laws of motion
• conservation of linear momentum
• density
• pressure

Candidates should be able to:

(a) distinguish between scalar and vector quantities and give examples of each
(b) resolve a vector into two components at right angles to each other by drawing and by calculation
(c) combine any number of coplanar vectors at any angle to each other by drawing
(d) calculate the moment of a force and use the conditions for equilibrium to solve problems (restricted to
coplanar forces)
(e) construct displacement-time and velocity-time graphs for uniformly accelerated motion
(f) identify and use the physical quantities derived from the gradients of displacement-time and areas and
gradients of velocity-time graphs, including cases of non-uniform acceleration
(g) recall and use:
Dx
v=
Dt

Dv
a=
Dt

(h) recognise and use the kinematic equations for motion in one dimension with constant acceleration:
s = ut + 12 at2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

Ju + v NO
s = KK Ot
L 2 P

(i) recognise and make use of the independence of vertical and horizontal motion of a projectile moving
freely under gravity
(j) recognise that internal forces on a collection of objects sum to zero vectorially
(k) recall and interpret statements of Newton’s laws of motion
(l) recall and use F = ma in situations where mass is constant
(m) understand the effect of kinetic friction and static friction
(n) recall and use Fk = µkN and Fs = µsN, where N is the normal contact force and µk and µs are the
coefficients of kinetic friction and static friction, respectively
(o) recall and use the independent effects of perpendicular components of a force
(p) recall and use p = mv and apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum to problems in one
dimension

16 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

(q) distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions

(r) relate resultant force to rate of change of momentum in situations where mass is constant and recall
Dp
and use F =
Dt
(s) recall and use the relationship impulse = change in momentum
(t) recall and use the fact that the area under a force-time graph is equal to the impulse
(u) apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum to problems in two dimensions
mass
(v) recall and use density =
volume
normal force
(w) recall and use pressure = area
(x) recall and use p = ρgh for pressure due to a liquid.

2 Gravitational fields
Content
• gravitational field strength
• centre of gravity

Candidates should be able to:

(a) recall and use the fact that the gravitational field strength g is equal to the force per unit mass and hence
that weight W = mg
(b) recall that the weight of a body appears to act from its centre of gravity
(c) sketch the field lines for a uniform gravitational field (such as near the surface of the Earth)
(d) explain the distinction between gravitational field strength and force and explain the concept that a field
has independent properties.

3 Deformation of solids
Content
• elastic and plastic behaviour
• stress and strain

Candidates should be able to:

(a) distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation of a material
(b) recall the terms brittle, ductile, hard, malleable, stiff, strong and tough, explain their meaning and give
examples of materials exhibiting such behaviour
(c) explain the meaning of, and recall and use the appropriate equations to calculate tensile/compressive
stress, tensile/compressive strain, spring constant, strength, breaking stress, stiffness and Young
modulus
(d) draw force-extension, force-compression and tensile/compressive stress-strain graphs, and explain the
meaning of the limit of proportionality, elastic limit, yield point, breaking force and breaking stress
(e) state Hooke’s law and identify situations in which it is obeyed
(f) account for the stress-strain graphs of metals and polymers in terms of the microstructure of the
material.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 17
Syllabus content

4 Energy concepts
Content
• work
• power
• potential and kinetic energy
• energy conversion and conservation
• specific latent heat
• specific heat capacity

Candidates should be able to:

(a) recall and use the concept of work in terms of the product of a force and a displacement in the direction
of that force, including situations where the force is not along the line of motion
(b) calculate the work done in situations where the force is a function of displacement using the area under
a force-displacement graph
(c) understand that a heat engine is a device that is supplied with thermal energy and converts some of this
energy into useful work
(d) calculate power from the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred
(e) recall and use P = Fv
(f) recall and use ΔE = mgΔh for the gravitational potential energy transferred near the Earth’s surface
(g) recall and use gΔh as change in gravitational potential
1
(h) recall and use E = 2 Fx for the elastic strain energy in a deformed material sample obeying Hooke’s law
(i) use the area under a force-extension graph to determine elastic strain energy
1
(j) derive, recall and use E = 2 kx 2
1
(k) derive, recall and use E = 2 mv 2 for the kinetic energy of a body
(l) apply the principle of conservation of energy to solve problems
useful energy out
(m) recall and use % efficiency = × 100
total energy in
useful power out
% efficiency = × 100
total power in
(n) recognise and use ΔE = mcΔθ, where c is the specific heat capacity
(o) recognise and use ΔE = mL, where L is the specific latent heat of fusion or of vaporisation.

18 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

5 Electricity
Content
• electric current
• potential difference and electromotive force (emf)
• resistance and resistivity
• conservation of charge and energy

Candidates should be able to:

(a) discuss electrical phenomena in terms of electric charge
ΔQ
(b) describe electric current as the rate of flow of charge and recall and use I =
Δt
(c) understand potential difference in terms of energy transfer and recall and use V = W
Q
(d) recall and use the fact that resistance is defined by R = V and use this to calculate resistance variation
I
for a variety of voltage-current characteristics
(e) define and use the concepts of emf and internal resistance and distinguish between emf and terminal
potential difference
(f) derive, recall and use E = I(R + r ) and E = V + Ir
(g) derive, recall and use P = VI and W = VIt, and derive and use P = I 2R
ρl
(h) recall and use R =
A
(i) recall the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series RT = R1 + R2 + … and
use it to solve problems
(j) recall the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in parallel 1 = 1 + 1 + f and
R T R1 R2
use it to solve problems
(k) recall Kirchhoff’s first and second laws and apply them to circuits containing no more than two supply
components and no more than two linked loops
(l) appreciate that Kirchhoff’s first and second laws are a consequence of the conservation of charge and
energy, respectively
(m) use the idea of the potential divider to calculate potential differences and resistances.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 19
Syllabus content

6 Waves
Content
• progressive waves
• longitudinal and transverse waves
• electromagnetic spectrum
• polarisation
• refraction

Candidates should be able to:

(a) understand and use the terms displacement, amplitude, intensity, frequency, period, speed and
wavelength
(b) recall and apply f = 1 to a variety of situations not limited to waves
T
(c) recall and use the wave equation v = f λ
(d) recall that a sound wave is a Iongitudinal wave which can be described in terms of the displacement of
molecules or changes in pressure
(e) recall that light waves are transverse electromagnetic waves, and that all electromagnetic waves travel
at the same speed in a vacuum
(f) recall the major divisions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength, and the range of
wavelengths of the visible spectrum
(g) recall and use that the intensity of a wave is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude
(h) use graphs to represent transverse and longitudinal waves, including standing waves
(i) explain what is meant by a plane-polarised wave
(j) recall Malus’ law (intensity ∝ cos2 θ) and use it to calculate the amplitude and intensity of transmission
through a polarising filter
sin i 1 v1
(k) recognise and use the expression for refractive index n = =
sin i 2 v2
(l) derive and recall sinc = 1
n and use it to solve problems
(m) recall that optical fibres use total internal reflection to transmit signals
(n) recall that, in general, waves are partially transmitted and partially reflected at an interface between
media.

20 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

7 Superposition
Content
• phase difference
• diffraction
• interference
• standing waves

Candidates should be able to:

(a) explain and use the concepts of coherence, path difference, superposition and phase
(b) understand the origin of phase difference and path difference, and calculate phase differences from path
differences
(c) understand how the phase of a wave varies with time and position
(d) determine the resultant amplitude when two waves superpose, making use of phasor diagrams
(e) explain what is meant by a standing wave, how such a wave can be formed, and identify nodes and
antinodes
(f) understand that a complex wave may be regarded as a superposition of sinusoidal waves of appropriate
amplitudes, frequencies and phases
(g) recall that waves can be diffracted and that substantial diffraction occurs when the size of the gap or
obstacle is comparable to the wavelength
(h) recall qualitatively the diffraction patterns for a slit, a circular hole and a straight edge
(i) recognise and use the equation nλ = b sinθ to locate the positions of destructive superposition for single
slit diffraction, where b is the width of the slit
λ
(j) recognise and use the Rayleigh criterion θ ≈ for resolving power of a single aperture, where b is the
b
width of the aperture
(k) describe the superposition pattern for a diffraction grating and for a double slit and use the equation
nλ = d sinθ to calculate the angles of the principal maxima
ax
(l) use the equation λ = for double-slit interference using light.
D

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 21
Syllabus content

8 Atomic and nuclear processes

Content
• the nucleus
• nuclear processes
• probability and radioactive decay
• fission and fusion

Candidates should be able to:

(a) understand the importance of the α-particle scattering experiment in determining the nuclear model
(b) describe atomic structure using the nuclear model
(c) show an awareness of the existence and main sources of background radiation
(d) recognise nuclear radiations (α, β–, γ) from their penetrating power and ionising ability, and recall the
nature of these radiations
(e) write and interpret balanced nuclear transformation equations using standard notation
(f) understand and use the terms nucleon number (mass number), proton number (atomic number), nuclide
and isotope
(g) appreciate the spontaneous and random nature of nuclear decay
(h) define and use the concept of activity as the number of decays occurring per unit time
(i) understand qualitatively how a constant decay probability leads to the shape of a radioactive decay curve
(j) determine the number of nuclei remaining or the activity of a source after a time which is an integer
number of half-lives
(k) understand the terms thermonuclear fusion, induced fission and chain reaction
(l) recall that thermonuclear fusion and the fission of uranium-235 and plutonium-239 release large amounts
of energy.

22 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

9 Quantum ideas
Content
• the photoelectric effect
• the photon
• wave-particle duality

Candidates should be able to:

(a) recall that, for monochromatic light, the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is proportional to
the light intensity and that emission occurs instantaneously
(b) recall that the kinetic energy of photoelectrons varies from zero to a maximum, and that the maximum
kinetic energy depends on the frequency of the light, but not on its intensity
(c) recall that photoelectrons are not ejected when the light has a frequency lower than a certain threshold
frequency which varies from metal to metal
(d) understand how the wave description of light fails to account for the observed features of the
photoelectric effect and that the photon description is needed
(e) recall that the absorption of a photon of energy can result in the emission of a photoelectron
(f) recall and use E = hf
(g) understand and use the terms threshold frequency and work function and recall and use hf = Φ + 12 mv max
2

(h) understand the use of stopping potential to find the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons and
convert energies between joules and electron-volts
(i) plot a graph of stopping potential against frequency to determine the Planck constant, work function and
threshold frequency
(j) understand the need for a wave model to explain electron diffraction
(k) recognise and use λ = h
p for the de Broglie wavelength.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 23
Syllabus content

Part B
Learning outcomes marked with an asterisk (*) will be assessed only in Section 2 of Paper 3 Written Paper.

10 Rotational mechanics
Content
• kinematics of uniform circular motion
• centripetal acceleration
• moment of inertia
• kinematics of rotational motion

Candidates should be able to:

(a) define and use the radian
2π
(b) understand the concept of angular velocity, and recall and use the equations v = ωr and T =
ω
v2
(c) derive, recall and use the equations for centripetal acceleration a = r and a = r ω2
mv 2
(d) recall that F = ma applied to circular motion gives resultant force r

(e) describe qualitatively the motion of a rigid solid object under the influence of a single force in terms of
linear acceleration and rotational acceleration
(f) *recall and use I = Σmr 2 to calculate the moment of inertia of a body consisting of three or fewer point
particles fixed together
(g) *use integration to calculate the moment of inertia of a ring, a disk and a rod
(h) *deduce equations for rotational motion by analogy with Newton’s laws for linear motion, including
d~
E = 12 Iω2, L = Iω and C = I
dt
(i) *apply the laws of rotational motion to perform kinematic calculations regarding a rotating object when
the moment of inertia is given.

24 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

11 Oscillations
Content
• simple harmonic motion
• energy in simple harmonic motion
• forced oscillations, damping and resonance

Candidates should be able to:

(a) recall the condition for simple harmonic motion and hence identify situations in which simple harmonic
motion will occur
(b) *show that the condition for simple harmonic motion leads to a differential equation of the form
d2x =
–ω2x and that x = A cosωt is a solution to this equation
d t2
(c) *use differential calculus to derive the expressions v = –Aω sinωt and a = –Aω2 cosωt for simple
harmonic motion
(d) recognise and use the expressions x = A cosωt, v = –Aωsinωt, a = –Aω2 cosωt and F = –mω2x to solve
problems
2π
(e) recall and use T = as applied to a simple harmonic oscillator
ω
(f) understand the phase differences between displacement, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic
motion
1
(g) *show that the total energy of an undamped simple harmonic system is given by E = 2 mA2ω2 and
recognise that this is a constant
1
(h) recall and use E = 2 mA2ω2 to solve problems
(i) distinguish between free and forced oscillations
(j) understand the difference between lightly damped, heavily damped and critically damped oscillations
(k) recall how the amplitude of a forced oscillation changes at and around the natural frequency of a system
and describe, qualitatively, how damping affects resonance.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 25
Syllabus content

12 Electric fields
Content
• concept of an electric field
• uniform electric fields
• capacitance
• electric potential
• electric field of a point charge

Candidates should be able to:

(a) explain what is meant by an electric field and recall and use E = F for electric field strength
Q
(b) recall that applying a potential difference to two parallel plates stores charge on the plates and produces
a uniform electric field in the central region between them
(c) derive and use the equations Fd = QV and E = V for a charge moving through a potential difference in a
d
uniform electric field
(d) recall that the charge stored on parallel plates is proportional to the potential difference between them
Q
(e) recall and use C = for capacitance
V
(f) derive, recall and use W = 12 QV for the energy stored by a capacitor, derive the equation from the area
under a graph of charge stored against potential difference, and derive and use related equations such
as W = 1–2 CV 2
(g) analyse graphs of the variation with time of potential difference, charge and current for a capacitor
discharging through a resistor
(h) define and use the time constant of a discharging capacitor
t
(i) analyse the discharge of a capacitor using equations of the form x = xo e- RC
(j) understand that the direction and electric field strength of an electric field may be represented by field
lines (lines of force), and recall the patterns of field lines that represent uniform and radial electric fields
(k) understand electric potential and equipotentials
dV
(l) understand the relationship between electric field and potential gradient, and recall and use E = -
dx
Q1 Q2
(m) recognise and use F = for point charges
4 rf 0 r2

Q
(n) derive and use E = for the electric field due to a point charge
4 rf 0 r2

Q1 Q2 Q Q
(o) *use integration to derive W = 4 rf r from F = 1 22 for point charges
0 4 rf 0 r
Q1 Q2
(p) *recognise and use W = 4 rf for the electrostatic potential energy for point charges.
0r

26 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

13 Gravitation
Content
• Kepler’s laws
• Newton’s law of gravity
• gravitational field
• gravitational potential energy

Candidates should be able to:

(a) state Kepler’s laws of planetary motion:
(i) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus
(ii) the Sun-planet line sweeps out equal areas in equal times
(iii) the orbital period squared of a planet is proportional to its mean distance from the Sun cubed
Gm1 m2
(b) recognise and use F = -
r2
(c) use Newton’s law of gravity and centripetal force to derive r 3 ∝ T 2 for a circular orbit
(d) understand energy transfer by analysis of the area under a gravitational force-distance graph
Gm
(e) derive and use g = for the magnitude of the gravitational field strength due to a point mass
r2
(f) recall similarities and differences between electric and gravitational fields
Gm1 m2
(g) recognise and use the equation for gravitational potential energy for point masses E = - r

(h) calculate escape velocity using the ideas of gravitational potential energy, or area under a force-distance
graph and energy transfer
(i) calculate the distance from the centre of the Earth and the height above its surface required for a
geostationary orbit.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 27
Syllabus content

14 Electromagnetism
Content
• concept of a magnetic field
• force on a current-carrying conductor
• force on a moving charge
• electromagnetic induction
• the Hall effect

Candidates should be able to:

(a) understand and use the terms magnetic flux density, flux and flux linkage
(b) understand that magnetic fields are created by electric current
(c) recognise and use F = BIl sinθ
(d) recognise and use F = BQv sinθ
(e) use Fleming’s left-hand rule to solve problems
(f) explain qualitatively the factors affecting the emf induced across a coil when there is relative motion
between the coil and a permanent magnet or when there is a change of current in a primary coil linked
with it
d ^N U h
(g) recognise and use E = - and explain how it is an expression of Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws
dt
(h) derive, recall and use r = mv for the radius of curvature of a deflected charged particle
BQ
(i) explain the Hall effect, and derive and use V = Bvd.

15 Special relativity
Content
• Einstein’s special principle of relativity
• time dilation
• length contraction

Candidates should be able to:

(a) *recall that Maxwell’s equations describe the electromagnetic field and predict the existence of
electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light (Maxwell’s equations are not required)
(b) *recall that analogies with mechanical wave motion led most physicists to assume that electromagnetic
waves must be vibrations in an electromagnetic medium (the aether) filling absolute space
(c) *recall that experiments to measure variations in the speed of light caused by the Earth’s motion
through the aether gave null results
(d) *understand that Einstein’s theory of special relativity dispensed with the aether and postulated that the
speed of light is a universal constant
(e) *state the postulates of Einstein’s special principle of relativity
(f) *explain how Einstein’s postulates lead to the idea of time dilation and length contraction that
undermines the idea of absolute time and space
t
1 -v2
2
(g) *recognise and use t l = and l l = l
c
1 -v2
2

c
(h) *understand that two events which are simultaneous in one frame of reference may not be
simultaneous in another; explain this in terms of the fundamental postulates of relativity and distinguish
this from the phenomenon of time dilation.

28 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

16 Molecular kinetic theory

Content
• absolute scale of temperature
• equation of state
• kinetic theory of gases
• kinetic energy of a molecule
• first law of thermodynamics
• entropy
• second law of thermodynamics

Candidates should be able to:

(a) explain how empirical evidence leads to the gas laws and to the idea of an absolute scale of temperature
(b) use the units kelvin and degrees Celsius and convert from one to the other
(c) recognise and use the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1
(d) recall and use pV = nRT as the equation of state for an ideal gas
(e) describe Brownian motion and explain it in terms of the particle model of matter
(f) understand that the kinetic theory model is based on the assumptions that the particles occupy no
volume, that all collisions are elastic, and that there are no forces between particles until they collide
(g) understand that a model will begin to break down when the assumptions on which it is based are no
longer valid, and explain why this applies to kinetic theory at very high pressures or very high or very low
temperatures
(h) derive pV = 13 Nm c2 from first principles to illustrate how the microscopic particle model can account
for macroscopic observations
(i) recognise and use 12 m c2 = 23 kT
(j) understand and calculate the root mean square speed for particles in a gas
(k) understand the concept of internal energy as the sum of potential and kinetic energies of the molecules
(l) recall and use the first law of thermodynamics expressed in terms of the change in internal energy, the
heating of the system and the work done on the system
(m) recognise and use W = pΔV for the work done on or by a gas
E
(n) understand qualitatively how the random distribution of energies leads to the Boltzmann factor e- kT as a
measure of the chance of a high energy
(o) apply the Boltzmann factor to activation processes including rate of reaction, current in a semiconductor
and creep in a polymer
(p) *describe entropy qualitatively in terms of the dispersal of energy or particles and realise that entropy is
related to the number of ways in which a particular macroscopic state can be realised
(q) *recall that the second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system cannot
decrease and appreciate that this is related to probability
(r) *understand that the second law provides a thermodynamic arrow of time that distinguishes the future
(higher entropy) from the past (lower entropy)
(s) *understand that systems in which entropy decreases (e.g. humans) are not isolated and that when
their interactions with the environment are taken into account their net effect is to increase the entropy
of the Universe
(t) *understand that the second law implies that the Universe started in a state of low entropy and that
some physicists think that this implies it was in a state of extremely low probability.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 29
Syllabus content

17 Nuclear physics
Content
• equations of radioactive decay
• mass excess and nuclear binding energy
• antimatter
• the standard model

Candidates should be able to:

dN = -
(a) recall and show that the random nature of radioactive decay leads to the differential equation mN
dt
and that N = N0e–λt is a solution to this equation
dN
(b) recall that activity A = - and show that A = λN and A = A0e–λt
dT
ln2
(c) show that the half-life t 1 =
2 λ
(d) use the equations in (a), (b) and (c) to solve problems
(e) recognise and use the equation I = I0e – μx as applied to attenuation losses
(f) recall that radiation emitted from a point source and travelling through a non‑absorbing material obeys an
inverse square law and use this to solve problems
(g) estimate the size of a nucleus from the distance of closest approach of a charged particle
(h) understand the concept of nuclear binding energy, and recognise and use the equation ΔE = c 2Δm
(binding energy will be taken to be positive)
(i) recall, understand and explain the curve of binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number
(j) recall that antiparticles have the same mass but opposite charge and spin to their corresponding
particles
(k) relate the equation ΔE = c 2Δm to the creation or annihilation of particle-antiparticle pairs
(l) recall the quark model of the proton (uud) and the neutron (udd)
(m) understand how the conservation laws for energy, momentum and charge in beta-minus decay were
used to predict the existence and properties of the antineutrino
(n) balance nuclear transformation equations for alpha, beta-minus and beta-plus emissions
(o) recall that the standard model classifies matter into three families: quarks (including up and down),
leptons (including electrons and neutrinos) and force carriers (including photons and gluons)
(p) recall that matter is classified as baryons and leptons and that baryon numbers and lepton numbers are
conserved in nuclear transformations.

30 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

18 The quantum atom

Content
• line spectra
• energy levels in the hydrogen atom

Candidates should be able to:

(a) explain atomic line spectra in terms of photon emission and transitions between discrete energy levels
(b) apply E = hf to radiation emitted in a transition between energy levels
(c) show an understanding of the hydrogen line spectrum, photons and energy levels as represented by the
Lyman, Balmer and Paschen series
(d) recognise and use the energy levels of the hydrogen atom as described by the empirical equation

- 13 . 6eV
En =
n2

(e) *explain energy levels using the model of standing waves in a rectangular one-dimensional potential well
- 13 . 6eV
(f) *derive the hydrogen atom energy level equation En = algebraically using the model of
n2
electron standing waves, the de Broglie relation and the quantisation of angular momentum.

19 Interpreting quantum theory

Content
• interpretations of the double-slit experiment
• Schrödinger’s cat paradox
• the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Candidates should be able to:

(a) *interpret the double-slit experiment using the Copenhagen interpretation (and collapse of the wave-
function), Feynman’s sum-over-histories and Everett’s many-worlds theory
(b) *describe and explain Schrödinger’s cat paradox and appreciate the use of a thought experiment to
illustrate and argue about fundamental principles
h
(c) *recognise and use ΔpΔx > 2π as a form of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and interpret it

(d) *recognise that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle places limits on our ability to know the state of a
system and hence to predict its future
(e) *recall that Newtonian physics is deterministic, but quantum theory is indeterministic
(f) *understand why Einstein thought that quantum theory undermined the nature of reality by being:
(i) indeterministic (initial conditions do not uniquely determine the future)
(ii) non-local (for example, wave-function collapse)
(iii) incomplete (unable to predict precise values for properties of particles).

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 31
Syllabus content

20 Astronomy and cosmology

Content
• standard candles
• stellar radii
• Hubble’s law
• the Big Bang theory
• the age of the Universe

Candidates should be able to:

(a) understand the term luminosity

(b) recall and use the inverse square law for radiant flux intensity F in terms of the luminosity L of the
L
source F =
4πd 2
(c) understand the need to use standard candles to help determine distances to galaxies
1
(d) recognise and use Wien’s displacement law λmax ∝ to estimate the peak surface temperature of a star
T
either graphically or algebraically
(e) recognise and use Stefan’s law for a spherical body L = 4πσr 2T 4
(f) use Wien’s displacement law and Stefan’s law to estimate the radius of a star
(g) understand that the successful application of Newtonian mechanics and gravitation to the Solar System
and beyond indicated that the laws of physics apply universally and not just on Earth
Δλ Δf v
(h) recognise and use ≈ ≈ for a source of electromagnetic radiation moving relative to an observer
λ f c
(i) state Hubble’s law and explain why galactic redshift leads to the idea that the Universe is expanding and
to the Big Bang theory
(j) explain how microwave background radiation provides empirical support for the Big Bang theory
(k) understand that the theory of the expanding Universe involves the expansion of space-time and does
not imply a pre-existing empty space into which this expansion takes place or a time prior to the
Big Bang
(l) recall and use the equation v ≈ H0d for objects at cosmological distances
1
(m) derive an estimate for the age of the Universe by recalling and using the Hubble time t = .
H0

32 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

Mathematical requirements
Part A
Candidates should be able to:
1 make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the syllabus
2 recall and use the base units of the SI and appreciate the importance of basing other units upon these
base units
3 express derived units as products or quotients of the base units
4 express measurements using scientific notation or prefixes with units
5 recall and use the prefixes milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, kilo, mega, giga, and tera
6 use a given conversion formula to convert a measurement from one system of units to another
7 apply dimensional analysis to predict the form of a relationship, such as the time period of a simple
pendulum, using the standard dimension symbols M, L, T, I, θ for mass, length, time, current and
temperature respectively
8 use fractions or percentages to express ratios
9 recognise proportionality or inverse proportionality from data, and be able to predict other
measurements numerically from the assumption of proportionality or inverse proportionality
1
10 use calculators to find and use x n, x and n x
11 use calculators to find and use sinx, cosx, tanx, where x is expressed in degrees and radians
12 make estimates for the order of magnitude of results from calculations
13 use an appropriate number of significant figures, and from this recognise when models are or are not in
agreement with data within the uncertainties of the data
14 find arithmetic means and recognise their use in reducing the random uncertainties of the mean of a
set of measurements, while acknowledging that this procedure is of no use in reducing systematic
uncertainties
15 change the subject of an equation by manipulation of the terms, including the use of positive, negative,
integer and fraction indices
16 solve simple algebraic equations and simultaneous equations
17 substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities
18 understand and use the symbols =, ≈, <, ⩽, <<, >>, ⩾, >, ∝, Δ
19 calculate the areas of triangles, the circumferences and areas of circles, and the surface areas and
volumes of rectangular blocks, cylinders and spheres
20 use Pythagoras’ theorem and the angle sum of a triangle
21 use sines, cosines and tangents and their inverses in physical problems
22 translate information between graphical, numerical and algebraic forms
23 plot graphs of two variables from experimental or other data
24 determine the slope of and area under a graph by drawing and (in the case of a straight-line graph) by
calculation
25 express quantities with a very large range using the logarithm to base 10 of those quantities
26 use the slope and intercept of a graph to analyse a physical situation where a relationship is of the form
y = mx + c
27 use spreadsheets or modelling packages to solve physical problems
28 recognise that equations of the same form occur in different areas of physics and make analogies
between them
29 show an understanding of systematic and random errors
30 show an understanding of precision and accuracy.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 33
Syllabus content

Part B
The mathematical requirements marked with an asterisk (*) will be assessed only in Section 2 of Paper 3
Written Paper.

Candidates should be able to:

1 use the exponential function e kx
2 plot data on a logarithmic graph and hence determine whether they change exponentially
3 plot a log-log graph and hence decide whether data obey a power law and, if they do, determine the
exponent
4 understand how differentiation is related to the slope of a graph and how integration is related to the
area under a graph
5 differentiate and integrate power laws and functions of the form y = e ax
6 differentiate functions of the form y = sinax and y = cosax
7 recall and use the relationship ln(ex) = x
dx = -
8 *recognise differential equations of the form m x, recall that these have solutions of the form
–λt
dt
x = Ae , and verify this by substitution
d2 x = - 2
9 *recognise differential equations of the form ~ x, recall that these have solutions of the form
d t2
x = A cosωt or x = A sinωt, and verify this by substitution
10 *use increments such as δx to set up integrals.

34 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

Data and formulae list

This list of data and formulae will be provided with every examination paper.

Data

gravitational field strength close to Earth’s surface g = 9.81 N kg–1

elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10–19 C

speed of light in vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10–12 F m–1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2

electron mass me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg

proton mass mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg

unified atomic mass constant u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J K–1

Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10–8 W m–2 K–4

Formulae

1
uniformly accelerated s = ut + 2 at 2 change of state ∆E = mL
motion
sinθ 1
v 2
= u + 2as
2 refraction n =
sinθ 2

u+v v1
s = t n =
2 v2
heating ∆E = mc∆θ

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 35
Syllabus content

d(NΦ)
diffraction electromagnetic induction E = –
dt
single slit, minima n λ = b sinθ
Hall effect V = Bvd
grating, maxima nλ = d sinθ
ax t
double slit interference λ =
D time dilation t' = 2
1 – v2
c
λ
Rayleigh criterion θ ≈
b
2
length contraction l' = l 1 – v2
photon energy E = hf c

h 1 3
de Broglie wavelength λ = kinetic theory 2m c2 = 2 kT
p

simple harmonic motion x = A cos ω t work done on/by a gas W = p ∆V

v = – Aω sin ωt dN
radioactive decay = – λN
dt
a = – Aω 2 cos ω t
N = N0e– λ t
F = – m ω 2x
1 In2
E = 2 mA2ω 2 t1 =
2
λ
1
energy stored in a W = 2 QV attenuation losses I = I0e–µx
capacitor
–
t mass-energy equivalence ∆E = c 2∆m
RC
capacitor discharge Q = Q0e
–13.6 eV
hydrogen energy levels En =
Q1Q2 n2
electric force F =
4 π ε 0r 2
h
Heisenberg uncertainty ∆p∆x >
Q1Q2 2π
electrostatic potential W = principle
energy 4 π ε 0r
1
Wien’s displacement law λ max ∝
Gm1m2 T
gravitational force F = –
r2
Stefan’s law L = 4πσ r 2T 4
Gm1m2
gravitational potential E = – r electromagnetic radiation ∆λ ≈ ∆f ≈ v
energy from a moving source λ f c
magnetic force F = BIl sinθ

F = BQv sinθ

36 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Syllabus content

Summary of key quantities, symbols and units

The following list illustrates the symbols and units which will be used in question papers. The list is in
alphabetical order.

Candidates will be expected to assume that the acceleration of free fall is equal to the gravitational field
strength, i.e. the effects of the rotation of the Earth may be ignored.

Electron volts (eV), atomic mass units (u) and degrees Celsius (°C) may be used in question papers without
explanation, and candidates will be expected to convert between them and Sl units.

Quantity Usual symbols Usual unit

absorption coefficient μ m–1
acceleration a m s–2
activity of a radioactive source A Bq
amount of substance n mol
amplitude A m
angular frequency ω rad s–1
angular momentum L kg m2 s–1
angular speed ω rad s–1
angular velocity ω rad s–1
area A m2
Avogadro constant NA mol–1
Boltzmann constant k J K–1
capacitance C F
change in internal energy ΔU J
charge Q C
critical angle c rad, º
decay constant λ s–1
density ρ kg m–3
depth h m
displacement s, x m
distance d, x m
electric current I A
electric field strength E N C–1 or Vm–1
electric potential V V
electromotive force E V
elementary charge e C
energy E, W, Q J, eV
energy level En J, eV
extension x m
force F N
frequency f Hz
gravitational constant G N m2 kg–2
gravitational field strength g N kg–1
gravitational potential φ J kg–1
half-life t 1
2
s
height h m

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 37
Syllabus content

Hubble constant H0 s–1

intensity I W m–2
internal resistance r Ω
length l, L m
light flux F, Φ W m–2
luminosity L W
magnetic flux Φ Wb
magnetic flux density B T
mass m kg, u
molar gas constant R J K–1 mol–1
moment of a force Г Nm
moment of inertia I kg m2
momentum p kg m s–1
number n, N
period T s
permittivity of free space ε0 F m–1
Planck constant h Js
potential difference V V
power P W
pressure p Pa
radius r m
resistance R Ω
resistivity ρ Ωm
slit separation d m
slit width b m
specific heat capacity c J kg–1 K–1
specific latent heat of fusion L J kg–1
specific latent heat of vaporisation L J kg–1
speed v m s–1
speed of light in vacuum c m s–1
spring constant k N m–1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ W m–2 K–4
strain ε no unit
stress σ Pa
temperature T, θ K, ºC
time t s
torque Г Nm
velocity v, u m s–1
volume V m3
wavelength λ m
weight W N
work W J, eV
work function energy Φ J, eV
Young modulus E Pa

38 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Glossary of terms used in physics papers

Glossary of terms used in physics papers

It is hoped that this glossary will prove helpful to candidates as a guide, although it is not exhaustive. The
glossary has been deliberately kept brief with respect not only to the number of terms included but also to
the descriptions of their meanings. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in
part on its context. They should also note that the number of marks allocated for any part of a question is a
guide to the depth of treatment required for the answer.
1 Define (the term(s) ...) is intended literally. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase, such as
the defining equation with symbols identified, is required.
2 
What is meant by ... normally implies that a definition should be given, together with some relevant
comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned, especially where two or more terms
are included in the question. The amount of supplementary comment required should be interpreted in
the light of the indicated mark value.
3 Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory, depending on the context.
4 State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument, e.g. a numerical answer that can
be obtained by inspection.
5 List requires a number of points with no elaboration. Where a given number of points is specified, this
should not be exceeded.
6 Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of
the topic. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments.
In the former instance, the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual)
observations associated with the phenomena. The amount of description required should be interpreted
in the light of the indicated mark value.
7 Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.
8 Deduce/Predict implies that candidates are not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by
making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Such information may be wholly given
in the question or may depend on answers extracted in an earlier part of the question.
9 Suggest is used in two main contexts. It may either imply that there is no unique answer or that
candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a novel situation, one that formally may not
be in the syllabus.
10 Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. In general, working should be shown.
11 Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring
instrument, e.g. length, using a rule; or angle, using a protractor.
12 Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by
calculation, substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula, e.g. the
Young modulus, relative molecular mass.
13 Show is used where a candidate is expected to derive a given result. It is important that the terms being
used by candidates are stated explicitly and that all stages in the derivation are stated clearly.
14 Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned.
Candidates should make such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about points of principle
and about the values of quantities not otherwise included in the question.
15 Sketch, when applied to graph work, implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be
qualitatively correct. However, candidates should be aware that, depending on the context, some
quantitative aspects may be looked for, e.g. passing through the origin, or having an intercept,
asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. On a sketch graph it is essential that candidates clearly
indicate what is being plotted on each axis.
16 Sketch, when applied to diagrams, implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable; nevertheless,
care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details.
17 Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 39
Guidance relating to practical assessment

Guidance relating to practical assessment

Each candidate will carry out an individual open-ended investigation occupying at most 20 hours of teaching
time and homework (including planning and writing up). The entire 20 hours of the project should be
completed within four weeks.

The assessment of the Personal Investigation is in two parts:

1 a plan of the project handed in at the end of the first week
2 a written project report handed in at the end of the project.

The project report will be marked by the teacher and moderated externally.

Guidelines for suitable investigations

Each candidate must plan and carry out an individual investigation lasting (in total) no more than 20 hours
spread over no more than four weeks. This time should be divided as follows.
• one week for planning and preliminary tests
• two weeks of intensive practical work, to be written up each day and checked frequently by the teacher
• one week for additional practical work (if required) and final writing up.

A short pause may be required after the preliminary tests to organise laboratories and build or modify
apparatus, and for the teacher to approve the plan.

A good investigation will:

• allow the candidate to make a variety of measurements using a range of apparatus
• require some experimental design
• lead the candidate to new physics
• be sufficiently ‘open’ that the candidate does not know all the answers in advance
• involve a dialogue between experiment and analysis
• generate a significant amount of numerical data
• not involve unmanageable risks.

The plan
This is an investigation proposal written by the candidate. The plan should be a brief document, typically
occupying about two sides of A4 paper. It must include:
• the working title of the investigation
• the aim of the investigation
• an outline of the initial experiments
• a list of required apparatus
• a diagram of the initial experimental arrangement
• a risk assessment
• a rough breakdown of how the two-week period of intensive practical work will be spent.

40 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Guidance relating to practical assessment

The plan must be agreed by the candidate’s teacher before work continues. In some cases, the teacher
will need to suggest modifications to the plan for reasons of safety, or to keep the project within achievable
limits, or because of resource implications. In such cases, the candidate’s original plan should be the one
that is marked, but the modified and agreed plan should form the basis of the remainder of the project.

The two weeks of practical work

Candidates should write up their work regularly, ideally every day. This will involve tabulating results,
graph plotting and analysis. It should also involve some further research of relevant physics or analytical
techniques, using books, journals and/or the internet.

The regular writing up of the practical work, analysis and conclusions during the two weeks of work should
be monitored by the candidate’s teacher. The teacher should sign that they have seen the project every
two days. In this way, development can be monitored and candidates are encouraged to analyse their work
frequently.

The report
The report should contain:
• a statement of aim
• a word-processed summary of approximately 300 words written after completing the project, including
an outline of any changes from the original plan
• details of pilot experiments conducted, giving reasons why they helped in planning
• safety and risk assessments
• a day-by-day diary with interpretation, evaluation and conclusions for each experiment (which will usually
be hand-written)
• an evaluation of the whole project
• a glossary of all new technical words encountered and used in the project
• references to books, journals and websites (in the order in which they were used).

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 41
Guidance relating to practical assessment

Use of apparatus
Candidates are expected to be familiar with the following apparatus:
• metre rule • vernier callipers
• protractor • micrometer screw gauge
• stopwatch • thermometer
• ammeter • lux meter
• voltmeter • digital top-pan balance or other balance
• multimeter (to measure resistance, voltage or • newton meter
current) • data logger
• oscilloscope (to measure time or voltage)

Practical techniques
Candidates are expected to be able to:
• identify and deal with zero errors • calibrate a measuring instrument
• avoid parallax • assess risks to themselves and others

Data processing
Candidates will be expected to:
• tabulate data (including units, decimal places • determine the uncertainty in a final result
and significant figures) • identify the physical significance of the gradient or
• repeat and average readings intercept of a graph
• plot appropriate graphs • process data using a spreadsheet
• estimate uncertainties in measured quantities

Assessment
The work of each candidate should be marked by the teacher using the following assessment criteria.

The assessment criteria should be used by matching the work produced by the candidate to the
descriptions. A best-fit approach should be used; the marking should not be hierarchical.

For some of the assessment criteria, grade descriptions are only provided for even numbers of marks. The
teacher should award an odd number of marks if the standard of the candidate’s work falls between the
standards described for the adjacent even numbers.

Fractions of marks should not be used.

The teacher must annotate the work to show where each mark has been awarded, and the marks should
also be recorded on the Coursework Assessment Summary Form (which can be downloaded from the
samples database at www.cambridgeinternational.org/samples).

Centres are required to deliver a programme of practical activities designed to develop experimental skills
and good practice. The development of these skills is an end in itself but the practical work will also prepare
candidates to tackle the Personal Investigation. Some of the skills and analytical techniques will also be
assessed in the written papers.

42 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Guidance relating to practical assessment

Assessment criteria
Initial planning Marks

The plan contains a clear title, aim and a number of clearly worded research questions. There
is an outline of initial experiment(s) in a sensible sequence with substantial background physics
that helps to interpret or develop the practical scenario. Some of the background physics has
been researched and is novel to the candidate. There is a sensible risk assessment and written
guidelines for maintaining safety (where relevant). Pilot experiment(s) are used to help develop
4
the plan, for example in improving accuracy or precision or in checking a prediction. The plan
contains experimental details and describes what will be measured and controlled, and uses clear
diagrams. The apparatus chosen is suitable for every task. Some ingenuity has been shown, for
example apparatus has been modified or new apparatus devised. There is a summary of how the
practical work might develop, related to the research questions.

The plan contains a clear title and aim, with at least one research question. There is an outline of
initial experiment(s) with some background physics that helps to interpret or develop the practical
scenario. There is a sensible risk assessment (where relevant). At least one pilot experiment has 2
been performed. Largely appropriate apparatus has been requested. There is a brief summary of
how the investigation might develop.

The plan contains a title, a statement of the aim and an outline of initial experiment(s). There is
0
little or no elaboration.

Maximum 4 marks

Organisation during the two weeks of practical work Marks

The work is written up at least every two days. Practical methods are described clearly. Records
are clear, well organised and complete, making clear what work was completed each day and
how the ideas evolved. The analysis of each experiment is completed (e.g. graphs are plotted and
the mathematical relationships and uncertainties discussed) and results are interpreted (with the 2
help of further research where necessary) before work on the next experiment begins. Where
appropriate, the plans for later experiments are adapted in response to the results of earlier
experiments.

The work is written up more than once a week. Records are largely complete so that it is possible
to follow what was done each day. There is evidence that some analysis and interpretation of
1
each experiment has taken place before work on the next experiment begins, but there is little
evidence of further research to help interpret the results.

The work is written up only once a week or when the candidate is prompted. Notes of practical
methods lack detail, records are generally incomplete, and the record of the work is poorly
0
organised and difficult to follow. There is little evidence that the results of each experiment have
been analysed and interpreted before work on the next experiment begins.

Maximum 2 marks

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 43
Guidance relating to practical assessment

Quality of physics Marks

Wherever appropriate, principles of physics have been used to interpret results, perform
calculations or make predictions. The physics is explained and goes beyond the requirements of
the taught course. It includes some relevant quantitative arguments and is related to the project. 6
Sound understanding is demonstrated and the physics has not just been copied verbatim from a
text or website. There are no errors in calculations or in explanations.

In most cases where it is appropriate, principles of physics have been used to interpret results,
perform calculations or make predictions. The physics is usually explained, draws on the content
of the taught course, and is related to the project. Understanding is demonstrated and the physics 4
has not just been copied verbatim from a text or website. There are some errors in calculations
and in explanations.

There is some use of physics but there are omissions in its application to the interpretation of
results. Some of it is copied and the references given, but it is put together with little coherence
2
or direct reference to the research topic. Some calculations are performed successfully but there
are some errors.

The physics used is mainly descriptive. Most of it is copied and is of limited relevance to the
research topic. Some calculations are performed successfully but there are also many errors and 0
the misuse of units is common.

Maximum 6 marks

Use of measuring instruments Marks

More than two experiments* are performed with a range of different instruments, some of which
require checking of zero, calibration or selection of different ranges. Some of the apparatus is
either of a sophisticated nature, e.g. signal generator, cathode ray oscilloscope, two place digital 3
balance, data logger, micrometer, or involves a creative or ingenious technique in its use. In all
experiments, apparatus has been set up and manipulated without assistance.

At least two experiments* are completed where at least two measuring instruments are used,
at least one of which was zeroed or calibrated correctly to obtain accurate results. Standard
2
instruments are used effectively. In all experiments, apparatus has been set up and manipulated
without assistance.

At least one experiment* is completed where two measuring instruments are used to obtain
results. Standard instruments are used effectively. In all experiments, apparatus has been set up 1
and manipulated without assistance.

At least one experiment* is completed. There are some errors in using the apparatus, which make
some of the readings unreliable. Some assistance in setting up or manipulating apparatus has 0
been required.

Maximum 3 marks

* For the purposes of these criteria, an experiment involves changing an independent variable in order to
observe or measure the effect on a dependent variable. Two experiments may be considered to be different
if one or both of the variables are different.

44 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Guidance relating to practical assessment

Practical techniques Marks

The number and range of measurements taken in each experiment is adequate, with additional
measurements taken close to any turning points. Anomalous measurements are correctly
identified and are investigated further. There is awareness of the need to consider precision and
3
sensitivity, and experiments are designed to maximise precision. Measurements are repeated
where appropriate. Where it is appropriate, more than one measuring technique is used to help
corroborate readings or inventive methods are used to help improve or check readings.

The number and range of measurements taken in each experiment is adequate, with additional
measurements taken close to any turning points. Anomalous measurements are correctly
identified but in most cases they are not investigated further. There is awareness of the need 2
to consider precision and sensitivity, and experiments are designed to maximise precision.
Measurements are repeated where appropriate.

The number and range of measurements taken in most experiments is adequate. Some
measurements are identified as anomalous but there is little attention paid to them. There is
1
some awareness of the need to consider precision and sensitivity, and measurements are
usually repeated where appropriate.

The number and range of measurements taken in some, but not all, experiments is adequate.
There is no attention paid to anomalous measurements. There is some awareness of the need to 0
consider precision and sensitivity, and some measurements are repeated.

Maximum 3 marks

Data processing Marks

Data are tabulated correctly and graphs are plotted correctly. Calculations are correctly completed
and relationships are successfully analysed. Some of the work is sophisticated and requires, for
example, the plotting of logarithmic graphs to test for power laws or exponential trends. Error 6
bars are shown wherever appropriate, and uncertainties are routinely calculated for derived
quantities. Conclusions are well supported by the results.

Data are tabulated correctly and graphs are plotted correctly. Calculations are correctly completed
and linear relationships are successfully analysed. Error bars are shown, although not on all
4
graphs and not always correctly, and there is some treatment of uncertainties. Conclusions are
well supported by the results.

Data are tabulated correctly and graphs are plotted correctly. Calculations contain some errors
2
but these are not major. Some conclusions are not well supported by the results.

Most data are tabulated correctly and graphs are mostly plotted correctly, with only a few minor
errors. However, calculations contain some major errors and conclusions are not well supported 0
by the results.

Maximum 6 marks

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 45
Guidance relating to practical assessment

Communication Marks

The report is well organised with a clear structure, which details all the main findings clearly.
Material is presented in a logical order and is easy to read and follow. Aims and conclusions
are stated clearly for each practical and for any mathematical analysis. Ideas are linked together
and clearly show development and feedback between experiment and analysis. There is a clear
6
account of any changes from the original plan. Spelling and grammar are correct. Technical terms
are used correctly and there is a glossary of all new technical words encountered and used in the
project. There are references to books, journals and websites clearly showing the source of the
information.

The report summarises most of the main findings clearly. It is easy to read and follow.
Sub‑headings are used. Spelling and grammar are largely correct. Technical terms are usually
4
used correctly but there are occasional errors. Aims and conclusions are generally stated clearly.
References identify sources clearly (for example by providing page numbers).

A report is produced. There is some attempt at organisation and layout so that the report provides
a clear outline of the course of the project. Some of the aims and conclusions are stated fairly
2
clearly for some of the practical work. References are included but these do not make the source
clear (for example, page numbers are usually missing).

A report is produced but there are omissions in the account and a poor structure so that the report
is not straightforward to follow. References are included but these do not make the source clear 0
(for example, page numbers are missing).

Maximum 6 marks

Internal standardisation
Where more than one teacher in a centre has marked personal investigations, arrangements must be made
within the centre to ensure that all teachers interpret the marking criteria in the same way. The arrangements
for internal standardisation should normally include:
• a standardisation meeting at the start of the marking period, at which the application of the marking
criteria is discussed in detail using examples
• the mutual monitoring of marking during the marking period by all of the teachers involved.

It is essential that all candidates in the centre are assessed to a common standard.

Authentication
At the time of submission, the candidate is required to sign a declaration that the Personal Investigation/
Coursework is their own work and the teacher countersigns to confirm they believe the work is that of the
candidate. Centres should use the Pre-U Cover Sheet for this purpose. Further details can be found in the
Cambridge Handbook (UK) and the samples database at www.cambridgeinternational.org/samples

46 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
 Guidance relating to practical assessment

External moderation
Please refer to the samples database at www.cambridgeinternational.org/samples for information, dates
and methods of submission of candidates’ marks and work.

Cambridge International will provide a list of candidates whose work is required for external moderation. The
number of candidates in the sample will be as shown in the table below.

Number of candidates entered Number of candidates whose work is required

1–10 all candidates

11–50 10

51–100 15

101–200 20

More than 200 10% of candidates

An additional sample of candidates’ work may subsequently be requested by Cambridge International if

necessary.

For each candidate in the sample, the plan and the report should be sent to Cambridge International.
In addition, the completed Coursework Assessment Summary Form and a copy of mark sheet MS1
(a computer-printed mark sheet sent from Cambridge International) should be enclosed with the sample
of work.

Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024 47
Additional information

Additional information

Equality and inclusion

This syllabus complies with our Code of Practice and Ofqual General Conditions of Recognition.

We have taken great care to avoid bias of any kind in the preparation of this syllabus and related assessment
materials. In our effort to comply with the UK Equality Act (2010), we have taken all reasonable steps to
avoid direct and indirect discrimination.

The standard assessment arrangements may present barriers for candidates with impairments. Where
a candidate is eligible, we may be able to make arrangements to enable that candidate to access
arrangements and receive recognition of their attainment. We do not agree access arrangements if they
give candidates an unfair advantage over others or if they compromise the standards being assessed.
Candidates who are unable to access the assessment of any component may be eligible to receive an
award based on the parts of the assessment they have taken. Information on access arrangements is
found in the Cambridge Handbook (UK), for the relevant year, which can be downloaded from the website
www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide

Guided learning hours

Cambridge Pre-U syllabuses are designed on the assumption that learners have around 380 guided learning
hours per Principal Subject over the duration of the course, but this is for guidance only. The number of
hours may vary according to curricular practice and the learners’ prior experience of the subject.

Total qualification time

This syllabus has been designed assuming that the total qualification time per subject will include both
guided learning and independent learning activities. The estimated number of guided learning hours for this
syllabus is 380 hours over the duration of the course. The total qualification time for this syllabus has been
estimated to be approximately 500 hours per subject over the duration of the course. These values are
guidance only. The number of hours required to gain the qualification may vary according to local curricular
practice and the learners’ prior experience of the subject.

Entries
For entry information, please refer to the Cambridge Guide to Making Entries (UK) for the relevant year,
available from the website www.cambridgeinternational.org/eoguide

If you are not yet a Cambridge school

Learn about the benefits of becoming a Cambridge school at www.cambridgeinternational.org/join
Email us at info@cambridgeinternational.org to find out how your organisation can register to become a
Cambridge school.

Language
This syllabus and the associated assessment materials are available in English only.

48 Cambridge International Pre-U Physics (Principal) 9792. Syllabus for examination in 2023 and 2024
Cambridge Assessment International Education
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